CN117637663A - 具有更有效的散热和改善的开关性能的半导体功率模块 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有更有效的散热和改善的开关性能的半导体功率模块。其包括多个半导体开关元件,以用于基于由电压源提供的输入电流借助对半导体开关元件的开关来产生输出电流。半导体开关元件包括分别具有阳极和阴极的多个二极管;具有用于电连接半导体开关元件的多个导体迹线的第一引线框架和第二引线框架,以便形成基于半导体开关元件的具有高侧和低侧的半桥。第一引线框架(16)与高侧相配属,而第二引线框架(18)与低侧相配属,二极管(14)在第一引线框架(16)与第二引线框架(18)之间电接触,使得二极管(14)的阳极(142)朝向机械接驳到半导体功率模块(10)上并与之热耦合的冷却器。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于对电动车辆或混合动力车辆中的电动车轴驱动装置通电的变流器(尤其是逆变器)的半导体功率模块;相应的变流器,尤其是逆变器;具有这种变流器的相应的电动车轴驱动装置;以及具有这种电动车轴驱动装置的相应的车辆。
背景技术
在现有技术中,纯电动车辆和混合动力车辆是已知的,它们完全或辅助性地由作为驱动机组的一台或多台电机来驱动。为了给这些电动车辆或混合动力车辆的电机供应电能,电动车辆和混合动力车辆包括电能存储器,尤其是可充电的电池。这些电池在此被构造为直流电压源(DC电源),然而,电机通常需要交流电压(AC电压)。因此,在电动车辆或混合动力车辆的电池与电机(E-Machine)之间通常接有具有所谓的逆变器的功率电子器件。在此,逆变器将DC电压转换为AC电压。除纯电动车辆外,还已知有燃料电池车辆。燃料电池将诸如氢的化学燃料直接转换为电能。当电动马达通过电能被驱动时,燃料电池就如可充电电池那样发挥作用。
开头提到的变流器也可以是DC/DC转换器或AC/DC转换器。来自电池和燃料电池的输出电压通常与用于逆变器的合适的电压不同。在此,DC/DC转换器被接在电池或燃料电池之间,并且将电池或燃料电池的直流电压转换成用于逆变器的合适的电压。当可充电电池从并网的交流电线路被充电时,AC/DC转换器被接在交流电线路与电池之间。当马达被用作再生式制动器用来将回收的能量充入到可充电电池中时,逆变器也充当AC/DC转换器起作用。
这种换流器,尤其是逆变器,通常包括半导体开关元件,其典型地由晶体管(如MOSFET或IGBT)形成。在此已知的是,半导体开关元件被设计成所谓的半桥,它具有高侧装置(即高电位侧的装置)和低侧装置(即低电位侧的装置)。这种高侧装置或低侧装置包括一个或多个并联的半导体开关元件,这些半导体开关元件在逆变器运行时被有针对性地控制,以便使得从半桥输入侧馈入的DC电流中产生AC电流的多个相互间在时间上错开的相电流,其中,这些相电流本身分别是能随时间变化的,并且通常呈现出正弦曲线。
在由现有技术已知的半导体功率模块中存在的问题是,由于高损耗功率而在半导体开关元件中生成的热量无法充分有效地被导走,尤其是当使用导热能力相对较低的半导体开关元件时是如此。因此,半导体开关元件承受过热风险,这会损害整个变流器的功能。
发明内容
本发明的任务是提供变流器、尤其是逆变器的半导体功率模块,以便至少部分消除上述缺点。
根据本发明,该任务通过独立权利要求的半导体功率模块、变流器、电动车轴驱动装置和车辆来解决。本发明的有利的设计方案和改进方案由从属权利要求得知。
本发明涉及用于运行电动车辆和/或混合动力车辆中的电动车轴驱动装置的变流器的半导体功率模块。变流器优选是用于将DC电压转换为AC电压的DC/AC逆变器。替选地,变流器可以被构造为用于将DC输入电压转换成不同于该DC输入电压的DC输出电压的DC/DC转换器。
半导体功率模块包括多个半导体开关元件,以用于基于由电压源提供的输入电流借助对这些半导体开关元件的开关来产生输出电流。在逆变器的情况下,输入电流是由DC电压源提供的DC电流,其中,输出电流是具有多个相电流的AC电流。在DC/DC转换器的情况下,输入电流是由DC电压源提供的DC输入电流,其中,输出电压是不同于DC输入电压的DC电压,其中,输出电流是不同于DC输入电流的DC输出电流,该DC输出电流优选被用于对车辆电池充电,其中,DC输出电流在DC输出侧被输送。
