CN118197728A - R-t-b系永磁材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
R-t-b系永磁材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN118197728A CN118197728A CN202211600047.2A CN202211600047A CN118197728A CN 118197728 A CN118197728 A CN 118197728A CN 202211600047 A CN202211600047 A CN 202211600047A CN 118197728 A CN118197728 A CN 118197728A
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- permanent magnet
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 24
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical compound [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical compound [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006148 magnetic separator Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052773 Promethium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N promethium atom Chemical compound [Pm] VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910001172 neodymium magnet Inorganic materials 0.000 description 30
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
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- QJVKUMXDEUEQLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[Fe].[Nd] Chemical compound [B].[Fe].[Nd] QJVKUMXDEUEQLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- UFZOPKFMKMAWLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxy(methyl)phosphinic acid Chemical compound CCOP(C)(O)=O UFZOPKFMKMAWLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002074 melt spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thulium atom Chemical compound [Tm] FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
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- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
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- C22C—ALLOYS
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/10—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites, e.g. [(Ba,Sr)O(Fe2O3)6] ferrites with hexagonal structure
- H01F1/11—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites, e.g. [(Ba,Sr)O(Fe2O3)6] ferrites with hexagonal structure in the form of particles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
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- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
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- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
- H01F41/0293—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets diffusion of rare earth elements, e.g. Tb, Dy or Ho, into permanent magnets
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Abstract
