CN117296537A - Water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplants and recommended application method thereof - Google Patents
Water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplants and recommended application method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 303
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 245
- 244000061458 Solanum melongena Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 245
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 119
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 235000015816 nutrient absorption Nutrition 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000001978 Withania somnifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 241000586313 Withania Species 0.000 claims description 16
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003967 crop rotation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 8
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- JVXHQHGWBAHSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate;hydron;iron(2+) Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O JVXHQHGWBAHSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 5
- LQXZLHKVIRVBTC-UHFFFAOYSA-O [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[NH4+].[P] Chemical compound [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[NH4+].[P] LQXZLHKVIRVBTC-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940010552 ammonium molybdate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011609 ammonium molybdate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- YTSDVWYUJXKXCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2-[2-[carboxylatomethyl(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O YTSDVWYUJXKXCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000283899 Gazella Species 0.000 claims description 3
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009406 nutrient management Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000014786 phosphorus Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000021048 nutrient requirements Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YAWNFGAHEUCLNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].OB(O)O Chemical compound [B].OB(O)O YAWNFGAHEUCLNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001850 reproductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000283070 Equus zebra Species 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004482 Withania somnifera Species 0.000 description 1
- MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005094 fruit set Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009105 vegetative growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- SASUFNRGCZMRFD-JCUIILOWSA-N withanolide D Chemical compound C1C(C)=C(C)C(=O)O[C@H]1[C@](C)(O)[C@@H]1[C@@]2(C)CC[C@@H]3[C@@]4(C)C(=O)C=C[C@H](O)[C@@]54O[C@@H]5C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC1 SASUFNRGCZMRFD-JCUIILOWSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a water-soluble special fertilizer for open-field eggplants and a recommended application method thereof, and relates to the technical field of agricultural resource environments. The fertilizer preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) Determining the initial proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient of the open field eggplants in the period of rotation; (2) Correcting the initial proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient of the open field eggplants in the rotation period; (3) Determining the final proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants in different crop periods according to the different ground temperatures of the cultivation soil in the open-field eggplants in different crop periods; (4) Preparing the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants according to the final proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants in different rotation periods. The invention also discloses an application method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants, which recommends a fertilization method for a 4R nutrient management concept, truly realizes synchronization of water and fertilizer, and greatly improves the effective utilization rate of the fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention is thatRelates toThe technical field of agricultural resource environment,in particular, it is a combination of two or more of the above-mentionedRelates to a water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplants and a recommended application method thereof.
Background
The current eggplant fertilizing technology still depends on the traditional experience, in order to pursue high yield, a management mode of large water and large fertilizer is adopted, the fertilizer consumption far exceeds the nutrient requirement of the eggplant, and the selection of fertilizer types and fertilizing quantity is quite blind, so that the problems of fertilizer cost rise, fertilizer utilization rate reduction, soil quality degradation, environmental pollution and the like are caused, and meanwhile, the yield and quality of the eggplant are reduced.
The film-covered water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology, namely the combination of the film-covered and fertigation technologies, has been proved by production practice to be an effective yield-increasing and water-saving and fertilizer-saving technology. The water and fertilizer coupling integrated technology achieves high precision in the aspects of water filling quantity, fertilizer application quantity, irrigation, fertilizer application time control and the like, can greatly improve the utilization efficiency of the water and fertilizer, and can realize quantitative and accurate supply in different breeding periods according to the requirement rule of the eggplant for the water and fertilizer. Meanwhile, the problems of water infiltration and nutrient movement leaching loss, groundwater and soil environmental pollution caused by blind excessive fertilization are effectively controlled, and the problems of soil nutrient enrichment and salinization are well solved, so that the method has great practical significance for promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.
The plastic film mulching greatly solves the problem of the influence of water in eggplant cultivation. Then, a reasonable water-soluble special fertilizer formula for eggplants is selected for fertilizer preparation production, so that the influence of the restriction factor of fertilizer for eggplant cultivation is effectively solved, and the standardized application amount and application method combined with the drip irrigation, fertilization and water and fertilizer coupling integrated technology can be provided, so that the method has great significance for high quality, high yield and high efficiency of open-field eggplant cultivation.
