CN1173309C - 临床和/或外科手术培训设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
培训设备包括外壳(17),以提供人体至少一部分的模拟体以及内部人体结构的多个模拟体(1、2、3、4、8、9),它们所用于接收在前述外壳内,这些模拟体是一组人体特定部分的模拟体并能增加解剖的复杂性和/或增加临床或外科手术的困难性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及临床和/或外科手术培训设备。
背景技术
本发明涉及一种临床和/或外科手术培训设备,这种类型的设备公开于美国专利No.5,775,916中。
发明内容
依照本发明,提供了临床和/或外科手术培训设备,该设备包括:
多个人体结构模拟体,这些模拟体是一组人体特定部分的模拟体并能增加解剖的复杂性和/或增加临床或外科手术的困难性;以及
用于接收至少一个上述模拟体因此能实施外科手术和/或临床技术的装置。
所述接收装置包括一外壳,例如是能提供人体至少一部分的模拟体的外壳。
所述模拟体可以是人体内部结构的模拟体。
所述模拟体可以包括诸如有不同胆囊壁厚度之类的不同胆囊模拟体。
所述模拟体中的至少一个可包括外部人体模拟体。例如,不同的模拟体可包括不同尺寸的外部人体。
不同的模拟体可包括不同程度韧性和可复位的纤维。
所述模拟体可安装在可调的支承件上。
本发明还包括使用本发明设备的临床和/或外科手术培训方法。
以下参照附图以举例的方式说明本发明,在附图中:
附图说明
图1-6示出了人体特定部分的一系列模拟体;
图7示出了安装在一夹具上的模拟体;
图8是从图5所示的模拟体上方来看时的图;
图9和10是在两种状态下经由图7所示的模拟体的剖面图,它们是经过图8中A-A线的剖面图;以及
图11示出了用于接收所述模拟体的外壳。
具体实施方式
本发明的一个实施例包括一呈封闭容器形式的外壳,它在尺才和形状上与诸如腹腔之类的结构相类似,其中可放置由乳胶、泡沫乳胶、浓缩的室温硫化(RTV)硅树脂、添加的固化硅树脂、弹性聚亚安脂和水状胶体中一种或多种制成的模拟体,这些模拟体可模拟对外科医生进行如腹腔镜胆囊切除术之类的手术来说是重要的结构。所述容器配备有一个泵,它可在适当的情况下模拟经由“动脉”的“血流”。
所述设备包括呈能增加困难性和/或复杂性的模拟体形式的模型,以便使得受训的外科医生能遇到在技能培训实验室或中心的环境中会普遍遇到的与腹腔镜和其它手术过程有关的多种困难和问题。所述设备能分阶段地提供现实中所见到的困难和复杂性。
第一模拟体包括一合成衬层,它带有多种填充有流体或填充有非流体凝胶体的血管,它们设置在连接的组织内并覆盖有皮肤。这一模拟体由橡胶或填加有聚合体的导管、在按1∶05至1∶5的浓缩RTV硅树脂、添加的固化硅树脂和硅油混合物中浸泡过的丙烯酸织物或水状胶体和用细料增强泡沫乳胶板或增强的水状胶体构成,其厚度为0.01-1.00mm。(见GB-A-2277826)。
所有这些均安装在一泡沫乳胶或合成板上,以形成一衬层。
存在有多个其它模拟体,每个模拟体均包括与第一模拟体相类似的结构,但在每个模拟体中均用与胆囊相似的囊袋、胆导管和共用的胆管来代替听说的多个血管。该模拟体中填气有黄色液体或非流体性凝胶体并且是密封的。在皮肤/连接组织与基板之间还放置有模拟血管,它表示胆动脉和肝动脉并类似地填充有红色的液体或非流体性凝胶体并且是密封的。
还使用另一种胆囊,它表示诸如脂肪、胆管粘连、肠系膜扩张、血管与胆管的不规则并置、厚胆囊壁之类的常见和不常见的疾病。
以下通过举例的方式说明一系列这种模拟体。
在图1中,标号1表示基板,标号2表示由肠系膜构成的模拟体(剖面图),标号3表示肝导管模拟体(它与胆导管一道构成了胆管),标号4表示胆囊模拟体,标号8表示胆动脉模拟体,标号9表示胆动脉和肝动脉模拟体。
在图2中,标号20表示节瘤模拟体。
在图3中,标号5表示脂肪的模拟体,标号6表示与胆囊相粘连从而挡住了胆囊的肠子模拟体。
在图4中,标号7表示1cm的胆结石,它位于与胆导管模拟体8相邻的位置处。
在图5中,示出了肝导管3在胆囊4的后面经过并经过动脉9,胆导管是看不清的。