本发明涉及R‑T‑B系永磁材料及其制备方法和应用。本发明的R‑T‑B永磁材料在晶界三相点处形成M的氧化物,使得氧富集在晶界三相点处,从而精准控制磁体内的氧含量。本发明的永磁材料和制备方法能够在磁性能不变的情况下,制备耐腐蚀性强的产品,并且改善压型过程中的成型性,提高产品合格率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及R-T-B系永磁材料及其制备方法和应用,属于磁性材料领域。
背景技术
永磁材料又称硬磁材料,其特点是各向异性场高、矫顽力高、磁滞回线面积大、磁化到饱和需要的磁化场大,并且去掉外磁场后仍能长期保持较强的磁性。在永磁材料中,钕铁硼(NdFeB)系烧结永磁体较其他永磁材料具有更为突出的磁性能优势。例如,钕铁硼系烧结永磁体具有更高的磁能积、矫顽力和能量密度,并且其机械性能好、易加工。这些优异性能使得烧结钕铁硼永磁体在现代工业和电子技术中获得了广泛的应用,较常见的有电机、扬声器、磁选机、计算机磁盘驱动器、磁共振成像设备仪等。
由于钕铁硼磁体的主要成分稀土元素很容易发生氧化,进而导致如果制备过程中大量进氧会导致磁体磁性能下降,故通过控制氧含量可以改善其对磁体性能的影响,已成为现有技术中的重要方向之一。在制造烧结钕铁硼永磁材料的工艺中,氧会不可避免地从大气进入烧结钕铁硼磁体中,但是,现有技术中对于氧含量的控制方式存在较大差异。例如,专利文献CN111554499A公开,当烧结磁体氧含量过高时,一方面,其综合磁性能会由于非磁性相氧的加入而降低;另一方面,这些氧原子进入磁体内部后,极易形成裂纹启动点,严重影响其在严苛服役环境下的使用。因此,该文献通过取向成型后的毛坯进行热压致密过程,提高预烧结毛坯的密度,极大减少毛坯中孔隙,排出烧结工艺流程中绝大部分的杂质气体,从而降低烧结钕铁硼永磁体的氧含量。又如,专利文献CN112614685A又指出,在气流磨制粉过程未添加氧,而是在粗粉中加入抗氧化剂,并在制得细粉后添加水来补充氧,水与细粉混合均匀后,在烧结过程中分解产生的氧与钕铁硼均匀结合,从而可实现钕铁硼磁体氧含量的控制。
由于上述方法仅考虑控制工艺过程中环境气氛的氧含量,且其控制方法复杂,因此需要进一步开发钕铁硼系烧结永磁体及其制备方法,从而改善上述技术问题。
发明内容
为改善上述问题,本发明提供一种R-T-B系永磁材料,其特征在于,R选自钕(Nd)、镨(Pr)、钆(Gd)、钬(Ho)、镝(Dy)、铽(Tb)中的一种、两种或更多种;T至少包含铁(Fe);B为硼;
所述永磁材料还包含M,所述M选自过渡金属元素、低熔点金属元素、非金属元素、轻稀土元素中的一种或多种;和
所述永磁材料的晶界相中存在M的氧化物。
根据本发明的实施方案,R优选选自Nd或NdPr。
根据本发明的实施方案,T优选选自铁(Fe)或其与其他金属元素的混合物。所述其他金属可以选自选自除铁之外的过渡金属元素中的一种或多种。
本发明上下文中的过渡金属元素具有本领域公知的含义,其意指元素周期表中d区与ds区的金属元素,其中d区元素包括第IIIB~VIIB、VIII族的元素,但不包括镧系和锕系元素;ds区元素包括第IB~IIB族元素。一般来讲,过渡金属元素包括3到12一共十个族的元素,但不包括f区(周期表中58~71号元素叫做4f内过渡元素,90~103号元素叫做5f内过渡元素,它们都属于f区元素)的内过渡元素。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述低熔点金属可以选自熔点在1300℃以下的金属,其实例可以为铜(Cu)、镓(Ga)、铝(Al)、锆(Zr)、钛(Ti)、锡(Sn)和锰(Mn)中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述轻稀土元素可以选自如镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)等元素中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的实施方案,M可以选自Cu、Ga、Al、Zr、Ti、Sn、Mn、B、V、Se中的一种或多种,如Cu、Ga、Al、Zr、Ti、Sn、Mn、Se中的一种或多种,优选B、Cu、Ga、Al、Sn、Mn中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的实施方案,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,R的质量百分比含量为28.5%以上且32.5%以下,例如为29.0%、29.5%、30.0%、30.5%、31.0%、31.5%、32.0%、32.5%。
根据本发明的实施方案,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,B的质量百分比含量为0.88%以上且1.05%以下,例如为0.90%、0.95%、0.98%、1.00%或1.05%。
根据本发明的实施方案,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,M的总质量百分比含量为0.1%以上且4.0%以下,优选为0.15%以上且2.5%以下,例如为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%、0.7%、0.8%、0.9%、1.0%、1.1%、1.2%、1.3%、1.4%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%、3.5%或4.0%。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料可以包含Co。例如,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,Co的质量百分比含量为0%以上且0.7%以下,更优选为0.1%以上且0.5%以下。作为实例,Co的质量百分比含量可以为0.05%、0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.25%、0.3%、0.35%、0.4%、0.45%或0.5%。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料的余量为Fe、O及不可避免的杂质,所述不可避免的杂质例如为C、N等中的至少一种。