The fertilizer application aims at meeting the 4R (light source, light rate, light time, light place) principle, namely selecting a proper fertilizer type, using a proper dosage to apply at a proper position at a proper time so as to meet the nutrient requirement of crops and achieve supply and demand synchronization. However, it is difficult to realize in eggplant production practice due to the great differences in soil type, climate conditions, rotation systems and management measures. The fertilization is a precondition for realizing high yield and high efficiency of eggplants, and the principle of 4R plays a key role in guiding the correct fertilization process. The proper fertilizer formula is adopted for fertilizer preparation, the proper fertilizer application period is the key of ensuring reasonable fertilizer application, and meanwhile, the proper fertilizer application period determines the distribution proportion of the formula fertilizer in the whole growth period, and the distribution proportion is related to the dry matter accumulation rule and the nutrient demand rule of crops. Therefore, according to the nutrient absorption rule and the 4R principle of the eggplants, the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants and the water-fertilizer coupling integrated recommended application method are developed by combining the water-fertilizer and water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a fertilizer preparation method and a recommended application method of a water-soluble special fertilizer for open-field eggplants based on nutrient absorption rules of the open-field eggplant crops in each growth period, a fertigation water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology and a 4R principle.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a fertilizer preparation method of a water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplants, in particular to a fertilizer preparation method of a water-soluble special fertilizer based on N, P and K nutrient absorption m (kg/ha) of open field eggplants in a rotation period, which comprises the following steps:
(1) According to the field test and statistical analysis data of N, P and K nutrient absorption capacity of open field eggplants in each growth period in the rotation period, the absorption capacity m (kg/ha) of N, P and K nutrient in each growth period of open field eggplants in the rotation period is determined and is respectively calculated as m N 、m P And m K 。
The open field eggplant in the stubble period is an open field eggplant crop planted in early spring stubble and autumn stubble;
the growth period of the open field eggplant is limited to a fixed planting period, a withania flowering period, a eggplant growth period, a four-leaf eggplant growth period and a seedling pulling period;
the open field eggplant growing period is divided into a first growing period and a second growing period: the first growing period is a withania flower setting and fruit setting period, which means from the bud emergence of withania to the sitting of withania fruit; corresponding to the period from the fixed planting period to the flowering period of the withania and the fruit sitting period to the gazelle period. The second growth period is a fruiting period from the glazement to seedling pulling; after the withania is seated, the nutrition growth vigor is weakened, and the fruit growth is dominant, namely the nutrition distribution of the plant is transferred to the center of the reproductive organ; corresponding to the growth period of the eggplant to the four-door bucket eggplant to the seedling pulling period.
The first growing period is a key period for transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, so that the initial flowering period of the eggplant is set as a special or key growing period of the eggplant in the open field; the eggplant period in the second growth period is a nutrient absorption initial full period, the four-leaf period is a nutrient absorption full period, and the seedling pulling period is a nutrient absorption full period, so that the four-leaf period is set as a special or key growth period of the outdoor eggplant.
(2) Determining the initial proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open-field eggplant and the K nutrient according to the result obtained in the step (1);
the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants consists of fruit setting fertilizer and fruit containing fertilizer:
the fruit setting fertilizer is a special fertilizer for dressing from a first growth period fixed planting period to a withania flowering period to a fruit sitting period to a 'zebra period';
the fruit fertilizer is a special fertilizer for dressing from the eggplant stage to the four-leaf stage to the seedling stage in the second growth stage.
The initial proportion of the fruit bearing fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient is recorded as follows according to the flowering period N, P of the Withania somnifera in the first growth period and the absorption amount m of the K nutrient: m is m N1 、m P1 And m K1 The initial proportion of the water-soluble fruit fertilizer for the open field eggplants is as follows: 1 (m) P1 /m N1 ):(m K1 /m N1 )；
The initial proportion of the fruit fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient is recorded as follows according to the four-door bucket period N, P of the second growth period and the K nutrient absorption m: m is m N2 、m P2 And m K2 The initial proportion of the water-soluble fruit fertilizer for the open field eggplants is as follows: 1 (m) P2 /m N2 ):(m K2 /m N2 )；
(3) According to the initial proportioning and fertigation water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology obtained in the step (2), the open-field eggplant is water-solubleN, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of the sex special fertilizer are respectively marked as alpha N 、α P And alpha K Correcting the ratio of the water-soluble fertilizer N, P for the open-field eggplant to the K nutrient to obtain the corrected ratio of the water-soluble fertilizer N, P for the open-field eggplant to the K nutrient;
n, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer fertigation water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for open field eggplant crops N 、α P Alpha and alpha K 40 to 50 percent, 30 to 40 percent and 50 to 60 percent respectively.
The water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the modified open field eggplant crops comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 1 [ (m) P /m N )×α N /α P )]:[(m K /m N )×α N /α K )]。
(4) According to the difference of the ground temperature of the soil for the open field eggplant crop rotation period, the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant crop in the step (3) and the K nutrient utilization rate alpha N 、α P And alpha K Further optimizing to obtain the optimized final ratio of the open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient:
the influence factors of the soil temperature of the open field eggplant crop cultivation soil in the crop rotation period are that the air temperatures in the crop rotation period are different;
the early spring is a period of time just coming from spring. The temperature is increased in the period, but the period is warm at first sight and cold at first sight, especially the period is high in humidity and low in temperature at the morning and evening. Therefore, the soil for planting and cultivating early spring stubbles has lower ground temperature;
the autumn is a season of alternating heat and cool. The early autumn is the period of time in one year when the air temperature is highest and the air temperature is moist and sultry. Therefore, the soil temperature of the autumn field planting cultivation soil is high.
N, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of the optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water and fertilizer integrated technology N 、α P Alpha and alpha K 40%, 30% and 50%, respectively;
n, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of the optimized drip irrigation fertilization water and fertilizer integrated technology for autumn open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N 、α P Alpha and alpha K 50%, 40% and 60%, respectively.
The optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the final proportion of K nutrients are as follows: 1 [ (m) P /m N )×α N /α P )]:[(m K /m N )×α N /α K )]＝1:[(m P /m N )×40％/30％)]:[(m K /m N )×40％/50％)]；
The optimized autumn-stubble open-field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the final proportion of K nutrients are as follows: 1 [ (m) P /m N )×α N /α P )]:[(m K /m N )×α N /α K )]＝1:[(m P /m N )×50％/40％)]:[(m K /m N )×50％/60％)]。
(5) According to the final proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant crops in the stubble period and the K nutrient obtained in the step (4), respectively preparing the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops in the stubble period:
further, in the step (5), the specific step of preparing the water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplant crops in the period of rotation comprises the following steps: according to the optimized final proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient for the open field eggplant crops obtained in the step (4), the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant crops in the open field is converted 2 O 5 And K 2 Proportioning of O nutrients; determining the total nutrient content G and the corresponding N-P in the water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplant crops in the period of rotation according to the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer standard (NY 1107-2020) 2 O 5 -K 2 And (5) after the grade of O, performing fertilizer preparation production.
Further, the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and K nutrient of the open field eggplant crops in the stubble period are converted into N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The proportion of the O nutrient is 1 [ (m) P/ m N )×α N /α P ×2.29)]:[(m K/ m N )×α N /α K ×1.2)]. Wherein 2.29 is P 2 O 5 Is 1.2 is K 2 Conversion coefficient of O.
Further, the method comprises the steps of,the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops in the stubble period consists of a large number of elements N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O and trace element TE, the nutrient sources include:
(1) The macroelement is N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The O nutrient is derived from: ammonium nitrate phosphorus, ammonium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate; wherein:
the molecular formula of the ammonium nitrate phosphorus is H 12 N 3 O 4 P, granular, nitrogen-containing 32% and phosphorus-containing 4%.
Ammonium sulfate of the formula (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 White granular crystals, 21.20% nitrogen (ammonium nitrogen) and 24.20% sulfur.
Monopotassium phosphate is also known as monopotassium phosphate. The molecular formula is KH 2 PO 4 Colorless or white crystals or powder, the pure product contains 28.73% of potassium and 22.76% of phosphorus.
The molecular formula of the potassium nitrate is KNO 3 Colorless or white crystals, 13.85% nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen), 38.67% potassium.
(2) The microelements TE comprise Zn, fe, mn, cu, B and Mo, and the nutrients are derived from one or a combination of more of EDTA-zinc, EDTA-iron, EDTA-manganese, EDTA-copper, boric acid and ammonium molybdate; wherein:
EDTA-zinc of formula C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 ZnNa 2 White powder, zinc 14.5%.
EDTA-iron of formula C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 FeNa·3H 2 O, brown yellow crystalline powder, containing 12.5% of iron.
EDTA-manganese of formula C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 MnNa 2 The reddish powder contains 12.5% of manganese.
EDTA-copper of formula C 10 H 12 N 2 O 8 CuNa 2 Blue powder, copper 14.5%.
Boric acid has a molecular formula of H 3 BO 3 Colorless or white crystalline powder, 17.0% boron.
Ammonium molybdate of formula (NH) 4 ) 2 MoO 4 White powder, containing 20.0% of molybdenum.
The invention further provides a recommended application method of drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integration of the water-soluble special fertilizer product for the open field eggplant crops prepared and produced by adopting the fertilizer preparation method, and the method is a recommended fertilization method based on a 4R principle; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) According to the fertility characteristics of the open field eggplant in the fertility period, determining the topdressing period, topdressing time, topdressing interval, topdressing times and topdressing variety of the open field eggplant under the condition of fertigation:
the topdressing period is divided into a first topdressing period and a second topdressing period: the first topdressing period refers to a period from a field planting period of a first growing period of an open-field eggplant crop to a flowering and fruit setting period of the eggplant, namely, a period from the field planting period to a flowering period of the eggplant to a period from a fruit setting period to a gazelle period; the second topdressing period refers to a fruiting period of the second growth period of the open-field eggplant crops, namely, the period from the glazelle to the seedling pulling end.
The dressing time of the first dressing period is 1 st dressing from 10 th to 12 th days after field planting, 1 time is applied every 8 to 10 days, and the dressing times are n 1 =3-4 times; the topdressing variety is fruit setting fertilizer;
the dressing time of the second dressing period is 1 st dressing from 8-10d after the swelling of the withania fruit, 1 time is applied every 8-10d, and the dressing times are n 2 =5-6 times; the topdressing variety is fruit fertilizer.
