CN1177703A - 同时产生电能及用于加热的热量的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
同时产生电能和用于加热的热量的方法使用主要由一种或多种烃类组成的己燃气(G)及含有氧气的气体混合物(A),通过至少一气体燃烧器(B)和至少一燃料电池组(C),其中化学当量比大于约3的氧气剩余量供给电池中,来实现该方法。在电池组中少于己燃气的一半转变用于发电,同时产生第一废气。己燃气剩余部分在燃烧器中燃烧,同时产生第二废气,至少部分第一废气用作燃烧的氧气源,从废气中获得热能,含在废气中至少约一半的水被冷凝。
Description
本发明涉及按权利要求1的前序同时产生电能及用于加热的热量的方法以及完成该方法的装置。
当用天然气加热,特别是加热房间和/或公用水时,一般燃烧至少含约80%甲烷的天然气。这里没有利用产生高质量能量,特别是电能的可能性。然而众所周知高达50%的甲烷化学能能通过燃烧电池转变成电能,高温电池内同时产生的将散失热量可节约地用于加热。代替天然气也可使用含烃类的燃烧体气其中至少部分燃烧气体由烃类而非甲烷组成。
很多情况下全年中基本恒定的电能供应是最理想的。如果希望通过燃料电池装置同时产生电能及用于加热的热量,将碰到只在冬天,即需一定热量加温房间的冬季需要热量加温房间的区域,存在的问题是大量电能在冬天产生,难以找到用户经济使用。因此最好是把使用燃料电池和使用现有的加热装置,特别是气体燃烧器相结合。在温暖的季节只启动燃料电池,放出的热量能用于加热公用水。
本发明的目的是提供包括使用燃料电池和气体燃烧器这类结合的方法,特别在冬天可得到大量热量用于加热,通过燃料电池以最大可能功率级完成同时发电。按本发明达到该目的的方法在权利要求1中限定。
同时产生电能和用于加热的热量的方法使用主要由一或多个烃类构成的燃烧气体以及含氧气的气体混合物。通过至少一气体燃烧器和至少一燃料电池来完成该方法,在电池中以化学当量比大于约3提供氧气过量。电池中少于一半燃烧气体转换来发电同时产生第一废气。燃烧气体剩余物在燃烧器中燃烧同时产生第二废气,至少部分第一废气在该过程中用作氧气源。用于加热的热量从废气中获得,包含在废气中的至少约一半水被冷凝。
第二独立权利要求8涉及一装置,通过此装置实现本发明的方法。
指定的燃料电池组包含有布置在绝热套筒中的一组平面电池是具有优势的,导槽系统包含在套筒中,通过导槽系统预热供给空气。预重整炉安置在例如以中心对称方式完成的电池组前面。电池组的烃类,特别是甲烷在水存在下伴随有吸热转变成一氧化碳和氢气。燃料电池须有相对多的空气剩余才工作,以防有害的温度差升高。化学当量比须大于约3;即在己燃气含甲烷的情况下,对1摩尔甲烷必须提供至少约6摩尔氧气来代替2摩尔氧气以便使1摩尔甲烷转变成一氧化碳和水。
为了尽可能获得大量用于加热的热量,按本发明在从燃烧器和电池的废气中提取热量期间冷凝至少一半大量产生的水蒸气,如此利用了冷凝热量。由于电池废气含有相当大比例的氧气,在燃烧器的燃烧过程中能被利用。包含在废气中的水蒸气也作为燃烧器废气的组分出现,因此继续可用于加热,这一点对本发明而言是重要的。
相关权利要求涉及本发明方法的优先实施例。权利要求8-13的目的是实现本发明方法的装置。
参照附图下面详述本发明。所示为:
图1燃料电池组
图2能实现本发明方法的装置
图3发生在电池和气体燃烧器中的反应图示。
图4图2装置的示意图
图5、6本发明另外两个装置每个的示意图。
图7配有λ探头的装置示意图。
图1燃料电池组C作为一个例子来理解。不同的例子在欧洲专利申请No.96810410.9(p.6739)中有描述。更详细的细节也在那里公开而在此不以讨论。
电池组C包含一组1中心基本对称的高温燃料电池10,一预重整炉3,一硫吸收器4和套筒2。套筒2的第一导槽系统有如下部件:环槽状腔21,22及23,热绝缘材料不透气体25和使径向空气从腔22流入腔23的可透气体26。空气从腔23送入,通过后燃室腔12经排放管进入电池10。电池组C下部的第二导槽系统表示热交换器,通过它热量能提供给预重整炉3和硫吸收器4。硫吸收器4旁边的环槽状外套腔5作为水W的蒸发器。
电流形成反应所需的己燃气G从中心经吸收器4,预重整器R和管道13进入电池组1。
在起动状态期间,热的己燃气经管6进入电池组C以加热后者,在流经第二导槽系统7和后燃室腔12后,己燃气经管8离开电池组C。加热后,电池组C进入电流输出工作状态。在该工作状态期间,热废气以相反方向从后燃室腔12流出经第二导槽系统7进入出口9,此时废气产生预重整器3和蒸发器5所需的热量。热的己燃气或废气的流动分别由阻塞元件(活盖)60、80和90控制。
在按本发明图2的装置中电池组C同气体燃烧器B以特殊方式结合在一起。在电流输出工作状态下,电池组C的废气经管道91导入第一热交换器E1,例如公用水95的加热器,随后经管道92进入燃烧器B,包含在废气中的氧气用于气体G的燃烧。(公用水加热中用贮罐即锅炉具有优势,当热水排出时新水就进入锅炉的底部。这里水的加热和排出以公知的方式完成,下部冷区和上部热区同时存在。)燃烧室B的己燃气—管道62—导入第二热交换器E2,获得的热量用于房间加温H。按本发明可设想到己燃气的水蒸气在热交换器E2中冷凝。冷的己燃气65经管道64进入未标出的烟囱。