半导体开关元件包括一个或多个二极管,这些二极管分别具有阳极和阴极。优选地,半导体开关元件包括一个或多个双极型晶体管,尤其是IGBT。双极型晶体管(尤其是IGBT)所用的半导体材料优选是硅。替选地,针对双极型晶体管(尤其是IGBT)也可以使用所谓的具有宽带隙的半导体(英文:Wide bandgap semiconductors,WBS),如碳化硅或氮化镓。一个、各个或多个二极管优选被构造为肖特基二极管。二极管所用的半导体材料优选是氧化镓化合物或上述WBS中的一种。
半导体功率模块还包括具有用于电连接半导体开关元件的多个导体迹线的第一引线框架和第二引线框架,以便形成基于半导体开关元件的具有高侧和低侧的半桥。有利的是,半导体功率模块包括第三引线框架。优选地,第一引线框架与高侧相配属,而第二引线框架与低侧相配属。这种引线框架与高侧或低侧的配属关系意味着,多个构件、高侧或低侧的重要构件被布置在各自的引线框架上和/或被紧固在其上,或者经由各自的引线框架上的栅极端子进行控制。例如,如果在引线框架上布置有高侧或低侧的晶体管,则该引线框架被配属给高侧或低侧。以该方式,使得开关电流可以被导引通过各自的半导体开关元件或被阻断。第一引线框架和/或第二引线框架和/或第三引线框架通过多层基底的上部金属层提供,尤其是通过上部金属层的两个相互间电绝缘或电位隔离的区域提供,其中,基底附加地还包括下部金属层和位于这两个金属层之间的绝缘层。例如,基底是直接键合铜(DBC)基底或者是绝缘金属基底(IMS)。在第一引线框架和第二引线框架上可以分别安装有多个半导体开关元件。有利的是,第一、第二和可选的第三引线框架由同一基底构成。
在半导体功率模块的下侧布置有冷却器,并与半导体开关元件处于热耦合,以便有效地导走在半导体功率模块运行中因高损耗功率而生成的热量,并以该方式保护半导体功率模块的或变流器的半导体开关元件和其他构件不会过热。优选地,冷却器从下方接驳到多层的基底上,尤其是接驳到基底的下部金属层上。冷却器可以包括冷却板,在该冷却板下方布置有由多个翅片构成的针状翅片结构,这些翅片限定了多个用于流过冷却介质(例如水)的冷却线路。
根据本发明,二极管在第一引线框架与第二引线框架之间电接触,使得二极管的阳极朝向机械接驳到半导体功率模块上并与之热耦合的冷却器。例如,在半导体功率模块具有一个或多个引线框架和所属的冷却器的情况下,二极管的阳极朝向引线框架,例如朝向第一、第二或第三引线框架地布置。如上示例性所述,当第一和/或第二和/或第三引线框架由多层基底的上部金属层提供时并且当冷却器在下侧与多层基底的下部金属层接驳时,就是这种情况。在二极管,如基于氧化镓的肖特基二极管中,绝大部分热量在阳极的区域中生成。因此,通过本发明的措施可以特别有效地导走这些热量,从而更好地保护二极管免于过热。整个换流器的功能因此得到改善。在这种结构中可能的情况是,高侧的二极管不再被布置在属于高侧的引线框架上,而是被布置在另一引线框架上。同样可能的情况是,低侧的二极管不再被布置在属于低侧的引线框架上,而是被布置在另一引线框架上。例如,高侧的晶体管被布置在第一引线框架上,而高侧的二极管被布置在第二引线框架上。此外,例如,低侧的晶体管被布置在第二引线框架上,而低侧的二极管被布置在第三引线框架上。
根据一个实施方式,被构造为双极型晶体管,尤其是被构造为绝缘栅双极型晶体管的半导体开关元件分别具有正极性的电流电极(例如集电极触点)和负极性的电流电极(例如发射极触点),其中,负极性的电流电极背对第一或第二引线框架(尤其是基底)地布置,而正极性的电流电极朝向第一或第二引线框架(尤其是基底,优选是多层基底的上部金属层,如DBC基底)地布置。这就能够实现双极型晶体管的特别简单的互连,以便形成半桥。
根据另外的实施方式,半导体功率模块被构造为具有模块高侧和模块低侧的半桥模块,其中,模块高侧和模块低侧分别包括一个或多个并联的半导体开关元件。在该情况下,半桥模块本身可以作为完整的半桥发挥作用,并因此提供了变流器的多个相单元中的一个相单元。替选地,可以将多个半桥模块彼此组合起来,以便形成在可承载最大电流量方面得到扩展的半桥,并因此形成经扩展的相单元。模块高侧相互并联,以便形成组合式的半桥的高侧。同时,模块低侧相互并联,以便形成组合式的半桥的低侧。在变流器、尤其是逆变器中,可以使用多个(例如三个)这样的组合式的半桥,其中,每个组合式的半桥形成在其电流输出端产生AC电流的多个相电流中的一个相电流的相单元。
还提出,冷却器在面积上将第一引线框架、第二引线框架和第三引线框架包括在内。
还提出,二极管至少部分被构造为肖特基二极管。