根据本发明的实施方案,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,O的质量百分比含量为700~4000ppm,例如700ppm、800ppm、900ppm、1000ppm、1100ppm、1200ppm、1300ppm、1400ppm、1500ppm、1600ppm、1700ppm、1800ppm、1900ppm、2000ppm、2100ppm、2200ppm、2300ppm、2400ppm、2500ppm、2600ppm、2700ppm、2800ppm、2900ppm、3000ppm、3100ppm、3200ppm、3300ppm、3400ppm、3500ppm、3600ppm、3700ppm、3800ppm、3900ppm或4000ppm。优选地,O的质量百分比含量为700~2000ppm。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料的晶界相,优选晶界三相点中存在富R-M-O相。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料的晶界相中,优选晶界三相点中,M的质量百分比与氧的质量百分比之和在20%以上,优选≥40%。例如,晶界三相点中,M的质量百分比为15%~45%,优选20%~40%,如30~35%,其实例可以为32%;又如,界三相点中,氧的质量百分比为5%~15%,优选6%~12%,如7%~10%,其实例可以为8%。
根据本发明的实施方案,在所述永磁材料的晶界三相点中O的质量百分比含量与二粒晶界中O的质量百分比含量的比值>1,优选为1.5以上,例如1.5、2、2.5、3。
根据本发明的实施方案,当存在时,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,C的质量百分比含量为400~800ppm。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料的晶界还可以包含M的化合物,例如选自化合物M-C和M-B中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料还包含重稀土元素(HRE)。其中,所述重稀土元素具有本领域公知的含义,其实例可以选自钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、镥(Lu)和钇(Y)。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述永磁材料的晶粒粒径≤6μm,例如为0.1至6μm,如0.1μm、0.5μm、1.0μm、1.5μm、3.0μm、4.5μm或6.0μm。
根据本发明的上下文,当数值范围被描述为某数值“以上”或“以下”时,均应理解所述的数值范围包含本数。换言之,当描述“某数值以上”时,意指“≥该数值”的数值范围,即所述数值范围包括等于该数值和大于该数值的范围;当描述“某数值以下”时,意指“≤该数值”的数值范围,即所述数值范围包括等于该数值和小于该数值的范围。
本发明还提供一种金属组合物,其中所述组合物包含作为基体的金属R、T、B,以及存在于所述基体中的M的氧化物。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述组合物以粉末形式存在。所述粉末的粒径可以为500μm以下,例如1μm至300μm,优选1μm至50μm,更优选3μm至40μm,其实例可以为1μm、2μm、3μm、4μm、5μm、6μm、7μm、8μm、9μm、10μm、20μm、30μm、40μm、50μm、60μm、70μm、80μm、90μm或100μm。
根据本发明的实施方案,基于所述组合物中基体的质量百分比计,所述M的氧化物的质量百分比含量为0.05%以上且5.00%以下,优选0.10%以上且3.00%以下,其实例可以为0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.30%、0.40%、0.50%、0.60%、0.70%、0.80%、0.90%、1.00%、1.50%、2.00%、2.50%、3.00%、3.50%、4.00%、4.50%或5.00%。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述基体还可以包含不可避免的杂质,所述不可避免的杂质例如为C、N等中的至少一种。
本发明还提供一种烧结材料,包括经烧结的所述金属组合物。
本发明还提供一种永磁体,包括经过热处理的所述烧结材料和附着于所述烧结材料且经热处理的重稀土元素。
本发明还提供一种永磁体,包括经过烧结和热处理所述金属组合物得到的烧结材料和附着于所述烧结材料且经热处理的重稀土元素。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述烧结材料材料的制备方法包括将所述金属组合物成型得到成型体,再将所述成型体烧结,得到所述烧结材料。