(2) According to the influence factors of different ground temperatures of the rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) nutrient absorption of the open field eggplant crops under the condition of fertigation, the topdressing time, topdressing interval and topdressing times of the open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer in the open field are further optimized:
the factors influencing the ground temperature of the further optimized conditions of the additional fertilization time, the additional fertilization interval and the additional fertilization times of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants in the rotation period are that the air temperatures in the rotation period are different;
according to the early spring, the period just coming from spring. In this period, although the temperature rises, the temperature is warm at first sight, cold at first sight, particularly, the humidity is high, the temperature is low in the morning and evening, and the ground temperature is correspondingly low. Thus, the first and second substrates are bonded together,the rate of absorbing NPK nutrient by the open field eggplant crops is low, the topdressing time or topdressing interval is prolonged, and the fertilizing times are correspondingly reduced. The optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant fruit setting fertilizer is applied for the 1 st time from the 12 th day after field planting, the additional fertilizer is applied for 1 time every 10 days, and the additional application times are n 1 =3 times; the optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant fruit-bearing fertilizer starts to dressing from 10d after the swelling of the eggplant fruits, 1 time is carried out every 10d, and the dressing times are n 2 =5 times;
according to the autumn, the seasons of alternating heat and cool. The early autumn is the period of time in one year when the air temperature is highest and the air temperature is moist and sultry. Therefore, the ground temperature is correspondingly higher, the rate of absorbing NPK nutrients by the open-field eggplant crops is higher, the topdressing time or topdressing interval is shortened, and the fertilizing frequency is correspondingly increased. Namely, the optimized autumn open field eggplant fruit fertilizer is applied for the 1 st time from the 10 th day after field planting, the additional fertilizer is applied for 1 time every 8 days, and the additional application times are n 1 =4 times; the optimized open-field eggplant fruit fertilizer for autumn starts to dressing from 8d after the fruit of the eggplant is enlarged, 1 time is dressing every 8d, and the dressing times are n 2 =6 times.
(3) According to field test and statistical analysis data of the fertility periods N, P and the K nutrient absorption amount M (kg/ha) of the open-field eggplants, determining the nitrogen (N) nutrient absorption amount M of the open-field eggplants in the flowering and fruit setting period of the first topdressing period and the nitrogen (N) nutrient absorption amount M of the second topdressing period to the eggplants from the four-gate bucket period to the seedling pulling period N 。
The nitrogen (N) nutrient absorption capacity M of the outdoor eggplant crops in the flowering and fruit setting period of the withania chinensis in the first topdressing period N Denoted as M N1 . Namely: m is M N1 ＝m N1 +m N2 . Wherein m is N1 、m N2 The nitrogen (N) nutrient content is absorbed in the initial flowering phase and the fruiting phase of the withania.
The nitrogen (N) nutrient absorption quantity M of the open field eggplant crops from the eggplant stage to the four-leaf stage to the seedling stage in the second topdressing stage N Denoted as M N2 . Namely: m is M N2 ＝m N3 +m N4 +m N5 . Wherein: m is m N3 、m N4 、m N5 The method is used for absorbing nitrogen (N) nutrient amount in the eggplant stage, the four-door bucket stage and the seedling pulling stage respectively.
(4) According to the' water-soluble special for outdoor eggplantsIn the step (4), the method takes the difference of the soil temperature of the cultivation soil in the rotation period as an optimization condition, and determines the N nutrient utilization rate alpha of the water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for the eggplant crops in the rotation period N ；
N nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for autumn open field eggplant crops N ＝50％；
N nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for early spring stubble open field eggplant crops N ＝40％。
(5) Determining the following N amount of the fruit fertilizer in the first topdressing period and the fruit fertilizer in the second topdressing period of the open field eggplant crops according to the steps (3) and (4): w (W) N ＝M N /α N ；
The autumn field planting cultivation soil comprises the following components: w (W) N1 ＝M N1 /α N ＝M N1 50 percent, the fruit fertilizer in the second topdressing period is added with the following N: w (W) N2 ＝M N2 /α N ＝M N2 /50％；
The early spring stubble field planting cultivation soil comprises the following components: w (W) N1 ＝M N1 /α N ＝M N1 40 percent, the fruit fertilizer in the second topdressing period is added with the following N: w (W) N2 ＝M N2 /α N ＝M N2 /40％。
(6) According to the steps (1) - (5) and the crop rotation period, the fruit setting fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops contains N amount eta N1 The fertilizer contains N and eta N2 Respectively determining recommended application amounts and each application amount of fruit setting fertilizer and fruit containing fertilizer of the open field eggplant crops;
the recommended application amounts of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops in the rotation period are respectively as follows: w (W) 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 ＝M N1 /(α N1 ×η N1 ) (kg/ha), in terms of the amount w per application 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ；W 2 ＝W N2 /η N2 ＝M N2 /(α N2 ×η N2 ) (kg/ha), fold per applicationThe amount w 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ；
Recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for autumn open field eggplant crops 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 ＝M N1 /(50％×η N1 ) (kg/ha), in terms of the amount w per application 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ＝W 1 3 (kg/ha); recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for autumn open field eggplant crops 2 ＝W N2 /η N2 ＝M N2 /(50％×η N2 ) (kg/ha), in terms of the amount w per application 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ＝W 1 5 (kg/ha). Wherein; η (eta) N1 、η N2 The N content of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer are respectively;
recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for early spring stubble open field eggplant crops 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 ＝M N1 /(40％×η N1 ) (kg/ha), in terms of the amount w per application 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ＝W 1 4 (kg/ha); recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for early spring stubble open field eggplant crops 2 ＝W N2 /η N2 ＝M N2 /(40％×η N2 ) (kg/ha), in terms of the amount w per application 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ＝W 2 6 (kg/ha). Wherein eta N1 、η N2 The N content of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer are respectively.
