CN117618384A - 一种抗菌药及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
一种抗菌药及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117618384A CN117618384A CN202311656949.2A CN202311656949A CN117618384A CN 117618384 A CN117618384 A CN 117618384A CN 202311656949 A CN202311656949 A CN 202311656949A CN 117618384 A CN117618384 A CN 117618384A
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- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种纳米颗粒,其包含外泌体,和治疗剂,其中所述治疗剂为式I所示化合物、其药学上可接受的盐、其共晶体、其互变异构体、其多晶型物、其溶剂合物、其前药或其同位素标记化合物。还涉及制备所述纳米颗粒的方法,还涉及含有该纳米颗粒的组合物,以及所述纳米颗粒或组合物在制备治疗和/或预防细菌感染的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医药技术领域,具体涉及一种纳米颗粒,还涉及制备所述纳米颗粒的方法,还涉及含有该纳米颗粒的组合物,还涉及所述纳米颗粒或组合物在制备治疗和/或预防细菌感染的用途。该纳米颗粒为一种抗菌药,可用于治疗和/或预防细菌感染。
背景技术
利福霉素类抗生素(rifamycins),由地中海链丝菌产生的一类抗生素,它具有广谱抗菌作用,对结核杆菌、麻风杆菌、链球菌、肺炎球菌等革兰氏阳性细菌,特别是耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌的作用都很强,对某些革兰氏阴性菌也有效。利福霉素类抗生素目前在临床应用的有利福平、利福喷汀及利福布汀,临床多与其他抗结核病药物合用治疗各型结核病和治疗耐药金黄色葡萄球菌的严重感染,还用于治疗麻风病。然而,由于抗生素的不合理的使用,越来越多的菌株产生了耐药性。耐药菌的出现增加了感染性疾病治愈的难度,并迫使人类寻找新的对抗微生物感染的方法。
发明内容
本发明提供一种纳米颗粒,其包含外泌体,和治疗剂,所述治疗剂为式I所示化合物、其药学上可接受的盐、其共晶体、其互变异构体、其多晶型物、其溶剂合物、其前药或其同位素标记化合物,
其中X为-N-或-CH-,R为H、C1-6烷基、氨基、卤素、C1-6烷基氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基或卤代C1-6烷基。
在某些实施方案中,所述治疗剂负载在所述外泌体中。
在某些实施方案中,在所述纳米颗粒中,所述治疗剂的负载率为8~20%(例如8~15%或10~18%)。
在某些实施方案中,所述外泌体为牛奶外泌体。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为H、C1-4烷基、氨基、卤素、C1-4烷基氨基、二(C1-4烷基)氨基或卤代C1-4烷基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为C1-6烷基、氨基、C1-6烷基氨基或二(C1-6烷基)氨基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为C1-4烷基、氨基、C1-4烷基氨基或二(C1-4烷基)氨基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、氨基、甲基氨基、二甲基氨基、乙基氨基、二乙基氨基、正丙基氨基或二正丙基氨基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基或叔丁基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为正丙基、异丙基、正丁基或异丁基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为正丙基或异丁基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为氨基、甲基氨基、二甲基氨基、乙基氨基、二乙基氨基、正丙基氨基或二正丙基氨基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为氨基、甲基氨基、二甲基氨基、乙基氨基或二乙基氨基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,R为二甲基氨基或二乙基氨基。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,X为-N-。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物中,X为-CH-。