根据本发明的实施方案,成型步骤或烧结步骤可以使用本领域已知的条件进行。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述成型步骤中,可以将所述金属组合物的混合物进行干式成型:例如将所述金属组合物的混合物填充到配置在磁场中的模具中并加压,以使所述金属组合物的混合物成型,得到成型体。此时,通过施加磁场的同时进行成型,可以在使所述金属组合物的混合物的结晶轴向特定方向取向的状态下成形。成型步骤中,可以根据需要添加本领域已知的成型助剂。优选地,加压时的压力可以是例如30MPa以上且300MPa以下;施加的磁场可以是静磁场和/或脉冲磁场,其磁场强度可以是例如1000kA/m以上且1600kA/m以下。或者,也可以采用湿式成型:将金属组合物的混合物分散在油等溶剂中的浆料进行成型。
本领域技术人员应当理解,对于所述成型体的具体形状没有特别限制,其可以根据所述R-T-B系永磁材料的应用条件进行调节。例如,所述成型体可以是长方体、平板状、柱状、环状或C型等形状。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述烧结步骤中,将得到的成型体在真空或不活泼气体气氛中烧结。作为实例,烧结温度可以是1000℃以上1150℃以下,也可以是1050℃以上1130℃以下。烧结时间没有特别限制,例如可以是2小时以上10小时以下,也可以是2小时以上8小时以下。烧结时的气氛没有特别限制。例如,可以是呈惰性的气氛,可以是小于100Pa的真空气氛,也可以是小于10Pa的真空气氛。烧结成型体得到烧结体后,可以进行冷却。冷却速度没有特别限制,但是为提高生产效率也可以对烧结体进行迅速冷却,例如以20℃/min以上的速度冷却。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述烧结材料的表面被经热处理的重稀土元素包覆,以形成包覆层。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述热处理包括热扩散处理和回火处理。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述热扩散处理为晶界扩散处理,其处理方法是本领域已知的工艺。其中,所述热扩散处理的温度可为800℃以上,例如850~950℃,其实例可以为800℃、810℃、820℃、830℃、840℃、850℃、860℃、870℃、880℃、890℃或900℃。所述热扩散处理的时间可以为5h以上,如10~50h,例如10h、15h、20h、25h、30h、35h、40h、45h或50h。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述回火处理的温度可以为700℃以下,例如450~650℃,其实例可以为450℃、460℃、470℃、480℃、490℃、500℃、510℃、520℃、530℃、540℃、550℃、560℃、570℃、580℃、590℃、600℃、610℃、620℃、630℃、640℃或650℃。所述回火处理的时间可以为1h以上,例如1~10h,其实例可以为1h、2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h、8h、9h或10h。
本发明还提供所述R-T-B系永磁材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括:
将所述金属组合物成型,得到所述金属组合物的成型体;
将所述成型体烧结,得到经烧结的包含所述金属组合物的基材;以及使重稀土元素与所述经烧结的包含所述金属组合物的基材相接触。
优选地,使重稀土元素与所述经烧结的包含所述金属组合物的基材相接触,以在所述基材的表面形成所述重稀土元素的包覆层。
本发明还提供所述金属组合物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括:将所述金属组合物与所述M的氧化物中的一种或多种接触。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述金属组合物、所述选自M或M的化合物中的一种或多种的粉末可以通过本领域已知的粉末化工艺制备。所述粉末化工艺可以选自粉末冶金工艺或氢破气流磨工艺。
根据本发明示例性的实施方案,所述粉末冶金工艺可以包括将原料速凝或电弧熔炼、氢破,然后进行高能球磨处理等步骤。所述氢破气流磨工艺可以包括采用原料速凝或电弧熔炼、氢破,然后进行气流磨处理等步骤。
根据本发明示例性的实施方案,制备金属组合物的步骤中,将所述M的氧化物与作为基体的金属R、T、B在氢破之前混合。
本发明还提供上述Re-Fe-B系永磁材料在电机、扬声器、磁选机、计算机磁盘驱动器、磁共振成像设备仪等领域中的应用,优选在电机中作为电机转子磁钢的应用。
有益效果
发明人意外发现,尽管提高永磁材料中的氧含量可能改善热失重、提升耐腐蚀性,但是如果氧含量过高,会导致磁性能显著下降。本发明的R-T-B永磁材料在晶界三相点处形成M的氧化物,使得氧富集在晶界三相点处,从而精准控制磁体内的氧含量。本发明的永磁材料能够在磁性能不变的情况下,改善耐腐蚀性,并且改善压型过程中的成型性,从而提高产品的应用性能和合格率。
附图说明
图1为实施例3制备的永磁材料的样品F13的EMPA分析图,其中晶界三相点出存在M的氧化物。
图2为对比例1制得的永磁材料样品F0的EMPA分析图。
图3为实施例3制备的永磁材料样品F13的EPMA图,对O含量进行线扫分析。
图4为对比例1制备的永磁材料样品F0的EPMA图,对O含量进行线扫分析。
具体实施方式
下文将结合具体实施例对本发明的技术方案做更进一步的详细说明。应当理解,下列实施例仅为示例性地说明和解释本发明,而不应被解释为对本发明保护范围的限制。凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均涵盖在本发明旨在保护的范围内。
除非另有说明,以下实施例中使用的原料和试剂均为市售商品,或者可以通过已知方法制备。
仪器和方法
【EMPA分析】
仪器:日本岛津EPMA-1720型电子探针显微镜