本发明还涉及一种用于对电动车轴驱动装置、尤其是被安装在该电动车轴驱动装置中的电机通电的变流器,该变流器具有这样的半导体功率模块,还涉及一种相应的电动车轴驱动装置以及一种具有这样的电动车轴驱动装置的车辆。变流器可以被构造为逆变器或整流器,并具有多个(例如三个)相单元。由此得出已经结合根据本发明的半导体功率模块所描述的优点也适用于根据本发明的换流器、根据本发明的电动车轴驱动装置和根据本发明的车辆。
附图说明
下面将结合图中所示的实施例对本发明进行示例性地解释。
其中:
图1示出半导体功率模块俯视性的示意图,其中,半导体功率模块包括多个双极型晶体管和二极管;
图2以横截面视图示出图1的半导体功率模块的二极管的示意图。
各图中相同的主题、功能单元和类似的部件用相同的附图标记表示。除非在描述中另有明确或隐含的说明,否则这些主题、功能单元和类似的部件在它们的技术特征方面被相同实施。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于变流器(未示出)的半导体功率模块10的俯视性的示意图。变流器被构造成用于向电动车辆或混合动力车辆的电动车轴驱动装置通电。变流器优选被构造为DC/AC逆变器,以用于将输入端的DC电流转换成输出端的AC电流,进一步优选地被转换成具有多个AC相电流的多相AC电流。为此,换流器或逆变器具有多个相单元,这些相单元分别互连以用于产生其中一个AC相电流。半导体功率模块10优选被构造为半桥模块,该半桥模块具有模块高侧和模块低侧,并提供了完整的半桥电路。在变流器中,每个相单元可以组合使用一个或多个这样的半桥模块。在为每个相单元配属有多个半桥模块的情况下,这些半桥模块的模块高侧优选彼此并联,以便形成整个相单元的高侧装置。同时,这些半桥模块的模块低侧优选彼此并联,以便形成整个相单元的低侧装置。
半导体功率模块10包括多个半导体开关元件12、14,它们能有针对地被开关,以便实现电流转换。如图1中示意性所示,在半导体功率模块10中包含了多个双极型晶体管12和多个二极管14。双极型晶体管12属于NPN类型,或者优选被设计为以硅为基础材料的绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT或n沟道IGBT),而二极管14优选被设计为以氧化镓为基础材料的肖特基二极管。功率模块10包括第一引线框架16(示例性地且优选地在此被构造为正极性的DC引线框架(英文:DC positive leadframe)、第二引线框架18(示例性地且优选地被构造为AC引线框架(英文:AC leadframe))和第三引线框架20(示例性地且优选地构造为负极性的DC引线框架(英文:DC negative leadframe))。第一引线框架16、第二引线框架18和第三引线框架20由唯一的基底(例如DBC基底)形成。附加地,功率模块10还包括用于模块高侧的栅极引线框架22和用于模块低侧的另外的栅极引线框架24。晶体管12中的一半被布置在正极性的DC引线框架16上,而另一半被布置在AC引线框架18上。作为晶体管12的集电极起作用的下部触点与这些引线框架16、18在物理和电气上相连。二极管14中的一半被布置在AC引线框架18上,而另一半被布置在负极性的DC引线框架20上。二极管14的阳极与这些引线框架18、20在物理和电气上相连。正极性的DC引线框架16通过导体迹线162与AC引线框架18上的二极管14的阴极触点144电连接。AC引线框架18经由导体迹线182与正极性的DC引线框架16上的双极型晶体管12的发射极触点122电连接。AC引线框架18还通过导体迹线184与负极性的DC引线框架20上的二极管14的阴极触点144电连接。负极性的DC引线框架20通过导体迹线202与AC引线框架18上的双极型晶体管12的发射极触点122电连接。用于模块高侧的栅极引线框架22通过连接导线222与正极性的DC引线框架16上的双极型晶体管12的栅极触点124电连接。用于模块低侧的栅极引线框架24通过键合导线242与AC引线框架18上的双极型晶体管12的栅极触点124电连接。
图2以示意性的横截面视图示出了二极管14的结构。二极管14包括阳极142和阴极144。从图2中可以看出,在二极管14构建好的状态下,阳极142朝向下部的AC引线框架18或负极性的DC引线框架20。优选地,在下部的引线框架18或20的下侧接驳有在此未示出的冷却器,以便导走在半导体开关元件12、14运行中所生成的热量。由于在二极管14中热量主要在阳极142的区域内产生,使得这样的布置对有效散热是特别有利的。
附图标记列表