在某些实施方案中,式I所示化合物选自:
本发明还提供制备所述的纳米颗粒的方法,包括:将外泌体与治疗剂共孵育。
在某些实施方案中,制备所述的纳米颗粒的方法包括:
1)将外泌体与治疗剂混合,得到共孵育体系;
2)对共孵育体系进行超声处理;
3)孵育。
在某些实施方案中,共孵育体系由外泌体、治疗剂、二甲亚砜和PBS溶液组成;
在某些实施方案中,共孵育体系中含有外泌体0.25mg/mL、治疗剂0.5-2mM(例如1mM)、二甲亚砜3-8%(例如5%),余量为PBS溶液。
在某些实施方案中,步骤2)包括:将共孵育体系在超声细胞破碎仪中超声20-40s(例如30s),然后置于冰上孵育1-3min(例如2min),重复该操作2-10次(例如8次)。
在某些实施方案中,步骤3)包括将共孵育体系置于摇床内,在37℃孵育1-3小时。
本发明还提供一种组合物,其包含所述的纳米颗粒,以及药学上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂。
本发明还提供所述的纳米颗粒或所述组合物在制备用于预防和/或治疗细菌感染或细菌感染引起的疾病的药物中的用途。
在某些实施方案中,所述的细菌感染为革兰氏阳性细菌(包括结核分枝杆菌、麻风杆菌、链球菌、肺炎球菌等,特别是耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌)或革兰氏阴性菌(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的感染。
在某些实施方案中,所述的细菌感染引起的疾病为结核病或麻风病。
本发明所述的纳米颗粒或组合物可根据给药途径制成各种适宜的剂型。所述给药途径例如口服、胃肠外、肺、鼻、舌下、舌、颊、直肠、经皮、结膜、局部给药或以植入物形式给药。所述适宜剂型包括液态剂型和固态剂型,例如片剂(未包衣片或包衣片,如具有肠包衣或膜包衣的片剂)、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、口服溶液剂、口服混悬剂、口服乳剂、散剂、酊剂、糖浆剂、注射剂、栓剂、软膏剂、乳膏剂、糊剂、眼用制剂、丸剂、植入剂、气雾剂、粉雾剂、喷雾剂等。本发明所述的纳米颗粒或组合物可以单位剂量形式给药。其中,本发明所述的纳米颗粒或组合物可以含有0.01mg至1000mg的本发明的式I所示化合物、其药学上可接受的盐、其共晶体、其互变异构体、其多晶型物、其溶剂合物、其前药或其同位素标记化合物,优选含有0.1mg至800mg,优选含有0.5-500mg,优选含有0.5至350mg,优选含有1至250mg。
适于口服给药的有可以迅速和/或以改变的方式传递活性成分的公知的给药形式,如片剂(未包衣片或包衣片,如具有肠包衣或莫包衣的片剂)、胶囊、糖衣片、颗粒、小药丸、粉剂、乳剂、混悬液和气雾剂。
采用胃肠外给药可能可避免吸收步骤(静脉内、动脉内、心内、脊柱内或腰髓内给药)或者包含吸收(肌内、皮下、皮内、经皮或腹膜内给药)。适于胃肠外给药的给药形式。特别是用于注射和输入的溶液、混悬液、乳剂、冷冻干燥物和无菌粉末形式的制剂。
适于其他给药途径的有例如吸入(特别是粉末吸入、喷雾)的药物、鼻滴剂/溶液、喷雾剂;用于舌、舌下或颊给药的片剂或胶囊、栓剂、用于耳朵和眼睛的制剂、阴道胶囊、水性混悬液(洗剂、振摇混合物)、亲脂性混悬液、软膏、乳膏、乳液、糊剂、撒粉或植入物,如斯腾特固定模。
本发明化合物的组合物,可以以下方面的任意方式施与:口服、喷雾吸入、直肠给药、鼻腔给药、阴道给药、局部给药、非肠道给药如皮下、静脉、肌内、腹膜内、鞘内、心室内、胸骨内或颅内注射或输入,或借助一种外植的储器用药,其中优选口服、肌注、腹膜内或静脉内用药方式。
本发明所述的药物中还可以含有常用的药学可接受的载体或赋形剂,包括但不限于:离子交换剂,氧化铝,硬脂酸铝,卵磷脂,血清蛋白如人血清蛋白,缓冲物质如磷酸盐,甘油,山梨酸,山梨酸钾,饱和植物脂肪酸的部分甘油酯混合物,水,盐或电解质,如硫酸鱼精蛋白,磷酸氢二钠,磷酸氢钾,氯化钠,锌盐,胶态氧化硅,三硅酸镁,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,纤维素物质,聚乙二醇,羧甲基纤维素钠,聚丙烯酸酯,蜂蜡,羊毛酯等。载体或赋型剂在药物组合物中的含量可以是1重量%-98重量%,通常大约占到80重量%。