(7) According to the drip irrigation fertilization requirement, the fertilization method for determining the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplant crops is a recommended fertilization method adopting the integration of film-covered drip irrigation fertilization and water-fertilizer coupling, and is based on the uniformity principle:
7.1 The working pressure of the drip irrigation belt is 0.08-0.15Mpa, the water yield of the drip heads is 1.3-1.8L/h, the spacing between the drip heads is 30 cm-40 cm, and the drip heads are distributed in the middle of the plant spacing; the coating film is a polyethylene film with the width of 70-80 cm and the thickness of more than 0.01 mm.
7.2 The fertigation time is 2-3h each time. The specific method comprises the following steps: (1) firstly, filling clear water into a drip irrigation belt/pipeline, and then starting drip irrigation fertilization; (2) and continuously dripping clear water for 20-30min after the drip irrigation fertilization is finished, and discharging the residual fertilizer liquid in the pipeline.
7.3 A detection method: the conductivity meter monitors the EC value. The EC value of the water and fertilizer coupling solution for the open field eggplant crops is 1-3 milliwestern/cm, or 1-3kg of the coupling solution is dissolved in water per cubic meter, which is equivalent to 350-1000 times dilution.
The invention discloses the following technical effects:
(1) The invention designs a fertilizer preparation method and a recommended application method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplant based on the principle of a 4R nutrient management concept, and determines the required proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient for the open-field eggplant and further determines the fertilizer preparation method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplant according to the absorption of N, P, K nutrient of the open-field eggplant in a special or key growth period and by combining a film-covered fertigation water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology. In the recommended application method, the composition is timely and properly applied to the root concentrated layer directly, so that timing, quantification and positioning are achieved, and the 4R principle is met.
(2) The formula of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant takes the nutrient requirements from the field planting period to the beginning flowering period to the expansion period of the eggplant into consideration, so that the characteristics of the nutrient requirements of the eggplant period, namely the four-door bucket period and the seedling pulling period, are controlled in terms of the application quantity or the fertilization times, the fertilizer utilization efficiency is improved, and the environmental risk is reduced.
(3) The special water-soluble fertilizer for the open-field eggplant is obtained according to the long-term positioning test and the statistical analysis of the coupling integration of the water-fertilizer for the open-field eggplant, the utilization rate of N, P and K nutrient of the special water-soluble fertilizer for the open-field eggplant is preset according to the utilization rates of N, P and 50-60% of the special water-soluble fertilizer for the open-field eggplant, the soil texture of the cultivation soil is further optimized, various uncertain factors affecting the utilization rate of the special water-soluble fertilizer for the open-field eggplant are effectively avoided, and a method and a direction are provided for adjusting the formula or the fertilizer preparation of the special water-soluble fertilizer for the open-field eggplant.
(4) The key point of the fertilizer efficiency of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants is to regulate and control the root layer soil to keep proper nutrient concentration, proportion and morphology. The recommended application method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants adopts a film-covered drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology, realizes the coupling of root systems and a water-fertilizer space, and realizes the fine 'small amount multiple' topdressing by adopting a nitrogen quantitative mode on the application amount.
(5) According to the invention, the film-covered drip irrigation fertilization and water-fertilizer coupling are integrated, and the water-soluble special fertilizer nutrient for the open-field eggplants produced by fertilizer preparation is directly and uniformly applied to the root system layer of the open-field eggplant crops, so that the synchronization of water and fertilizer is truly realized, and the effective utilization rate of the fertilizer is greatly improved.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, which should not be considered as limiting the invention, but rather as more detailed descriptions of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In addition, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the ranges is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or stated range, and any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the invention described herein without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification of the present invention. The specification and examples of the present invention are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are intended to be inclusive and mean an inclusion, but not limited to.
Example 1 Water-soluble Special fertilizer for open field eggplants and recommended application method thereof
The example is carried out in the forward sense area of Beijing city, the early spring stubble field planting is carried out, the test variety is Beijing Liu, the soil texture is loam, and the soil fertility is even. The experimental and statistical analysis data of each growth period N, P and K nutrient absorption m of the open field eggplants are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1
From table 1, the initial flowering phase and four-leaf period N, P of eggplant in the open field eggplant growing period and the K nutrient absorption m are respectively recorded as: m is m N1 、m P1 、m K1 And m N2 、m P2 、m K2 The absorption ratio of the fruit setting fertilizer to the fruit containing fertilizer N, P to the K nutrient of the open field eggplant is 1 (m) P1 /m N1 ):(m K1 /m N1 ) 1 (0.25/0.70): 1.49/0.70) =1:0.35:2.12 and 1 (m) P2 /m N2 ):(m K2 /m N2 ) 1 (5.47/26.73): (24.08/26.73) =1:0.20:0.90. Thus obtaining the initial proportion of the open field eggplant fruit setting fertilizer, the fruit containing fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient.