在图6中,存在有非常短的胆导管8,肝导管3在胆囊4后面延伸并靠近胆囊4。
图7示出了一夹具10,它支承着上述模拟体。夹具10包括一位于基板12上的挠性框架11,基板12带有螺钉13,从而,夹具可安装表示至少一部分人体模拟体的外壳上。标号14表示用于病变的肝叶模拟体的安装装置,该装置的一部分呈例如诸如“威克罗”(velcro)紧固件之类的“轻触闭合紧固件”的形式,另一部分呈与肝叶相连的形式。
图8是从图1所示内容的上方来看时的图,标号15表示肝前叶的模拟体,它部分地与胆囊4相重叠。框架11是挠性可调的,支承线16穿过该框架。框架11是挠性可调的,因此,在一种状态下,其结构如图9所示(以模拟活体和提供给外科医生的状态),而在另一种状态下,其结构如图10所示,在图10中,该结构已被实施手术的外科医生如在活体中那样移动了。图9是经由图8A-A线的剖面图。图11示出了标号17所表示的外壳的实例,外壳11位于基体18上,内诊镜19插在该外壳内。
与此相似,就临床的情况而言,存在有一带附属衬层的模拟表面,所述衬层带有例如用于治疗和切除的病状。所述表面特征在于诸如痣、皮肤汗毛、皮脂溢角质之类用于辨认的状态。不同水平的受训人可根据上述病状的严重性进行切除术。嵌在支承夹具上的附属替换衬层构成了用于进行手术过程的成套组件的一部分。
上述培训设备还包括外科手术和/临床环境下的详细培训方案和用于设置和运行方案的指导。靠用于对本科生和研究生层次作医学培训的模拟材料进行训练的方法是以CD ROM和模型、录像带、虚拟现实为基础的,从而能对使用模拟体以及对模拟体实施手术技术进行补充。所述指导材料可带有模拟体的动画以演示手术过程。
上述完整的成套组件带有评估程序包(组件),以便测定成绩。
所述外壳包括一基体、四个壁面以及顶盖。所述基体是实心的并且包含有能将各种模拟体安装在其中的装置。与基体相连的是一个泵,该泵在适当的情况下是一个蓄液器,它使彩色液体在模拟体中循环,以模拟流经动脉和静脉的血液。按诸如处于正常位置或不正常位置的脂肪、连接组织、肌肉、腹膜和血管之类的尺才、形状或其它特征来设计所述容器的壁面和顶盖,以模拟病人的腹壁或其它结构。
就外科手术过程而言,在腹部手术的情况下,所述壁面是这样构成的即:通常的腹腔镜套管针以及通常的剖腹手术刀和诸如Hasson技术之类的腹腔刀能以不受限的方式剌穿该壁面。在模拟腹壁的情况,可用二氧化碳(空气)使所述容器膨胀或扩张,以模拟腹部的注气。可用不同厚度的“腹壁”(所述容部的顶盖和侧面)去模拟瘦和胖的病人。
在临床环境中,所述容器的结构可以呈人体解剖的形状并感觉起来与病人相类似。用销子将可更换结构固定就位,所说的可更换结构被设计成能通过触觉来表示容器内存在的器官的。如果一个容器的显著特征存在于表面上,那么,视觉上的外观和触觉就都是重要的。
用上述材料按它们在外观、感觉和内部性质方面与人体结构相似的方式制作所说的解剖模拟体。外科医生可与解剖病人的器官和血管相同的方式来解剖上述模拟体。所述模拟体可包含有用上述材料及设计的工具或模具制成的导管,这些导管被制成人体血管的形式或其它形式以模拟包含有按脉动方式加压至80至15mmHg的液体的血管或者仅具有来自容器的液流以模拟流经血管的血液。也可用有适当颜色和浓度或稠度的液体来模拟诸如胆汁之类的其它体液。另外,在所模拟的体液不流动的情况下,可以使用非液体性凝胶体。
在临床环境中,所述模似体具有手术所需的性质。例如,在导管插入过程中,一旦导管穿过括约肌,液体就必须流动,这一点是用上述材料来实现的,所述材料具有适当的拉伸强度和剪切A级硬度并具有符合设备适当尺寸从而有适当感觉的结构。
将所述模拟体设计成包括通常遇到的重要的病状形式以及外科医生在进行例如是胆囊切除术的手术时希望遇到的解剖学上的变异。此外,还包括诸如大量的腹部脂肪、大肝叶、不正常的大器官、不寻常的解剖角和结构、不正常的发育以及器官间的粘连之类的使手术复杂化的其它结构。例如,在模拟体中包括胆囊、纤维瘤子宫、胆汁旁通管等。
所述模拟体可为以例如对病入实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术相同的方式对模拟体进行手术的受训外科医生提供逐渐增加的困难性和意外性。