口服片剂和胶囊可以含有赋形剂如粘合剂,如糖浆,阿拉伯胶,山梨醇,黄芪胶,或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,填充剂,如乳糖,蔗糖,玉米淀粉,磷酸钙,山梨醇,氨基乙酸,润滑剂,如硬脂酸镁,滑石,聚乙二醇,硅土,崩解剂,如马铃薯淀粉,或可接受的增润剂,如月桂醇钠硫酸盐。片剂可以用制药学上公知的方法包衣。口服液可以制成水和油的悬浮液,溶液,乳浊液,糖浆或酏剂,也可以制成干品,用前补充水或其它合适的媒质。这种液体制剂可以包含常规的添加剂,如悬浮剂,山梨醇,纤维素甲醚,葡萄糖糖浆,凝胶,羟乙基纤维素,羧甲基纤维素,硬脂酸铝凝胶,氢化的食用油脂,乳化剂,如卵磷脂,山梨聚醣单油酸盐,阿拉伯树胶;或非水载体(可能包含可食用油),如杏仁油,油脂如甘油,乙二醇,或乙醇;防腐剂,如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或丙酯,山梨酸。如需要可添加调味剂或着色剂。
栓剂可包含常规的栓剂基质,如可可黄油或其它甘油酯。
对于胃肠外给药,液态剂型通常由化合物和一种消毒的载体制成。载体首选水。依照所选载体和药物浓度的不同,化合物既可溶于载体中也可制成悬浮溶液,在制成注射用溶液时先将化合物溶于水中,过滤消毒后装入封口瓶或安瓿中。
必须认识到,式I所示化合物的最佳给药剂量和间隔是由化合物性质和诸如给药的形式、路径和部位以及所治疗的特定哺乳动物等外部条件决定的,而这一最佳给药剂量可用常规的技术确定。同时也必须认识到,最佳的疗程,即通式I化合物在额定的时间内每日的剂量,可用本领域内公知的方法确定。
本发明式I所示化合物还包括其异构体和溶剂合物,例如水合物、醇合物等。上述化合物还可以是前药或可在体内代谢变化后释放出所述活性成分的形式。选择和制备适当的前药衍生物是本领域技术人员公知技术。一般来说,对于本发明的目的,与药学可接受的溶剂,如水、乙醇等的溶剂合物形式与非溶剂合物形式相当。
可以根据需要改变本发明组合物中活性成分的实际剂量水平,以得到所需的治疗效果。剂量水平须根据具体化合物的活性、给药途径、所治疗病况的严重程度以及待治疗患者的病况和既往病史来选定。但是,本领域的常规做法是,化合物的剂量从低水平开始,逐渐增加剂量,直到得到所需的效果。一般说来,本发明化合物用于哺乳动物特别是人的剂量可以介于0.001-1000mg/kg体重/天,例如介于0.01-100mg/kg体重/天,例如介于0.01-20mg/kg体重/天。
如本发明所用,术语“共晶体”是指由本发明化合物与适合的共晶体形成剂(co-crystal former)通过氢键等形成的复合物。所述共晶体优选为生理学上可接受的共晶体。所述共晶体形成剂可以为有机胺,例如乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、N,N′-二苄基乙二胺、氯代普鲁卡因、胆碱、N-甲基葡糖胺、普鲁卡因、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、二环己基胺、二甲基氨基乙醇、精氨酸、赖氨酸或乙二胺。所述共晶体形成剂可以为有机弱酸,例如富马酸。这些共晶体可以通过已知的共晶体形成方法制备,包括研磨、加热、共升华、共熔化或在结晶条件下在溶液中使本发明化合物与共晶体形成剂接触以及分离由此形成的共晶体。
本发明的化合物可以两种或更多种处于快速平衡的结构不同的形式的混合物(通常称作互变异构体)存在。互变异构体的代表性实例包括酮-烯醇互变异构体、苯酚-酮互变异构体、亚硝基-肟互变异构体、亚胺-烯胺互变异构体等。要理解,本发明的范围涵盖所有这样的以任意比例(例如60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%)的异构体或其混合物。
本发明涵盖所述化合物的所有可能的结晶形式或多晶型物,其可为单一多晶型物或多于一种多晶型物的任意比例的混合物。
本发明的化合物可以溶剂合物(如水合物)的形式存在,其中本发明的化合物包含作为所述化合物晶格的结构要素的溶剂,例如水、甲醇或乙醇。所述溶剂的量可以化学计量比或非化学计量比存在。
如本发明所用,术语“前药”是指可以在生物学条件(体外或体内)下水解、氧化或进行其他反应以提供本发明所述化合物的衍生物。前药仅在生物学条件下经过该反应成为活性化合物,或者它们在它们不反应的形式中不具有或仅具有较低活性。通常可以使用公知的方法制备前药,例如Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and DrugDiscovery(1995)172-178,949-982(Manfred E.Wolff编,第5版)中描述的那些方法。
如本发明所用,术语“同位素标记化合物”是指化合物中一个或多个原子用相同原子数但原子质量或质量数不同于自然界中占优势原子质量或质量数的原子替换。适于包含入本发明化合物的同位素的实例包括但不限于氢同位素比如2H,3H;碳同位素比如11C,13C和14C;氯同位素比如36Cl;氟同位素比如18F;碘同位素比如123I和125I;氮同位素比如13N和15N;氧同位素比如15O,17O和18O;和硫同位素比如35S。