N, P and K nutrient utilization rates of water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation, fertilization and water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for open field eggplant crops are respectively set to be alpha N ＝40％、α P =30% and α K =50%. The final proportion of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer N, P of the open field eggplant crop and the K nutrient after correction and optimization is 1 [ (m) P1 /m N1 )×α N /α P )]:[(m K1 /m N1 )×α N /α K )]=1 (0.35×40%/30%): (2.12×40%/50%) =1:0.47:1.69 and 1: [ (m) P2 /m N2 )×α N2 /α P2 )]:[(m K2 /m N2 )×α N /α K )]＝1:(0.20×40％/30％):(0.90×40％/50％)＝1:0.27:0.72。
Converted into N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The proportion of the O nutrient is 1 [ (m) P1/ m N1 )×α N /α P ×2.29)]:[(m K1/ m N1 )×α N /α K ×1.2)]=1 (0.47×2.29): (1.69×1.2) =1:1.08:2.03 and 1: [ (m) P/ m N )×α N /α P ×2.29)]:[(m K/ m N )×α N /α K ×1.2)]=1 (0.27×2.29): (0.72×1.2) =1:0.62:0.86. Wherein 2.29 is P 2 O 5 Is 1.2 is K 2 Conversion coefficient of O.
(1) Water-soluble special fertilizer preparation method for open field eggplant crops
The total nutrient content (%) of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants is equal to or more than 50 percent.
According to the N-P in macroelement water-soluble fertilizer (NY 1107-2020) standard 2 O 5 -K 2 O grade requirement, the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer of the open field eggplant are respectively N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=1:1.08:2.03 and N: P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=1:0.62:0.86. According to the fit type N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O (total nitrogen-effective phosphorus pentoxide-potassium oxide) sequence, and the coordination formula of the open-field eggplant fruit fertilizer is N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O=14-15-29, and the coordination of the fruit fertilizer for the open field eggplant is N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O=20-13-18. The amounts of the base raw materials of the open field eggplant fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer and the raw materials of each ton of finished products are summarized in tables 2 and 3.
TABLE 2 fruit set fertilizer base stock and amount of finished product stock per ton
| Sequence number | Basic raw materials | Specification of basic raw materials | Raw material share | Ton raw material consumption (kg/ton) |
| 1 | Ammonium nitrate phosphorus | 30-4-0 | 180 | 257.1 |
| 2 | Ammonium sulfate | 20-0-0 | 30 | 42.9 |
| 3 | Monopotassium phosphate | 0-52-34 | 190 | 271.4 |
| 4 | Potassium nitrate | 13.5-0-46 | 300 | 428.6 |
| 5 | EDTA-zinc | Zinc content 14.5% | 7.5 | |
| 6 | EDTA-iron | Iron content 12.5% | 6.5 | |
| 7 | EDTA-manganese | Manganese content of 12.5% | 5.6 | |
| 8 | EDTA-copper | Copper content 14.5% | 4.9 | |
| 9 | Boric acid | Boron content 17.0% | 8.5 | |
| 10 | Ammonium molybdate | Molybdenum content of 20.0% | 3.5 |
TABLE 3 fruit fertilizer base stock and amount of finished product stock per ton
| Sequence number | Basic raw materials | Specification of basic raw materials | Raw material share | Ton raw material consumption (kg/ton) |
| 1 | Ammonium nitrate phosphorus | 30-4-0 | 345 | 534.9 |
| 2 | Ammonium sulfate | 20-0-0 | 10 | 15.5 |
| 3 | Monopotassium phosphate | 0-52-34 | 140 | 217.1 |
| 4 | Potassium nitrate | 13.5-0-46 | 150 | 232.6 |
| 5 | EDTA-zinc | Zinc content 14.5% | 7.5 | |
| 6 | EDTA-iron | Iron content 12.5% | 6.5 | |
| 7 | EDTA-manganese | Manganese content of 12.5% | 5.6 | |
| 8 | EDTA-copper | Copper content 14.5% | 4.9 | |
| 9 | Boric acid | Boron content 17.0% | 8.5 | |
| 10 | Ammonium molybdate | Molybdenum content of 20.0% | 3.5 |
(1) Water-soluble fruit setting fertilizer and fruit containing fertilizer for open field eggplants:
water-soluble fruit fertilizer for open field eggplants (calculated by per ton of dry fertilizer): 257.1kg of ammonium nitrate and phosphorus, 42.9kg of ammonium sulfate, 271.4kg of monopotassium phosphate, 428.6kg of potassium nitrate and 5.5kg of trace element TE=5.5 kg are respectively weighed and fully and uniformly mixed in an asymmetric double-screw mixer, and are sent into metering package by a belt conveyor, so that the water-soluble fruit setting fertilizer for the eggplants in the open field is obtained.
Water-soluble fruit fertilizer for open field eggplants (calculated by per ton of dry fertilizer): 534.9kg of ammonium nitrate and phosphorus, 15.5kg of ammonium sulfate, 217.1kg of monopotassium phosphate, 232.6kg of potassium nitrate and 5.5kg of trace elements TE=5.5 kg are respectively weighed and fully and uniformly mixed in an asymmetric double-screw mixer, and are sent into a metering package by a belt conveyor, so that the eggplant fruit fertilizer in open field is obtained.
(2) Recommended application amount of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants:
planting early spring stubble of the open field eggplant, applying fruit fertilizer for 1 st dressing from 12d after planting, and applying the dressing times n 1 =3 times, 1 additional fertilizer every 10 d; the fruit fertilizer is applied from 10d after the fruit of the glazelle is enlarged, the application times are n 2 =5 times, 1 time per 10 d;
the N amount supplied in the first topdressing period is the N amount absorbed in the open field eggplant crop in the flowering and fruit setting period divided by the N nutrient utilization rate alpha N Denoted as M N1 ＝(m N1 +m N2 )/α N . Wherein m is N1 、m N2 N nutrient components are absorbed in the initial flowering phase and the fruiting phase of the withania.