所述分级课程培训系统的思想在于:
1、困难性有所增加的模块。
2、有重点。
外科手术方案之一的实例
包括在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的解剖结构是:胆管、胆囊、肝、肠网膜、十二指肠和粘连物。
上述各个解剖结构均可有不同的状态。并不限制不同器官中的不同状态与其它器官的组合,所以,能提供如外科医生在病人身上遇到那样的多种不寻常的状态。
以下详述器官的不同状态:
胆囊
填充有胆汁。
正常的薄壁,带有或不带有结石。
正常的厚壁,带有或不带有结石。
有很多的结石并有厚壁,在从肝基上摘除时出现了穿孔。
短的胆管。
血管和胆管结构方面有不同变异。
用长的肠系膜以不寻常的方式将胆囊连接于肝。
结石
在最大部分上有从0.5至10.00mm的不同形状和大小。肝
肝组织从正常到变硬(硬化)。
由聚合物、水状胶体、泡沫乳胶和硅树脂纤维组织形成的不同程度的韧性和可解剖性以及炎症。
特大方叶,从而手术过程中有障碍。
胆囊深埋在肝表面内,从而难以切除。
胆管
右和左肝管与进入右肝管的胆导管作最低限度的连接。
右肝管直接进入胆囊。
非常薄的胆管。
厚壁胆管。
不具有透过厚且顽固连接组织的可见性。
不能透过胆导管的壁面和右及左肝管看到胆汁。
胆管中有结石。
用于探查胆管的特殊模型。
小肠
能使小肠与胆囊或胃相接合的旁通管。
肠网膜
包含有大的旁通管和脂肪,它们不粘连但会阻碍进入胆囊;肠网膜中的厚及顽固性的连接组织。
十二指肠
十二指肠粘连于胆导管及胆囊的下部。
粘连
器官、肠网膜等粘连于胆囊。
导管和肝模拟与不同程度的纤维的病理粘连。
腹壁
不同的厚度模拟从瘦到胖的病人。
血管
透过血管壁看不到所模拟的血液。
血液和胆汁,其稠度与人体血液及人体胆汁相似。
与胆囊相关的其它操作
探查胆管、胃肠切除术、胆囊—空肠造口术、胆总管十二指肠造口术和局部肝切除术。
将培训的原理推广至人体的其它部分
训练集中于彼此相关的不同器官中不同病状和不寻常状态的组合并且使用了任何腹内手术中的任何一个步骤以及所有步骤,诸如:
活动法
电外科学
切除术
液体凝结
切割
激光
检查
探查
缝合
接合
上述技术可应用于下述器官或内脏:
肺
心脏
心包膜
横隔膜
肝
胆囊
肾
肾上腺
动脉和静脉的主脉管系统
食管
胰腺
胃
十二指肠
空肠
小肠
阑尾
大肠
直肠
肛门
子宫
卵巢
淋巴节的主系统
脑
眼
耳
喉
咽
鼻腔
口腔
脊椎间盘
肘、膝、踝、腰的滑液腔。
在建造模拟体的不同组件时所使用的材料
腹膜
由增强硬树脂、浓缩RTV硅树脂或按1∶05至1∶5比例的填加固化硅树脂和硅油制成的有不同尺寸的薄板,该薄板用尼龙、棉、合成弹力纤维或聚酯纤维来增强。其它的材料是:弹性聚亚安脂和水状胶体,其厚度为0.01至.00mm。
连接组织
在按1∶05至1∶5比例的浓缩RTV硅树脂和硅油混合物中浸泡过的丙烯酸织物或水状胶体。
填充有液体的血管
从基于水的风干液态乳胶到聚亚安脂。
器官(例如胆、胃、胰腺/带填充物或不带填充物的)
由模具的两个成多个部分用1∶05至1∶5比例的硅树脂和油、弹性聚亚安脂、填加固化硅树脂、水状胶体和泡沫乳胶来形成器官的中空形状。所有的形式都用尼龙、棉、合成弹力纤维或聚酯纤维来增强。(见GB-A2277826)。
这些器官的填充物是上述物质的不同组合中的一种。
结石
chystical的“R”级石膏,将这种石膏打碎并过滤成有不同尺寸的块。
胆汁和血管
带有基于水的颜色的水,它带有不同程度的水状丙烯酸粘稠剂或聚乙烯乙二醇。
凝胶体
一种交链水质胶体。
临床环境的实例
在临床环境中,所述模型提供了较难的诊断和手术处理过程。
存在有用触诊来辨别的不同病状。
例如,就诊断临床前列腺而言,所述外壳的表面症状是重要的。它能表现出处于直立位置的男性腹股沟的结构。所述容器还能提供表示不同状态的睾丸模块的存放体。
将上述模块一个接一个地放置就位,其外观可能保持一样,受训者必须通过触诊和/或超声波来识别病症。睾丸是根据上述标题“器官”下的指导内容制成的。