如本发明所用,术语“药学上可接受的盐”指在制药上可接受的并且具有母体化合物的所需药理学活性的本发明化合物的盐。这类盐包括:与无机酸或与有机酸形成的酸加成的盐,例如与盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、硝酸、高氯酸、乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、羟基乙酸、甲酸、乳酸、马来酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、扑酸、丙二酸、羟基马来酸、苯乙酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸、对甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、苯磺酸、羟基萘甲酸、氢碘酸、苹果酸、硬脂酸、鞣酸形成的盐。其它的酸,如草酸,虽然其本身并非药学上可接受的,但可以用于制备用作中间体的盐,以获得本发明化合物及其药学上可接受的盐。或者,在母体化合物上存在的酸性质子被金属离子,例如碱金属离子或碱土金属离子取代时形成的盐,例如形成钠盐、钾盐、镁盐或钙盐。或者,与有机碱形成的配位化合物,所述的有机碱诸如乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺或N-甲基葡糖胺等,例如形成铵盐。
如本发明所用,术语“烷基”指直链或支链一价饱和烃基基团,例如(C1-C6)烷基指具有1至6个碳原子,如1、2、3、4、5或6个碳原子;(C1-C4)烷基指具有1至4个碳原子,如1、2、3或4个碳原子。烷基的非限制性实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、丙基、丁基等。
如本发明所用,术语“药学上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂”指在药理学和/或生理学上与受试者和活性成分相容的载体和/或赋形剂,其是本领域公知的(参见例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.Edited by Gennaro AR,19th ed.Pennsylvania:MackPublishing Company,1995)。药学上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂包括但不限于:pH调节剂,表面活性剂,离子强度增强剂,稀释剂,维持渗透压的试剂,延迟吸收的试剂,防腐剂,稳定剂。例如,pH调节剂包括但不限于磷酸盐缓冲液。表面活性剂包括但不限于阳离子,阴离子或者非离子型表面活性剂,例如Tween-80。离子强度增强剂包括但不限于氯化钠。防腐剂包括但不限于各种抗细菌试剂和抗真菌试剂,例如对羟苯甲酸酯,三氯叔丁醇,苯酚,山梨酸等。维持渗透压的试剂包括但不限于糖、NaCl及其类似物。延迟吸收的试剂包括但不限于单硬脂酸盐和明胶。稀释剂包括但不限于水,水性缓冲液(如缓冲盐水),醇和多元醇(如甘油)等。防腐剂包括但不限于各种抗细菌试剂和抗真菌试剂,例如硫柳汞,2-苯氧乙醇,对羟苯甲酸酯,三氯叔丁醇,苯酚,山梨酸等。稳定剂具有本领域技术人员通常理解的含义,其能够稳定药物中的活性成分的期望活性,包括但不限于谷氨酸钠,明胶,SPGA,糖类(如山梨醇,甘露醇,淀粉,蔗糖,乳糖,葡聚糖,或葡萄糖),氨基酸(如谷氨酸,甘氨酸),蛋白质(如干燥乳清,白蛋白或酪蛋白)或其降解产物(如乳白蛋白水解物)等。
如本发明所用,术语“有效量”是指可在受试者中实现治疗和/或预防本发明所述疾病或病症的剂量。术语“受试者”包括人或非人动物。示例性人个体包括患有疾病(例如本文所述的疾病)的人个体或正常个体。术语“非人动物”包括所有脊椎动物,例如哺乳动物和非哺乳动物(例如鸟类、两栖动物、爬行动物),例如非人灵长类、家畜和/或驯化动物,例如犬、猴、牛、马等。
如本发明所用,术语“治疗”目的是缓解、减轻、改善或消除所针对的疾病状态或病症。如果受试者按照本文所述方法接受了治疗量的所述配体偶联药物或其消旋体、对映异构体、非对映异构体、可药用盐,或前述形式的混合物,该受试者一种或多种指征和症状表现出可观察到的和/或可检测出的降低或改善,则受试者被成功地“治疗”了。还应当理解,所述的疾病状态或病症的治疗不仅包括完全地治疗,还包括未达到完全地治疗,但实现了一些生物学或医学相关的结果。