测试条件:加速电压为10kV,束流为20nA,元素B、O测试时间为30s,背景测试为10s,其他元素均默认为10s。
【磁性能测试】
仪器:计量院的NIM-62000型稀土永磁测量系统。
测试条件:20~200℃闭路测试。
【失重性能测试】
仪器:D10-10样柱,德国HAST高温高湿实验机。
测试条件:130℃,0.26atm, 100%RH,480h。
制备例1:Nd-Fe-B鳞片的制备
采用真空熔炼和甩带,得到钕铁硼鳞片样品A1、A2、A3、A4、A5。
经检测,各元素的质量百分比含量如下表所示:
样品 | Nd% | Pr% | B% | Co% | Ti% | Cu% | Zr% | Ga% | Al% | Fe% |
A1 | 23.9 | 6.0 | 0.98 | 0.5 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 余量 |
A2 | 23.9 | 6.0 | 0.98 | 0.1 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 余量 |
A3 | 23.9 | 6.0 | 0.98 | 1.0 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 余量 |
A4 | 23.9 | 6.0 | 0.98 | 1.5 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 余量 |
A5 | 23.9 | 6.0 | 0.95 | 0.5 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 余量 |
制备例2:Nd-Fe-B粗粉末的制备
将制备例1中的Nd-Fe-B鳞片采用氢破碎得到Nd-Fe-B粗粉末样品B1、B2、B3、B4、B5。
制备例3:M氧化物粉末的制备
分别取如下表所示的M化合物,经过液相沉淀法生成氧化物沉淀,再经过滤、洗涤、干燥、焙烧和热分解而得到如下粉末样品。
实施例1:Nd-Fe-B系合金粉末的混合物的制备
将制备例1得到的样品与制备例3得到的样品分别混合均化,经过氢破碎以及气流磨细粒度化后,以使钕铁硼粉末的表面被M氧化物完全包覆,形成M氧化合物的包覆层;亦或者将制备例2得到的样品与制备例3得到的样品混合均匀,经过混料后使钕铁硼粉末的表面被M氧化物完全包覆,形成M氧化合物的包覆层,具体样品如下表所示:
①添加量不同:
②基材的影响
③M氧化物的不同
⑤粒径的影响
⑥混合时机的影响
实施例2:Nd-Fe-B系合金粉末混合物的烧结体的制备
将实施例1中的样品D1~D23分别通过如下步骤处理,分别制备Nd-Fe-B系合金粉末混合物的烧结体样品E1~E23:
(1)成型:将实施例1中D1~D23样品分别在取向磁场中模压成型,取向磁场的场强范围在2~8T,经过压制成型后样品形成密度为3.6~4.2g/cm3的压坯,经过等静压后密度进一步提升,形成内部无细微裂纹的D1~D23样品压坯。
(2)烧结:将步骤(1)的D1~D23样品压坯分别在真空气氛内进行烧结,烧结温度范围在1080-1100℃范围内,烧结时间控制在2~10h内,烧结后的磁体经过冷却后得到烧结体样品E1~E23。
实施例3:Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料的制备
将实施例2制备的烧结体样品E1~E23分别进行如下处理,得到Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料样品F1~F23:
(1)涂覆重稀土组分
将一定质量的Dy-Fe合金或者Tb-Fe合金粉末均匀混合至特定溶剂中,混合均匀后得到重稀土涂覆浆料,将重稀土浆料均匀涂覆至烧结样品表面,干燥后得到均匀平整的重稀土合金粉末涂层。
(2)热扩散处理
将表面附着有重稀土合金的Nd-Fe-B烧结体样品置于真空烧结炉中进行热扩散处理,扩散温度为910℃或者890℃,扩散时间为20~35h。
(3)回火处理
回火温度为480~550℃,回火时间4h处理后,得到Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料样品F1~F23。
对比例
参考Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料样品F1的制备方法,不同之处在于不添加M氧化物粉末的情况下进行成型、烧结、扩散和回火步骤后,得到Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料样品F0。
测试例1:永磁材料的EMPA分析
对上述实施例3制得的的Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料样品F13和对比例制得的样品F0进行EPMA测试,结果如图1和图2所示,可见添加M的氧化物粉末的样品晶界上有大量的Cu富集,说明此处M(Cu)的氧化物含量较高。其中样品F1在晶界三相点处M(Cu)含量为32%,O含量为8%。
通过对F13和F0样品EPMA进行O含量线扫分析,结果如图3和图4所示,可见添加M的氧化物粉末的样品中晶界三相点中O含量比例为二粒晶界中O含量比例的1.5倍以上,而未添加M氧化物粉末的样品中不同位置的O含量无明显的变化趋势。
测试例2:永磁材料的磁性能和失重性能测试
对上述实施例3制得的的Nd-Fe-B系永磁材料样品F1~F23,以及对比例得到的样品F0的磁性能及样品内氧含量和失重性能进行检测,结果如下:
结论表明:
样品F1-F4的对比表明,虽然M的氧化物粉末添加量增多后磁体内的氧含量会有显著提高,但是较高氧含量水平会导致磁体的磁性能下降,同时也会影响磁体的耐腐蚀性;当添加量较少时,在晶界三相点处形成的M氧化物结构含量不足,氧含量在磁体内分布不均,导致对低Co产品的耐腐蚀性改善效果不明显。