就用于诊断和手术的乳房模型而言,可通过触诊、超声波和X射线来形成病状诊断。
用适当的针并在需要的情况下用超声波影象来进行吸出和切片手术。
用触诊、超声波、X射线对上述人体部分进行诊断和手术,而磁共振成像法则用于腹腔和腹腔内的器官的正常内含物,包括:
吸出
排泄
注射
触诊
切片
针剌切片
经皮切片
刮除术
电烧蚀
上述技术可应用于下列器官或内脏:
肝
胆囊
肾
肾上腺
动脉和静脉的主脉管系统
食管
胰腺
胃
十二指肠
空肠
小肠
阑尾
大肠
直肠
肛门
子宫
卵巢
淋巴节的主系统
脑
眼
耳
喉
咽
鼻腔
口腔
脊椎间盘
肘、膝、踝、腰的滑液腔。
皮肤上的病状可出现在模拟人体部分的任何部分上。
培训方案的总体结构
所述方案可进行外科手术和临床处理的所有选定方面的技能培训。即使他或她先前没有外科手术经验或未在临床环境中长期工作过,完成了这种技能培训的外科医生或临床医生也能够对病人进行手术或处理。这一点是通过下述方式实现的:
· 在教授涉及手术的所有步骤时进行综合。
· 逐渐增加所遇到的困难。
· 了解通常且重要的手术危险,如模型中解剖特征方面的危险变异。
· 结构化的CDRom和模型,视频辅导训练指导和/或包括使用模型的虚拟现实方案。
· 对受训者的进度进行结构化的评估。
下述特征(个别的或任何的组合形式)还包括了本发明的方面:
· 包含脉动流体流。
· 可以利用包含相关膜层在内的结构的不同厚度和复杂性,所说的相关膜层在现实中能够找得到并且是进行当前和未来处理所必需的,上述处理例如是打开腹腔、从皮肤上进行表面病状切除、用内窥镜法除掉淋巴结、从脑窦排出流体、支承能同时进行打开和内诊镜手术的医疗装置。
· 用于前述设备内的模拟体的支承系统,该系统呈特定结构的夹具的形式,该夹具将软组织组件支承成所需的角度并处于所需的位置。
· 由所模拟的器官中的病状变异构成的模似体。
· 包括解剖学上的变异,如不正常的导管和血管长度、后倾的子宫。
· 提供诸如模拟脂肪和粘连的胆汁旁通管之类的困难性。
· 技能训练者的结构化的渐进和综合特征——对手术的所有方面进行培训,从而与飞行员的飞行模似器相类似。
· CD ROM和模型以及/或者视频辅助指导方案和/或虚拟现实方案。
· 评估过程。
Claims (12)
1、临床和/或外科手术培训设备,该设备包括:
多个人体结构模拟体,这些模拟体是人体同一部分的一组模拟体,并且该组模拟体增加了解剖的复杂性和/或增加了临床或外科手术的困难性;以及
用于接收至少一个上述模拟体的装置,因此能依次提供各个模拟体,以便在模拟体上实施外科手术和/或临床技术。
2、如权利要求1的设备,其特征在于,所述接收装置包括一外壳。
3、如权利要求2的设备,其特征在于,所述外壳能提供人体至少一部分的模拟体。
4、如前述任何一个权利要求的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体是人体内部结构的模拟体。
5、如前述任何一个权利要求的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体包括由血管和导管构成的不同结构。
6、如前述任何一个权利要求的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体包括不同的胆囊模拟体。
7、如权利要求6的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体具有不同的胆囊壁厚度。
8、如前述任何一个权利要求的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体中的至少一个包括外部人体模拟体。
9、如权利要求8的设备,其特征在于,不同的模拟体包括不同尺寸的外部人体。
10、如前述任何一个权利要求的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体包括不同程度韧性和可切除的纤维。
11、如前述任何一个权利要求的设备,其特征在于,所述模拟体安装在可调的支承件上。
12、一种进行临床和/或外科手术培训的方法,该方法包括:
提供多个人体结构的模拟体,这些模拟体是一组人体同一部分的模拟体,并能增加解剖的复杂性和/或增加临床或外科手术的困难性;以及
依次提供各个模拟体,以便在该模拟体上实施外科手术和/或临床技术。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB9712987.8 | 1997-06-19 | ||
GBGB9712987.8A GB9712987D0 (en) | 1997-06-19 | 1997-06-19 | Surgical training apparatus |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1260896A CN1260896A (zh) | 2000-07-19 |
CN1173309C true CN1173309C (zh) | 2004-10-27 |
Family
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CNB98806331XA Expired - Lifetime CN1173309C (zh) | 1997-06-19 | 1998-06-19 | 临床和/或外科手术培训设备 |
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US (1) | US6336812B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0990227B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2002511156A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1173309C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU755575B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2293585C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69804793T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0990227T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2175728T3 (zh) |
GB (1) | GB9712987D0 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1023832A1 (zh) |
HU (1) | HUP0002657A3 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1998058358A1 (zh) |
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JP2002511156A (ja) | 2002-04-09 |
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WO1998058358A1 (en) | 1998-12-23 |
CA2293585A1 (en) | 1998-12-23 |
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CA2293585C (en) | 2006-10-17 |
HUP0002657A3 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
EP0990227B1 (en) | 2002-04-10 |
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