CN1191902A - 零件的光泽覆层镀覆方法及按该方法镀覆后所得的零件 - Google Patents

零件的光泽覆层镀覆方法及按该方法镀覆后所得的零件 Download PDF

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CN1191902A
CN1191902A CN97121445A CN97121445A CN1191902A CN 1191902 A CN1191902 A CN 1191902A CN 97121445 A CN97121445 A CN 97121445A CN 97121445 A CN97121445 A CN 97121445A CN 1191902 A CN1191902 A CN 1191902A
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CN1078266C (zh
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F·高姆勒
R·瑟帕劳茨基
K·格迪克
F·菲茨克
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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Abstract

迄今为止,车轮均涂以多层任意色调的漆层。经添加云母类颜料可获得金属色效果。物品,尤其是车轮,应具有多种不同的金属光泽色调。在第一道工艺步骤中,以已知的方法涂覆一种阻蚀的平整底漆层,在第二道工艺步骤中,于上述底漆层之上镀覆一层经磁控管汽化沉积的高光泽层。接着,在第三工道艺步骤中,以常规方法涂以一层耐磨的透明面漆层。在可能有的情况下,再对零件进行机械预处理,并涂以一层保护层或面层。以此方法,能以较广泛的色彩多样性来生产具有金属光泽层的运输工具零件,尤其是车轮。