如本发明所用,术语“预防”目的是避免、减少、阻止或延迟疾病或疾病相关症状的出现,并且在相关药物给药前这种疾病或疾病相关症状的还没有出现。“预防”并非需要完全阻止疾病或疾病相关症状的出现,例如,在相关药物给药后可以减小受试者出现特定疾病或疾病相关症状的风险,或者减弱后来出现的相关症状的严重程度,均可认为是“预防”了该疾病的出现或发展。
附图说明
图1显示了牛奶外泌体的蛋白免疫印迹表征结果;
图2显示了两个不同批次制备的牛奶外泌体的粒径;
图3显示了化合物DYC-2022-03的标准曲线;
图4显示了载药牛奶外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-03中负载的化合物DYC-2022-03的含量;
图5显示了载药牛奶外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-03或化合物DYC-2022-03对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀伤曲线;
图6显示了Exosome-DYC-2022-03进入巨噬细胞的激光共聚焦成像,比例尺20μm;
图7显示了巨噬细胞内驻留的COL菌的存活率,其中,*代表P<0.05,***代表P<0.001,****代表P<0.0001。
图8显示了式I所示化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌COL的生长抑制作用;
图9显示了式I所示化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌USA300的生长抑制作用;
图10显示了式I所示化合物对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的生长抑制作用。
有益效果
本发明提供的该纳米颗粒为一种抗菌药,可用于治疗和/或预防细菌感染。该纳米颗粒对金黄色葡萄球菌COL、USA300以及铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的生长具有抑制作用。相对于式I所示化合物例如DYC-2022-03,该纳米颗粒具备更好的杀伤细菌的活性,其进入巨噬细胞,可以更好的杀伤巨噬细胞内驻留的细菌,例如金黄色葡萄球菌。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的实施方案进行详细描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,下列实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不应视为限定本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用原料、试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
实施例1:牛奶外泌体的提取
将购买的伊利脱脂牛奶加入至1.5mL离心管内,室温10000g离心30分钟,取中间层清液,转移到新的离心管内;重复以上操作2次,将上清液转移到100KD孔径的超滤管内,室温10000g离心浓缩到合适体积。
取qEVoriginal色谱柱(购自IZON公司),使用25mL PBS溶液进行平衡;平衡完成后向色谱柱内加入0.5mL以上浓缩的脱脂牛奶上清;加入PBS溶液进行洗脱,每次加入0.5mLPBS进行洗脱,收集前1.5mL即为收集到的牛奶外泌体;收集到的外泌体在超净台内使用0.22μm孔径的滤膜进行过滤除菌,得到牛奶外泌体,用BCA法定量外泌体的浓度后保存于-80℃冰箱保存待用。
实施列2:牛奶外泌体的免疫印迹表征
取实施例1制备的牛奶外泌体,使用PBS溶液进行稀释,稀释至浓度为1mg/mL,加入四分之一体积的5×SDS-PAGE loading buffer,金属浴中95℃煮样10分钟,室温10000g离心30秒;取10μL样本上样到SDS-PAGE,按照蛋白免疫印迹的方法进行操作,分别使用anti-CD63(abcam,ab134045),anti-HSP70(abcam,ab181606)和anti-TSG101(santa cruz,sc-7964)的抗体进行免疫印迹,结果见图1。
实施列3:牛奶外泌体的粒径表征
取实施例1制备的牛奶外泌体,使用PBS溶液进行稀释,稀释至浓度为0.1mg/mL。取1mL稀释的牛奶外泌体,加入到样品池内,使用动态光散射仪(Malvern公司,ZetasizerNano ZS-90)测定牛奶外泌体的粒径,结果见图2。结果显示,所制备的牛奶外泌体的平均粒径约为80-90nm。
实施列4:牛奶外泌体负载本发明化合物