对启动状态下的加热,由燃烧器B产生的己燃气经管道61供给电池组C—打开阻塞元件60和80以及关闭阻塞元件63和90。冷却了的己燃气经管道81进入能导向热交换器E2的管道62。如燃烧器B用于加热电池组C,空气须直接取自周围环境(图2未标出)。
图3上半部表示推算出甲烷、水和氧气在电池组C中经反应R、C1和C2转变成产物二氧化碳和水,只给电池组留下废气。本例中,氧气以化学当量需求的三倍供应。氧气未用部分也充当部分废气出现在图3中。
反应R,即重整,将甲烷转变成电化学有用的中间产品氢气和一氧化碳。如使用其它烃类,也可能产生相对应的重整。反应C1和C2是产生电能结果的电化学反应。连同氧气,空气的另外组分(氮气)流经电池组,为阐述清楚起见图3未示出。
图3下半部表示发生在燃烧室B的燃烧,即按图2所示的设备方法利用电池组C的废气来进行甲烷燃烧。产生的己燃气包含7份H2O3份CO2,1份CO2和3份H2O以电池组C的废气方式供给燃烧室B。根据图3显然水蒸气是废气的主要组分。按本发明方法的特别优点是,由于含在电池组废气中的水蒸气充当燃烧室废气的组分,因此也可用于加热。
图4-6示意图表示按本发明设备的三个例子,其中电池组C,燃烧室B和一个或二个热交换器E或E1和E2分别组合。第一废气在电池组C中形成,第二废气在燃烧室中形成。
图4的组合对应图2的设备。供给设备空气A,气体G和水W以简化方式由箭头100标上记号,实际上这些设备在不同位置导入电池B。连接头910和920分别对应图2的管道91和92。虚线箭头930表示第一废气勿需全部进入燃烧室B。如电池组C中空气剩余量大,最有利的是只有部分第一废气在燃烧室B中使用。箭头650对应图2的箭头65,表示废气流向烟囱。第一热交换器中不进行水蒸气冷凝是最好的。冷凝在热交换器E2中从第二废气进行。
图5表示基本上与图4相同线路。不同在于第一废气经连接头900直接送入燃烧室B而没有排除产生在第一热交换器的热量。按本发明热量应用发生在单一热交换器E中。
图6设备中电池组和燃烧室的废气作为混合物导入单一热交换器E。部分己冷却废气经连接口950送回燃烧室B。虚线所示的连接头600表示燃烧室的己燃气能用于加热电池组(启动状态)。
图7表示配有λ探头D1的设备示意图,λ探头安置在燃烧室后面,通过它可测量废气的氧气含量。该探头为控制系统的一元件,通过逻辑电路D调整己燃气(控制元件D2)和/或燃料电池废气(控制元件D3)供给燃烧室。如使用天然气,有利的是控制系统确保每摩尔甲烷至少2.2摩尔分子氧气进入燃烧室B。
第一废气,即在燃料电池组中产生的废气,有一相对低的露点(水蒸气的冷凝温度)。空气剩余量在化学当量比5及在50%的电能效率时,露点为42℃。空气剩余量/露点的相应一对数值为3.63/48.3℃和10/31.0℃。对一般等于30℃的加热系统的回流温度而言,通过位于燃料电池组后面的热交换器的冷凝只获得一点点热量。
由于按本发明方法,含在第一废气中的水蒸气在第二废气—燃烧室的废气中以较高露点出现。露点升高共计几摄氏温度,并认为:电池组中空气剩余量越大,露点升高越大。按较高露点,通过指定加热系统回流的冷凝获得更多热量。
同直接从周围提取空气充当燃烧室的氧气源的方法相比,总效率(=获得电能与热能之和与己燃气的能量值之比)增长了几个百分点。按图4的实施例电池组的空气剩余量7,燃烧器空气剩余量1.5英寸,电池组的己燃气利用率为20%,燃烧室利用率为80%时,电效率50%,热交换器E2(第一)和E1的30~40℃回流加热时,导致总效率增加约6%。该例中第二废气的露点等于55.8℃,而第一废气的露点只为只为35.1℃。通过冷凝获得的热量等于总有效能量的约8%。
Claims (13)
1、通过至少一气体燃烧器(B)和至少一燃料电池组(C),从主要由一种或多种烃类细成的己燃气(G)及含有氧气的气体混合物(A)中同时产生电能和用于加热的热量的方法,其中化学当量比大于约3的氧气剩余量供给在电池中,
其特征在于在电池组中少于已燃气的一半转变用于发电,同时产生第一废气;己燃气剩余部分在燃烧器中燃烧同时产生第二废气;第一废气至少部分用作燃烧的氧化源;从废气中获得热能,其中含在废气中的至少约一半水被冷凝。
2、按权利要求1的方法,其特征在于已燃气(G)主要由甲烷组成;含有氧气的气体混合物(G)是空气;每摩尔甲烷至少约6摩尔分子氧气及1摩尔水(W)送入电池组(C)。
3、按权利要求2的方法,其特征在于每摩尔甲烷至少2.2摩尔分子氧气送入燃烧器(B)。
4、按权利要求1-3中的一个方法,其特征在于至少一部分第一废气供给燃烧器(B),而无需预先散热。
5、按权利要求1-3中的一个方法,其特征在于电池组(C)的第一废气导入热交换器(E1),在热交换器(E1)中从废气中去除用于加热的热量,最好没有水蒸气被冷凝。
6、按权利要求1-3中的一个方法,其特征在于二种废气分别在它们离开的电池组(C)和燃烧器(B)上直接混和,该废气混合物导入热交换器(E),在热交换器(E)中从混合物中去除用于加热的热量,同时冷凝水蒸气;随后部分冷却的混合物送回燃烧器燃烧。