Description

零件的光泽覆层镀覆方法及按该方法镀覆后所得的零件
本发明涉及一种用来对零件，优选运输工具零件，尤其车轮或轮圈涂覆光泽覆层的方法。该方法优选用来涂覆轻金属车轮，以便在车轮上产生金属光泽。该方法同样可用于不论内用还是外用的运输工具零件。此外，该方法还可用于各种不同应用领域的日用品，以获得一种特殊的光学效果或者改进的使用性能及防蚀性能。这些日用品的例子有仪器仪表外壳。本发明的主题还涉及一种按上述方法制得的运输工具零件，优选是车轮。
人们已知，为使这样的制品—尤其车轮—能耐腐蚀，对之涂覆由油漆组成的覆层体系(G 8103758 U1)。在阴极电泳涂覆的底漆层上，涂覆一层添加颜料的面漆层，该面层借助电子束来固化。在该层上再涂覆一层同样用电子束固化的清漆面层。这种涂层体系的不足之处在于，仅仅只能产生有条件的金属光泽颜色。
人们已知，在轻金属车轮上形成各种彩色层(EP-0525867 A1)。为此，涂覆一种双层体系，而且两层均为漆层。第一层由一种含有底色的漆组成，而第二层则由一种含有云母类颜料的透明漆组成。其缺点在于，使用这种涂层体系不能获得真的金属光泽，而只能通过添加颜料来模仿金属光泽。
众所周知，以真空镀覆法，尤其是磁控管蒸镀法可在各种物体上沉积不同颜色与光泽效果的覆层。
在真空室中，将待镀覆物体与一个或多个靶对置，所述靶由所镀覆层的材料或其一种组分组成。在靶与待镀物体之间引发气体放电，以产生等离子体，并使靶的颗粒汽化。作靶材用的是金属、金属合金或金属化合物。但金属化合物也可通过反应磁控管汽化来沉积，进行这种汽化时，使金属汽化，并在真空室中另外引入一种反应性气体，例如O2、N2。经适当选择材料，在可能有的情况下结合使用一种工艺气体，则可制得不同颜色的覆层。为使这种蒸镀上的覆层在很小应力下能防止腐蚀和机械磨损所致的损坏，在金属光泽层上按物理气相沉积法(PVD)与化学气相沉积法(CVD)沉积坚硬而耐磨的覆层作为覆盖层。这种具保护层的金属光泽层，其缺点在于，对于高机械负荷及高腐蚀负荷而言，例如车轮，这种保护并不充分。此外，这些覆层的制备成本也很高。
本发明赖以为基础的发明目的是，提供一种对零件，优选运输工具零件，尤其车轮镀覆光泽层的方法，以此方法可在所述零件的表面或某些部位上产生许许多多不同的金属色调。优选应能对由金属制造的，尤其是轻金属合金制造的车轮，而且优选对其可见表面进行镀覆。该光泽层也应具有持久的耐蚀性，并能经得住高机械负荷，例如车轮抗磨损和石子撞击即为此情况。该方法及按该方法所镀覆零件能以低廉的成本制备或镀覆。
依照本发明，上述发明目的以权利要求1、2或3以及11中所述的技术特征来实现。有利的进一步发展记载于从属权利要求4至10以及12至21中。
依照本发明，以多层覆层的组合来获得零件的，尤其车轮的，优选其可见部位的光泽镀覆。在一种实施方式中，第一道工序以已知的方式涂覆一层例如由一种过程最优化的粉末烤漆或一种溅射漆组成的平滑防蚀漆底层。接着，在第二道工序中，在真空室中经磁控管蒸发法在待镀零件上镀覆一层厚度为10nm至5μm，优选为100nm至500nm的高光泽层。视所需制备的色调而定该高光泽层可由金属、金属合金或金属化合物来制备。取决于欲获得的高光泽层色调和所用的镀覆材料，即靶材料，采用合宜的磁控管蒸发方案。主要的方案是经引入反应性气体或反应性气体混合物如O2、N2、低分子量烃类对由涂层物质制成的靶进行的反应性汽化，或者非反应性汽化、直流汽化或以脉冲形式供给电能的脉冲磁控管汽化。此外可使用一个或多个靶，而且在使用多个靶时，将靶交替接成阳极和阴极。
此外，对制备一种由多组元化合物如钛-铝-氮化物制成的高光泽层而言，尤其可用的是本身已知的反应性脉冲磁控管溅射，进行这种溅射时，可在反应性氮气氛中使用金属钛和金属铝制成的单一材料靶。所述脉冲磁控管溅射一方面可使过程(Prozessfuhrung)稳定、保险，并具有再现性地进行，这是用其它镀覆方法所不可能实现的，因为其它镀覆方法经常产生电火花放电(所谓的飞弧)。另一方面，可对两种不同金属制的靶经单纯的电学手段，即调节占空比，来调节镀层的组成，从而在宽广的极限范围内调节光泽层的颜色，并保持恒定。在随后的工序中，在高光泽层上以已知的方法涂覆一层透明的耐磨面漆层。该面漆层以丙烯酸酯或聚氨酯或环氧树脂为主成分或者由一种有机-无机化合物组成，优选由Ormocer组成。其厚度为0.5μm至100μm。现已发现，只有通过依次将两种已知的涂漆工序同介于这两道工序之间、在真空室进行的镀层蒸镀工序相结合，才能产生一种镀层体系，这种镀层体系能满足对光学印象和耐腐蚀方面的高要求。