牛奶外泌体通过与本发明化合物DYC-2022-01、DYC-2022-02或DYC-2022-03共孵育及超声的方法进行负载。共孵育体系如下:化合物浓度1mM,二甲亚砜(DMSO)浓度5%(体积百分比),牛奶外泌体浓度0.25mg/mL,溶剂体系为10mM PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)。配制完成以上共孵育体系后,使用超声细胞破碎仪进行超声处理,超声条件为:功率20%,室温超声30s,冰上孵育2min,共循环8次;超声结束后将共孵育体系置于摇床内以200rpm的转速,在37℃恒温条件下继续孵育2小时。之后使用qEVoriginal色谱柱按照实施例1的方法进行纯化,得到负载本发明化合物的牛奶外泌体(载药外牛奶泌体)Exosome-DYC-2022-01、Exosome-DYC-2022-02和Exosome-DYC-2022-03,收集到的载药牛奶外泌体在超净台内使用0.22μm孔径的滤膜进行过滤除菌,用BCA法定量载药牛奶外泌体的浓度后保存于-80℃冰箱保存待用。
实施列5:载药牛奶外泌体的药物负载量表征
使用化合物DYC-2022-01、DYC-2022-02或DYC-2022-03在595nm的特征吸收表征载药牛奶外泌体中负载的化合物的量。首先,使用Nanodrop2000仪器绘制化合物的标准曲线,在含有5% DMSO的PBS溶液中分别配制浓度为10、20、30、40μM的标准溶液,测定标准曲线。分别测定载药牛奶外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-01、Exosome-DYC-2022-02和Exosome-DYC-2022-03在595nm的吸收,带入标准曲线,计算得到负载的化合物DYC-2022-01、DYC-2022-02或DYC-2022-03的含量,除以载药牛奶外泌体本身的质量,即得到负载率(loadingefficacy)。
图3和图4示例性地展示了化合物DYC-2022-03的标准曲线以及载药牛奶外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-03中负载的化合物DYC-2022-03的含量。结果表明,本发明实施例制备的牛奶外泌体可以高效装载本发明的化合物,例如DYC-2022-03,负载率约为10.9%。
实施列6:本发明载药牛奶外泌体体外杀伤金黄色葡萄球菌效果
将生长于BHI(BD)平板上的金黄色葡萄球菌COL菌(购买自ATCC),挑取单克隆导入BHI(BD)培养基中,37℃,220rpm,培养过夜;常温离心机中4000rpm离心5分钟,收集细菌,使用无菌PBS溶液洗涤3次,测量OD600,使用培养基调整起始细菌密度到OD600为0.1;将Exosome-DYC-2022-03或DYC-2022-03按照DYC-2022-03的浓度,由最高5μg/mL进行2倍梯度稀释,稀释好的溶液100μL与等体积OD600为0.1的细菌加入到96孔板,充分混匀后,37℃恒温培养箱培养24小时,测量OD600并计算活率,计算得到IC50数值。结果参见图5和表1。
表1.Exosome-DYC-2022-03或DYC-2022-03对金黄色葡萄球菌杀伤的IC50
结果显示,载药牛奶外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-03相对于化合物DYC-2022-03具有更好的杀伤细菌的活性。
实施列7:本发明载药牛奶外泌体进入巨噬细胞的激光共聚焦成像
将本发明实施例制备的牛奶外泌体(Exosome)或载药牛奶外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-03标记荧光CY5后,按照0.1mg/mL的浓度与巨噬细胞RAW 264.7(购自ATCC,浓度约106个/mL)在二氧化碳培养箱内37℃共孵育24小时,使用PBS溶液对巨噬细胞清洗3次;加入Hoechst 33342染色细胞核,然后使用蔡司LSMS900激光共聚焦显微镜进行成像,分别收集Hoechst33342和Cy5通道的荧光(图6)。
结果显示,本发明的载药牛奶外泌体可以进入巨噬细胞。
实施列8:Exosome-DYC-2022-03杀伤巨噬细胞内驻留金黄色葡萄球菌的效果
将过夜培养的COL菌使用PBS溶液洗涤3次,并使用PBS调整OD600至1.0;取巨噬细胞RAW264.7,使用DMEM培养基调整密度至1×106/mL,加入金黄色葡萄球菌COL(MOI=100)作用1小时;加入庆大霉素作用1小时;重悬细胞,并使用DMEM培养基洗涤3次,使用含庆大霉素的DMEM的培养基重悬细胞,按照1×106/mL密度加入孔板内,分别加入牛奶外泌体(Exosome,0.276μg/mL),Rifamycin S(0.03μg/mL),牛奶外泌体+Rifamycin S(Exosome,0.276μg/mL,Rifamycin S 0.03μg/mL),DYC-2022-03(0.03μg/mL),牛奶外泌体+DYC-2022-03(Exosome,0.276μg/mL,DYC-2022-03 0.01μg/mL),Exosome-DYC-2022-03(其中负载的DYC-2022-03浓度为0.01μg/mL),二氧化碳培养箱,37℃培养24小时;收集细胞,加入1%Triton X-100裂解细胞,涂布到BHI(BD)平板,37℃培养过夜后,对平板进行计数,计算巨噬细胞内驻留COL菌的存活率,结果如图7所示。