样品F5-F9的对比表明,Co含量对磁体的耐腐蚀性有明显的改善作用,但是Co含量的增加对磁体Hcj呈现减弱作用,同时考虑到Co为战略物资,添加M的氧化物粉末也可实现改善磁体耐腐蚀性的作用。
样品F1和F10-F14的对比表明,不同M的氧化物由于质量分数不同,其所能提供的氧含量也有不同,同时由于其包覆层的厚度有所差异,其效果也有较为明显的差异,其中B2O、CuO、MgO的效果更优。
样品F1和F15-F18的对比表明,不同粒度的M的氧化物粉末也会造成性能和耐腐蚀性上的差异,如果粉末颗粒过小,则容易使其自身发生团聚,影响磁体粉末与氧化物粉末的混合效果,从而导致混合不均匀,在晶界上形成氧富集区,影响磁体性能;如果粉末颗粒过大,在热处理过程中,M的氧化物较多则会阻碍富钕相液态流动,使晶界不连续,从而也会影响磁性能与耐腐蚀性。
样品F1-F5与F19-F23的对比表明,在HD(HydrogenDecrepitation,氢破)前加入M的氧化物粉末效果要更优与在HD后加入,可能在HD过程中高温环境促使稀土元素与M的氧化物进行了反应,使得氧元素以化合物的形式保留在晶界中,而在HD后,磁体粉末与氧化物粉末混合后仍存在团聚与不均匀的可能,进而造成晶界三相点中氧含量较低。
样品F1与F0对比表明,本发明的永磁材料样品在晶界三相点处形成MO化合物,使得氧富集在晶界三相点处,从而控制磁体内的氧含量。
以上对本发明的实施方式进行了示例性的说明。但是,本发明的保护范围不拘囿于上述实施方式。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,本领域技术人员所作出的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种R-T-B系永磁材料,其特征在于,R选自钕(Nd)、镨(Pr)、钆(Gd)、钬(Ho)、镝(Dy)、铽(Tb)中的一种、两种或更多种;T至少包含铁(Fe);B为硼;
所述永磁材料还包含M,所述M选自过渡金属元素、低熔点金属元素、非金属元素、轻稀土元素中的一种或多种;和
所述永磁材料的晶界相中存在M的氧化物;
优选地,所述永磁材料的余量为Fe、O及不可避免的杂质;更优选地,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,O的质量百分比含量为700~4000ppm。
2.如权利要求1所述的R-T-B系永磁材料,其特征在于,
所述低熔点金属可以选自熔点在1300℃以下的金属,其实例可以为铜(Cu)、镓(Ga)、铝(Al)、锆(Zr)、钛(Ti)、锡(Sn)和锰(Mn)中的一种或多种;
所述轻稀土元素可以选自如镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)等元素中的一种或多种;
优选地,M选自Cu、Ga、Al、Zr、Ti、Sn、Mn、B、V、Se中的一种或多种。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的R-T-B系永磁材料,其特征在于,
基于所述永磁材料的质量计,R的质量百分比含量为28.5%以上且32.5%以下;
基于所述永磁材料的质量计,B的质量百分比含量为0.88%以上且1.05%以下;
基于所述永磁材料的质量计,M的总质量百分比含量为0.1%以上且4.0%以下,优选为0.15%以上且2.5%以下;
优选地,所述永磁材料包含Co;例如,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,Co的质量百分比含量为0%以上且0.7%以下,更优选为0.1%以上且0.5%以下。
4.如权利要求1-3任一项所述的R-T-B系永磁材料,其特征在于,基于所述永磁材料的质量计,O的质量百分比含量为700~2000ppm。
5.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的R-T-B系永磁材料,其特征在于,所述永磁材料的晶界相,优选晶界三相点中存在富R-M-O相;
优选地,所述永磁材料的晶界相中,优选晶界三相点中,M的质量百分比与氧的质量百分比之和在20%以上,优选≥40%;
更优选地,在所述永磁材料的晶界三相点中O的质量百分比含量与二粒晶界中O的质量百分比含量的比值>1,优选为1.5以上。
6.一种金属组合物,其中所述组合物包含作为基体的金属R、T、B,以及存在于所述基体中的M的氧化物;
优选地,所述组合物以粉末形式存在。所述粉末的粒径可以为500μm以下,例如1μm至300μm,优选1μm至50μm;
优选地,基于所述组合物中基体的质量百分比计,所述M的氧化物的质量百分比含量为0.05%以上且5.00%以下,优选0.10%以上且3.00%以下。
7.一种永磁体,包括经过烧结和热处理权利要求6所述的金属组合物得到的烧结材料和附着于所述烧结材料且经热处理的重稀土元素。
8.如权利要求1-5任一项所述的R-T-B系永磁材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括:
将权利要求6所述的金属组合物成型,得到所述金属组合物的成型体;
将所述成型体烧结,得到经烧结的包含所述金属组合物的基材;以及
使重稀土元素与所述经烧结的包含所述金属组合物的基材相接触。
优选地,使重稀土元素与所述经烧结的包含所述金属组合物的基材相接触,以在所述基材的表面形成所述重稀土元素的包覆层。
9.如权利要求8所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法还包括制备权利要求6所述的金属组合物的步骤,其中所述M的氧化物与作为基体的金属R、T、B在氢破之前混合。
10.如权利要求1-5任一项所述的R-T-B系永磁材料在电机、扬声器、磁选机、计算机磁盘驱动器、磁共振成像设备仪领域中的应用,优选在电机中作为电机转子磁钢的应用。
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