光泽镀覆的一种有利进行的方式是，在涂覆抗腐蚀平滑漆层之前，先将零件表面，尤其是零件的待镀覆部位，以机械方法打光，再镀覆一层络酸盐层。
此外，还有利的是，在所述方法的另一种发展中，于镀覆铬酸盐层之后与涂覆耐蚀底漆层之前，在铬酸盐层上镀覆一层粉末漆层。
所述方法的一个有利发展还在于，以CVD法在高光泽层上涂覆所述由油漆组成的面属即本发明覆层体系的最后一层。
如此，经磁控管汽化制得了在颜色和光泽方面以常规涂漆方法不能制得的、具有光学装饰性能的覆层。这种可经广泛选择而制得的色调具有金属光泽，也即它不需通过相应的添加颜料来模仿。色度板可从深、浅银色经金色、红棕到紫色。举例来说，钛-铝-氮体系被证明是特别有利的。单独用该体系就可以制备许多色调。但也可以采用其它体系，例如锆-铝-氮、钛-锆-氮来制备其它色调。其它色调可用铜或黄铜来实现。
除此之外，用磁控管汽化来镀覆高光泽层既简单，成本又低廉。对于三维形状复杂的零件，可以获得所有侧面都良好的镀层，这是用其他真空镀覆方法如电子束蒸发、电弧蒸发、舟皿蒸发或离子镀所不能实现的。
另一个优点在于，以本发明方法，即使相当敏感的高光泽层也能防止大负荷和环境的影响，例如碱和酸的侵蚀。相当厚的底漆层和面漆层所具有的弹性，大大有助于减少高机械作用，例如石子撞击和磨损。除此之外，有了底漆层，实现了对被涂覆零件的腐蚀防护并使粗糙表面，例如锻造或铸造的轻金属车轮所具有的粗糙表面得以整平。从而，对随后镀覆光泽层来说，产生光滑的表面，并改善该层结合力。经在透明面漆层中附加各种添加剂，即可有的地另行调节光泽层的光泽，从而能获得符合美学和流行要求的多层次光泽。
本发明另一个有利的发展在于，于涂覆底漆层之前，先对待涂覆表面进行机械磨光。除此之外，当在涂覆此层之前，通过加热和/或浸蚀，在惰性气体等离子体或反应性气体等离子体中进行预处理，或者镀覆结合力增强层(Haftvermittlerschicht)，还可改善高光泽层的结合力。对于由轻金属制成的车轮而言，有利地是整个表面仅涂覆了安全的色层。从而降低了金属的成本。
该光泽镀覆方法可用来镀覆由钢、轻金属(例如镁、钛、铝及其合金)制的零件，而且也可用来镀覆塑料零件。由这些材料制成的车辆零件，例如为反光镜外壳、通风器栅格(Lueftergitter)、冷却器栅架(Kuehlergrille)、车门把手、操纵旋钮、附件、以及类似零件。运输工具的内部零件或外部零件均可镀覆一层光泽层。这些零件可以是铸件、压铸件、或者组装的塑料零件或板金工制件。在镀覆塑料零件时，须以调整工艺参数的措施来考虑塑料零件镀覆，尤其汽化上(Aufstaeuben)高光泽层的特殊条件和可能有的、辉光净化之前的特殊条件。
在一个实施例中以多种方案对本发明予以详细阐明。一种由Al、Mg、Ti轻金属合金制成的车轮，应当主要在其轮圈(Felgenstemes)部位得到紫色的光泽层。为此，将该车轮于机械磨光之后，在第一道工序中以已知的方法涂以一层分布最优化的粉末烘烤漆。接着，在第二道工序中，将该车轮置于真空室中，使之处于真空室中所置磁控管汽化源的两个靶之间。两个靶之中，一者为铝靶，而另一者为钛靶。在将真空室抽空之后，将氩气引入其中，并在此惰性气氛中引弧。高光泽层的涂覆以已知方法经脉冲磁控管汽化来进行。涂覆时，以10kHz的频率，使铝靶和钛靶交替地起辉光放电的阳极和阴极的作用。输给两靶的总功率为15kW。另外，往真空室中引入80sccm用作反应性气体的氮气，以将工作压力调节到2×10-3mbar(毫巴)。为得到均匀的覆层起见使车轮在镀覆过程中绕自身的对称轴旋转。在3min(分钟)的镀覆时间内，车轮上沉积出200nm(纳米)厚的紫色高光泽层。在第三道工序中，以已知的方法紧贴光泽层涂上一层厚度为30μm、以聚氨酯为主要成分的面漆层。
如果所述零件—在本实施例中为车轮—由镁制成，有利的是，在镀覆覆层体系之前，先进行机械磨光，作为所谓的整平磨光(Glaettschleifen)。然而，为了除去表面上否则会对覆层质量产生不利影响的杂质，此工序对于其他材料制的零件也会是有利的。
在经机械磨光之后，先镀一层铬酸盐层作为第一层，再在该铬酸盐层上镀覆一层粉末漆层，以此也可将上述方法相宜地加以发展。
所述铬酸盐层优选以化学方法镀覆并尤其以起防蚀作用为目的。同时，所述底漆层作为额外的防蚀层，作用会减弱。所述粉末漆层对外来影响，例如对石子撞击车轮产生弹性阻抗。