The N amount supplied in the second topdressing period is the N amount absorbed by the open-field eggplant crops from the eggplant period to the four-leaf stage to the seedling pulling period divided by the N nutrient utilization rate alpha N Denoted as M N2 ＝(m N3 +m N4 +m N5 )/α N . Wherein m is N3 、m N4 、m N5 N nutrient amount is absorbed in the eggplant stage, the four-door bucket stage and the seedling pulling stage respectively.
N nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for open field eggplant crops in stubble field planting stubble period according to table 1 and early spring stubble N =40%, and determining N supply amount W of water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplant crops, namely fruit fertilizer in first topdressing period and fruit fertilizer in second topdressing period N1 And W is N2 The method comprises the following steps:
fruit fertilizer supply N: w (W) N1 ＝M N1 /α N ＝(m N1 +m N2 )/α N ＝(0.70+2.81)/40％＝8.78(kg/ha)
Fruit fertilizer supply amount N: w (W) N2 ＝M N2 /α N ＝(m N3 +m N4 +m N5 )/α N ＝(28.62+26.73+28.11)/40％＝83.46/40％＝208.64(kg/ha)。
According to the N nutrient content eta of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the eggplant crops in the open field N Determining recommended application amount W of water-soluble fruit fertilizer and fruit fertilizer for open field eggplant crops;
water-soluble fruit setting fertilizer N-P for open field eggplant crops 2 O 5 -K 2 O=14-15-29, recommended application amount W 1 The method comprises the following steps:
W 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 =8.78/14% =62.68 (kg/ha), fold per application: w (w) 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ＝62.68/3＝20.89(kg/ha)；
Water-soluble fruit fertilizer N-P for open field eggplant crops 2 O 5 -K 2 O=20-13-18, recommended application amount W 2 The method comprises the following steps:
W 2 ＝M N2 /η N2 = 208.64/20% = 1043.64 (kg/ha), fold per application: w (w) 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ＝1043.21/5＝208.64(kg/ha)。
(3) Recommended application method for film-covered drip irrigation fertilization and water and fertilizer integration
The coating material is a polyethylene film with the width of 70-80 cm and the thickness of 0.01mm; the working pressure of the drip irrigation belt is 0.08-0.15Mpa, the water yield of the drip irrigation heads is 1.3-1.8L/h, the distance between the drip irrigation heads is 30cm, and the drip irrigation heads are distributed in the middle of the plant spacing;
the under-film drip irrigation fertilization method comprises the following steps: firstly, dripping clear water each time, and starting fertilization after the pipeline is full of water; the fertilization time is 2-3h each time; and continuously dripping clear water for 20-30min after each fertilization is finished, and discharging all the residual fertilizer liquid in the pipeline.
The method of monitoring by conductivity meter is adopted. The EC value of the special water-soluble fertilizer solution for the eggplant crops in the open field is controlled to be 1-3 milli-western/cm, or 1-3kg of the special water-soluble fertilizer solution is dissolved in each cubic meter of water, which is equivalent to dilution by 350-1000 times, so that root burning and seedling burning caused by over-high concentration can be prevented.
The technical effects are as follows:
the field test is carried out by setting the conventional treatment and the optimized treatment of the invention to 2 treatment groups, and the test area is half of the area of the test point cell. Before field planting, each test point is uniformly applied with base fertilizer, so that the same types and quantity of base fertilizers applied in conventional and optimized treatment are ensured. Conventional treatment is carried out to dressing macroelement water-soluble fertilizer N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O=15-10-30. Optimizing the application of the water-soluble fruit fertilizer N-P for open field eggplants 2 O 5 -K 2 O=14-15-29 and fruit fertilizer N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O=20-13-18. The conventional treatment dosage and the application period are carried out according to the conventional habit, the optimization treatment method based on the target nitrogen supply value adopts a strategy of total amount control and stage regulation to recommend the application period and the dosage, and agricultural measures such as pesticide spraying, pruning and the like are operated according to the conventional habit.
The coating material is a polyethylene film with the width of 70-80 cm and the thickness of 0.01mm; the working pressure of the drip irrigation belt is 0.08-0.15Mpa, the water yield of the drip irrigation heads is 1.3-1.8L/h, the distance between the drip irrigation heads is 30cm, and the drip irrigation heads are distributed in the middle of the plant spacing;
the under-film drip irrigation fertilization method comprises the following steps: firstly, dripping clear water each time, and starting fertilization after the pipeline is full of water; the fertilization time is 2-3h each time; and continuously dripping clear water for 20-30min after each fertilization is finished, and discharging all the residual fertilizer liquid in the pipeline.
The method of monitoring by conductivity meter is adopted. The EC value of the special water-soluble fertilizer solution for the eggplant crops in the open field is controlled to be 1-3 milli-western/cm, or 1-3kg of the special water-soluble fertilizer solution is dissolved in each cubic meter of water, which is equivalent to dilution by 350-1000 times, so that root burning and seedling burning caused by over-high concentration can be prevented.