10半导体功率模块
12双极型晶体管
122发射极触点
124栅极触点
14二极管
142阳极
144阴极触点
16第一引线框架(正极性的DC引线框架)
162用于正极性的DC引线框架的导体迹线
18第二引线框架(AC引线框架)
182用于AC引线框架的通向正极侧的导体迹线
184用于AC引线框架的通向负极侧的导体迹线
20第三引线框架(负极性的DC引线框架)
202用于负极性的DC引线框架的导体迹线
22用于模块高侧的栅极引线框架
222用于模块高侧的栅极接线
24用于模块低侧的栅极引线框架
242用于模块低侧的栅极接线
Claims (11)
1.用于对电动车辆和/或混合动力车辆中的电动车轴驱动装置通电的变流器的半导体功率模块(10),所述半导体功率模块包括:
-多个半导体开关元件(12、14),以用于基于由电压源提供的输入电流借助对所述半导体开关元件(12、14)的开关来产生输出电流,其中,所述半导体开关元件(12、14)包括分别具有阳极(142)和阴极(144)的至少一个二极管(14),
-具有用于电连接所述半导体开关元件(12、14)的多个导体迹线(162、182)的第一引线框架(16)和第二引线框架(18),以便形成基于所述半导体开关元件(12、14)的具有高侧和低侧的半桥,其中,所述第一引线框架(16)和所述第二引线框架(18)通过多层的基底的上部金属层的相互电绝缘或电位隔离的区域来提供,其中,所述二极管(14)在所述第一引线框架(16)与所述第二引线框架(18)之间电接触,使得所述二极管(14)的阳极(142)朝向机械接驳到所述半导体功率模块(10)上并与之热耦合的冷却器,其中,所述冷却器从下方被接驳到所述多层的基底上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,所述第一引线框架(16)与所述高侧相配属,而所述第二引线框架(18)与所述低侧相配属。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,所述第一引线框架(16)和所述第二引线框架(18)通过多层的基底的上部金属层的相互电绝缘或电位隔离的区域提供,并且其中,所述冷却器从下方被接驳到所述多层的基底上。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,所述第一引线框架(16)是正极性的DC引线框架,其中,所述第二引线框架(18)是AC引线框架,其中,所述冷却器被布置在所述半导体功率模块(10)的朝向所述第二引线框架(18)的一侧上,其中,所述二极管(14)的阳极(142)朝向所述第二引线框架(18)地布置和/或至少一个另外的二极管以其阳极朝向第三引线框架(20)地布置,所述第三引线框架是负极性的DC引线框架。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,所述半导体开关元件(12、14)还包括多个晶体管(12),优选是绝缘栅双极型晶体管,所述晶体管分别具有正极性的电流电极和负极性的电流电极(122)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,所述负极性的电流电极(122)背离所述第二引线框架(18)地布置。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,所述半导体开关元件(12、14)、优选二极管(14),至少部分基于氧化镓化合物。
8.根据前述权利要求所述的半导体功率模块(10),其中,第一、第二和/或第三引线框架(16、18、20)由多层的基底的上部金属层提供,所述多层的基底附加地还包括下部金属层和被布置在所述上部金属层与所述下部金属层之间的绝缘层。
9.用于对电动车辆和/或混合动力车辆中的电动车轴驱动装置通电的换流器,尤其是逆变器,所述换流器包括一个或多个根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的半导体功率模块(10)。
10.用于车辆、尤其是电动车辆或混合动力车辆的电动车轴驱动装置,所述电动车轴驱动装置包括电机、传动装置和根据权利要求9所述的变流器,尤其是逆变器。
11.车辆,尤其是电动车辆或混合动力车辆,所述车辆包括根据权利要求10所述的电动车轴驱动装置。
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