Claims (21)

1、对零件，优选对运输工具零件，尤其对车轮镀覆一种覆层体系，的光泽覆层镀覆方法，其特征在于，该方法包括下列工艺步骤：
-涂覆一层防止腐蚀的底漆层，
-在真空中，借助磁控管喷镀一种由金属、金属合金或金属化合物组成的高光泽镀层，
-涂覆一层透明、耐磨的面漆层。
2、对零件，优选对运输工具零件，尤其对车轮镀覆一种覆层体系，的光泽覆层镀覆方法，其特征在于，该方法包括下列工艺步骤：
-对表面进行机械磨光，
-涂覆一层铬酸盐覆层，
-涂覆一层防止腐蚀的底漆层，
-在真空中，借助磁控管喷镀一种由金属、金属合金或金属化合物组成的高光泽镀层，
-涂覆一层透明、耐磨的面漆层。
3、对零件，优选对运输工具零件，尤其对车轮镀覆一种覆层体系，的光泽覆层镀覆方法，其特征在于，该方法包括下列工艺步骤：
-对表面进行机械磨光，
-涂覆一层铬酸盐覆层，
-镀覆一层粉末漆层，
-涂覆一层防止腐蚀的底漆层，
-在真空中，借助磁控管喷镀一种由金属、金属合金或金属化合物组成的高光泽镀层，
-涂覆一层透明、耐磨的面漆层。
4、权利要求1、2或3所述的方法，其特征在于，在高光泽镀层上，以CVD法镀覆面层。
5、权利要求1、2或3及4所述的方法，其特征在于，在喷镀高光泽镀层之前，于真空中进行预处理，优选经在惰性或反应性气体等离子体中加热及/或酸洗来进行此预处理。
6、权利要求1、2或3及4所述的方法，其特征在于，在喷镀高光泽镀层之前，于真空中经涂覆一层粘合剂来进行预处理。
7、权利要求1至6中至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述高光泽镀层经于惰性气体气氛或反应性气体中直流蒸发或脉冲磁控管蒸发来喷镀。
8、权利要求1至7中至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将一种气体或气体混合物，优选O2、N2或低分子量烃类化合物作为反应性气体引入。
9、权利要求1至8中至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使待镀覆零件在喷镀高光泽镀层的过程中相对于磁控管的靶进行运动。
10、权利要求1至8中至少一项所述的方法，其特征在于，镀覆零件的光泽经往面漆层中添加颜料来调节。
11、按权利要求1、2或3所述方法镀覆一种覆层体系、由金属或金属合金制成，尤其由轻金属制成的具覆层零件，其特征在于，至少在零件的可见表面上镀覆该镀层体系，而且该涂层体系至少由一层防蚀性光滑漆层，一层由金属、金属合金或金属化合物组成的高光泽层和一层由油漆组成的透明耐蚀面层组成。
12、权利要求11所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，在高光泽层之下涂有粘合剂层。
13、权利要求11及12中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，在底漆层之下涂有一层铬酸盐层。
14、权利要求11至13中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，在铬酸盐层和底漆层之间涂覆了一层粉末漆层。
15、权利要求11至14中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，所述底漆层是厚度为100μm至500μm，优选为30μm至300μm的分布最优化的(verlaufsoptimierter)粉末烘漆。
16、权利要求11至15中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，。所述高光泽层厚度为10nm至5μm，优选为100nm至500nm。
17、权利要求11至16中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，所述高光泽层是一种由钛、铝、氮组成的化合物。
18、权利要求11至16中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，所述高光泽层是一种由锆、铝、氮组成的化合物。
19、权利要求11至16中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，所述高光泽层是一种由钛、锆、氮组成的化合物。
20、权利要求11至19中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，所述面层是厚度为0.5μm至20μm，优选为2μm至5μm的一种有机-无机化合物，该化合物优选为Ormocer。
21、权利要求11至20中任何一项所述具有覆层的零件，其特征在于，面漆层是一层主成分为丙烯酸酯或聚氨酯或环氧树脂、厚度为1μm至100μm，优选为20μm至30μm的有机化合物层。
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CN1651607B (zh) * 2004-02-07 2012-01-18 F.波尔希名誉工学博士公司 制造耐腐蚀装饰涂层的方法和用于金属基底的涂层系统
CN106536786A (zh) * 2014-02-13 2017-03-22 威诺纳Pvd涂料有限责任公司 对工件的溅射涂覆
CN107666969A (zh) * 2015-05-27 2018-02-06 兰达实验室（2012）有限公司 聚合物表面镀金属的工艺
CN107159541A (zh) * 2017-04-26 2017-09-15 句容市江电电器机械有限公司 一种金属工件表面处理方法
CN115041918A (zh) * 2021-03-09 2022-09-13 中央精机株式会社 用于制造车轮的方法
CN115041918B (zh) * 2021-03-09 2023-09-01 中央精机株式会社 用于制造车轮的方法
CN114773966A (zh) * 2022-03-31 2022-07-22 潍坊墨炫轮毂科技有限公司 一种真空镀膜工艺

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US6238786B1 (en) 2001-05-29
EP0822010B1 (de) 2003-02-12
AU3241697A (en) 1998-02-05
EP0822010A1 (de) 1998-02-04
NO973161D0 (no) 1997-07-08
DE19745407C2 (de) 2003-02-27
NO319159B1 (no) 2005-06-27
US6068890A (en) 2000-05-30
NO973161L (no) 1998-02-02
CN1078266C (zh) 2002-01-23
JP4584366B2 (ja) 2010-11-17
DE19745407A1 (de) 1998-11-26
JPH10102245A (ja) 1998-04-21

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