7、按权利要求1-6中的一个方法,其特征在于燃烧器(B)的己燃气用于在启动状态下加热燃料电池(10)到工作温度。
8、实现按权利要求1-7中一个的方法的装置,装置含一燃料电池组(C),燃烧器(B),用于在燃烧器和/或电池组中产生的废气的至少一个热交换器(E1,E2),至少一个利用从废气中获得的热量的用户系统(H),并在从电池到燃烧器之间提供用于废气的直接或间接连接(91,92)。
9、按权利要求8的装置,其特征在于用户系统含有公用水加热器(E1)和房间升温系统(E2,H)。
10、按权利要求8的装置,其特征在于公用水加热器(E1)与电池组(C)的废气管道(91)保持有效连接。
11、按权利要求7-10中一个的装置,其特征在于燃烧器(B)的出口有用于检测废气的氧含量的λ探头(D1);该探头为控制系统(D,D1,D2,D3)的一组成部分,通过控制系统能调整从燃料电池供给燃烧器的已燃气和/或废气量。
12、按权利要求7-11中一个的装置,其特征在于电池组(C)含有启动状态下用于加热电池组的导槽系统(7,12);该导槽系统与燃烧器(B)的废气管道(61,62)相连。
13、按权利要求7-11中一个的装置,其特征在于电池组(C)含有一中心对称电池组(1)及安装在电池组前面用于己燃气(G)的预重整炉(3)。
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EP96810448A EP0818840B1 (de) | 1996-07-11 | 1996-07-11 | Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Erzeugung von elektrischer Energie und Wärme für Heizzwecke |
EP96810448.9 | 1996-07-11 |
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US (1) | US6042956A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0818840B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3866372B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100466787B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1123081C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE215745T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU723838B2 (zh) |
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1996
- 1996-07-11 AT AT96810448T patent/ATE215745T1/de active
- 1996-07-11 DK DK96810448T patent/DK0818840T3/da active
- 1996-07-11 DE DE59609016T patent/DE59609016D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101490473B (zh) * | 2006-07-13 | 2011-05-11 | 乔治洛德方法研究和开发液化空气有限公司 | 用于交替进行氧燃和空气燃烧的燃烧器和方法 |
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JPH1064568A (ja) | 1998-03-06 |
AU723838B2 (en) | 2000-09-07 |
CN1123081C (zh) | 2003-10-01 |
JP3866372B2 (ja) | 2007-01-10 |
AU2855097A (en) | 1998-01-22 |
EP0818840B1 (de) | 2002-04-03 |
DE59609016D1 (de) | 2002-05-08 |
KR100466787B1 (ko) | 2005-05-19 |
KR980010220A (ko) | 1998-04-30 |
DK0818840T3 (da) | 2002-06-17 |
EP0818840A1 (de) | 1998-01-14 |
US6042956A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
ATE215745T1 (de) | 2002-04-15 |
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