巨噬细胞驻留是金葡复发的重要因素,上述结果显示,本发明的载药外泌体Exosome-DYC-2022-03相对于化合物DYC-2022-03可以更好的杀伤巨噬细胞内驻留的金黄色葡萄球菌。
制备例化合物的制备
1)化合物C的制备
将40mmol化合物A溶于DMF中,-15℃条件下加入三乙胺后滴加48mmol化合物B的DMF溶液,滴加完毕后,于25℃搅拌,16小时反应完毕,TLC检测(PE:EA=1:2)基本反应完全,将DMF旋干后加入适量的水,再用EA萃取,然后用饱和NaCl水溶液洗有机相,干燥,旋干,再用正己烷重结晶,干燥后立即进行下一步反应。
2)化合物D的制备
将11.7mmol化合物C溶解于甲苯中,室温搅拌下加入11.7mmol Rifamycin S,反应液为黑色,16小时后基本反应完毕,将甲苯旋干,再加入95%乙醇至全部溶解,加入MnO2,室温搅拌0.5小时后点板(PE:EA=1:1),显示反应基本完成,旋干后经色谱柱纯化,然后立即进行下一步反应。
3)化合物DYC-2022-02的制备
向装有4.6mmol化合物D的单口瓶中加入DMSO,搅拌下加入46mmol MnO2,用注射器吸取4.6mmol化合物E加入,所得体系为黑色,再变为墨绿。40℃条件下反应14小时,TLC监测(PE:EA=1:1)有产物点生成,且原料基本反应完;向反应体系中加入EA稀释,抽滤,再用水洗有机相,用EA反萃水相,合并有机相,干燥旋干,得到蓝色固体,经色谱柱纯化得到较纯的化合物DYC-2022-02共2.5g。
1H NMR(500MHz,Chloroform-d)δ9.47(s,1H),8.26(s,1H),7.28-7.18(m,1H),7.08(ddq,1H),6.44(d,1H),6.38(dd,1H),6.32(d,1H),6.09-5.99(m,1H),5.14(ddd,1H),5.02-4.94(m,1H),4.41(d,1H),3.83(d,1H),3.77-3.61(m,2H),3.46(ddd,2H),3.34(ddddd,1H),3.30-3.23(m,5H),3.04(ddtq,1H),2.45-2.34(m,1H),2.24(d,6H),2.13-2.03(m,8H),1.87-1.60(m,7H),1.23(tqd,1H),1.04(dt,3H),0.94-0.86(m,6H),0.81(dt,3H).MS(ESI)m/z:927.43[M+H]+;949.45[M+Na]+.
分别用替换化合物E,参照步骤3)制备化合物DYC-2022-02和DYC-2022-03。
1H NMR(500MHz,Chloroform-d)δ9.47(s,1H),8.26(s,1H),7.28-7.18(m,1H),7.08(ddq,1H),6.44(d,1H),6.38(dd,1H),6.32(d,1H),6.09-5.99(m,1H),5.14(ddd,1H),4.98(dddd,1H),4.41(d,1H),3.83(d,1H),3.77-3.61(m,2H),3.34(tdp,1H),3.29-3.23(m,7H),2.68-2.62(m,4H),2.40(dddt,1H),2.33(d,2H),2.16(s,3H),2.08-2.03(m,6H),1.79-1.68(m,5H),1.68-1.60(m,1H),1.23(tqd,1H),1.04(dt,3H),0.94-0.84(m,12H),0.81(dt,3H).MS(ESI)m/z:941.44[M+H]+;963.45[M+Na]+.
1H NMR(500MHz,Chloroform-d)δ9.47(s,1H),8.26(s,1H),7.28-7.18(m,1H),7.08(ddq,1H),6.44(d,1H),6.38(dd,1H),6.32(d,1H),6.09-5.99(m,1H),5.14(ddd,1H),4.98(dddd,1H),4.41(d,1H),3.83(d,1H),3.77-3.61(m,2H),3.34(tdp,1H),3.30-3.25(m,7H),2.78-2.73(m,4H),2.44(t,2H),2.39(dddt,1H),2.16(s,3H),2.08-2.03(m,6H),1.79-1.51(m,7H),1.23(tqd,1H),1.04(dt,3H),0.94-0.85(m,9H),0.81(dt,3H).MS(ESI)m/z:927.43[M+H]+;949.45[M+Na]+.
实验例1体外金黄色葡萄球菌杀伤效果评价
CCK8测细胞活率,制作IC50曲线。
将生长于BHI(BD)平板上的金黄色葡萄球菌USA300或COL菌(购买自ATCC),挑取单克隆导入BHI(BD)培养基中,37℃,220rpm,培养过夜;常温离心机中4000rpm离心5分钟,收集细菌,使用无菌PBS溶液洗涤3次,测量OD600,使用培养基调整起始细菌密度到OD600为0.1;将抗生素由最高5μg/mL进行2倍梯度稀释,稀释好的抗生素100μL与等体积OD600为0.1的细菌加入到96孔板,充分混匀后,37℃恒温培养箱培养24小时,测量OD600并计算活率。结果参见表2和表3,以及图8和图9。
表2本发明化合物对金葡菌COL的IC50浓度
表3本发明化合物对金葡菌USA300的IC50浓度
实验例2体外铜绿假单胞菌杀伤效果评价
将生长于LB平板上的金黄色葡萄球菌PAO1菌(购买自ATCC),挑取单克隆导入LB培养基中,37℃,220rpm,培养过夜;常温离心机中4000rpm离心5分钟,收集细菌,使用无菌PBS溶液洗涤3次,测量OD600,使用培养基调整起始细菌密度到OD600为0.1;将抗生素由最高100μg/mL进行2倍梯度稀释,稀释好的抗生素100μL与等体积OD600为0.1的细菌加入到96孔板,充分混匀后,37℃恒温培养箱培养24小时,测量OD600并计算活率。结果参见表4和图10。
表4本发明化合物对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的IC50浓度
上述实验结果显示,本发明提供的化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌COL、USA300以及铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的生长具有抑制作用。
最后应当说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其限制;尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,所属领域的普通技术人员应当理解:依然可以对本发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者对部分技术特征进行等同替换;而不脱离本发明技术方案的精神,其均应涵盖在本发明请求保护的技术方案范围当中。
Claims (12)
1.一种纳米颗粒,其包含外泌体,和治疗剂,所述治疗剂为式I所示化合物、其药学上可接受的盐、其共晶体、其互变异构体、其多晶型物、其溶剂合物、其前药或其同位素标记化合物,
其中X为-N-或-CH-,R为H、C1-6烷基、氨基、卤素、C1-6烷基氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基或卤代C1-6烷基。
2.权利要求1所述的纳米颗粒,其中所述治疗剂负载在所述外泌体中。
3.权利要求1或2所述的纳米颗粒,其中所述治疗剂的负载率为8~20%。
4.权利要求1或2所述的纳米颗粒,其中所述外泌体为牛奶外泌体。
5.权利要求1或2所述的纳米颗粒,其中R为H、C1-4烷基、氨基、卤素、C1-4烷基氨基、二(C1-4烷基)氨基或卤代C1-4烷基,
优选地,R为C1-6烷基、氨基、C1-6烷基氨基或二(C1-6烷基)氨基,
优选地R为C1-4烷基、氨基、C1-4烷基氨基或二(C1-4烷基)氨基,
优选地,R为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、氨基、甲基氨基、二甲基氨基、乙基氨基、二乙基氨基、正丙基氨基或二正丙基氨基;
优选地,R为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基或叔丁基;
优选地,R为正丙基、异丙基、正丁基或异丁基;
优选地,R为正丙基或异丁基;
优选地,R为氨基、甲基氨基、二甲基氨基、乙基氨基、二乙基氨基、正丙基氨基或二正丙基氨基;
优选地,R为氨基、甲基氨基、二甲基氨基、乙基氨基或二乙基氨基;
优选地,R为二甲基氨基或二乙基氨基。
6.权利要求1-5任一项所述的纳米颗粒,其中X为-N-。
7.权利要求1-5任一项所述的纳米颗粒,其中X为-CH-。
8.权利要求1-5任一项所述的纳米颗粒,其中所述化合物选自:
9.制备权利要求1-8任一项所述的纳米颗粒的方法,包括:将外泌体与治疗剂共孵育。
10.权利要求9所述的方法,包括:
1)将外泌体与治疗剂混合,得到共孵育体系;
2)对共孵育体系进行超声处理;
3)孵育;
优选地,共孵育体系由外泌体、治疗剂、二甲亚砜和PBS溶液组成;
优选地,共孵育体系中含有外泌体0.25mg/mL、治疗剂0.5-2mM(例如1mM)、二甲亚砜3-8%(例如5%),余量为PBS溶液;
优选地,步骤2)包括:将共孵育体系在超声细胞破碎仪中超声20-40s(例如30s),然后置于冰上孵育1-3min(例如2min),重复该操作2-10次;
优选地,步骤3)包括将共孵育体系置于摇床内,在37℃孵育1-3小时。
11.一种组合物,其包含权利要求1-8任一项所述的纳米颗粒,以及药学上可接受的载体和/或赋形剂。
12.权利要求1-8任一项所述的纳米颗粒或权利要求10所述组合物在制备用于预防和/或治疗细菌感染或细菌感染引起的疾病的药物中的用途,
优选地,所述的细菌感染为革兰氏阳性细菌(包括结核分枝杆菌、麻风杆菌、链球菌、肺炎球菌等,特别是耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌)或革兰氏阴性菌(例如铜绿假单胞菌)引起的感染;
优选地,所述的细菌感染引起的疾病为结核病或麻风病。
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