The treatment results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Table 4
Influence of water-soluble special fertilizer for open field eggplants on eggplant yield:
table 5 shows the effect of the water-soluble fertilizer for eggplant on the yield of eggplant. As a result of field test, compared with the conventional treatment, the yield of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants is increased by 18.7% on average, which shows that the water-soluble fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit holding fertilizer for the open-field eggplants are beneficial to improving the yield of the open-field eggplants.
TABLE 5
Water-soluble special fertilizer saving potential for open field eggplants:
table 6 shows the water-soluble fertilizer saving potential of the eggplant in open field. As compared with the conventional treatment, the nitrogen-tracing amount of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants is increased by 20.8% on average, the phosphorus-tracing amount is increased by 20.8% on average, and the potassium-tracing amount is reduced by 42.8% on average, which shows that the K-potential of the recommended fertilization method combining the film-covered drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology and the 4R principle is considerable when the water-soluble fruit fertilizer and the fruit fertilizer are applied to the open-field eggplants.
TABLE 6
The above embodiments are only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention without departing from the design spirit of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The fertilizer preparation method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) According to the field test and statistical analysis data of N, P and K nutrient absorption capacity of open field eggplants in each growth period in the rotation period, the absorption capacity m of N, P and K nutrient in each growth period of open field eggplants in the rotation period is determined and respectively counted as m N 、m P And m K ；
The open field eggplant in the stubble period is an open field eggplant crop planted in early spring stubble and autumn stubble;
the growth period of the open field eggplant is limited to a fixed planting period, a withania flowering period, a eggplant growth period, a four-leaf eggplant growth period and a seedling pulling period;
the open field eggplant growing period is divided into a first growing period and a second growing period: the first growth period is a withania flower setting and fruit setting period; the second growth period is from the glazement to the seedling pulling period, which is also called as a fruiting period;
the four-leaf period in the first period of fertility is set as the special or key period of fertility of the open-field eggplant;
(2) According to the result obtained in the step (1), determining the initial ratio of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for open-field eggplants in the stubble period to K nutrients:
the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplants in the stubble period consists of a fruit setting fertilizer and a fruit containing fertilizer;
the fruit setting fertilizer is a special fertilizer for topdressing in the first growing period;
the fruit fertilizer is a special fertilizer for dressing in the second growth period;
the initial proportion of the fruit bearing fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient is recorded as follows according to the initial flowering period N, P of the Kanga in the first growing period and the absorption amount m of the K nutrient: m is m N1 、m P1 And m K1 The initial proportion of the water-soluble fruit setting fertilizer for the open field eggplants in the stubble period is as follows: 1 (m) P1 /m N1 ):(m K1 /m N1 )；
The initial proportion of the fruit fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient is four according to the second growth periodThe door bucket period N, P and the K nutrient absorption m are recorded as: m is m N2 、m P2 And m K2 The initial proportion of the water-soluble fruit fertilizer for the open field eggplants in the stubble period is as follows: 1 (m) P2 /m N2 ):(m K2 /m N2 )；
(3) N, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of the water-soluble special fertilizer for open-field eggplants, which are obtained according to the initial proportioning and fertigation water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology obtained in the step (2), are respectively recorded as alpha N 、α P And alpha K Correcting the initial proportion of the water-soluble fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant in the stubble period and the K nutrient to obtain the proportion of the water-soluble fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant in the stubble period and the K nutrient:
n, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer fertigation water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for open field eggplant crops N 、α P Alpha and alpha K 40 to 50 percent, 30 to 40 percent and 50 to 60 percent respectively;
the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the modified open field eggplant crops comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 1 [ (m) P /m N )×(α N /α P )]:[(m K /m N )×(α N /α K )]；
(4) According to the difference of the ground temperature of the soil for the open field eggplant crop rotation period, the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant crop in the step (3) and the K nutrient utilization rate alpha N 、α P Alpha and alpha K Further optimizing to obtain the optimized final ratio of the open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient:
n, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of the optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water and fertilizer integrated technology N 、α P Alpha and alpha K 40%, 30% and 50%, respectively;
n, P and K nutrient utilization rate alpha of the optimized drip irrigation fertilization water and fertilizer integrated technology for autumn open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N 、α P Alpha and alpha K 50%, 40% and 60%, respectively;
the final proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the early spring stubble open field eggplant and the K nutrient is as follows: 1 [ (m) P /m N )×α N /α P )]:[(m K /m N )×α N /α K )]＝1:[(m P /m N )×40％/30％)]:[(m K /m N )×40％/50％)]；
The final proportion of the autumn open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and the K nutrient is as follows: 1 [ (m) P /m N )×α N /α P )]:[(m K /m N )×α N /α K )]＝1:[(m P /m N )×50％/40％)]:[(m K /m N )×50％/60％)]；
(5) According to the final proportion of the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open field eggplant crops and the K nutrient obtained in the step (4), respectively preparing and producing the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops:
in the step (5), the specific steps for preparing the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops comprise the following steps: according to the final proportion of the optimized water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open-field eggplant crops and the K nutrient obtained in the step (4), the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P for the open-field eggplant crops is calculated 2 O 5 And K 2 Proportioning of O nutrients; determining the total nutrient content G and the corresponding N-P in the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops according to the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer standard (NY 1107-2020) 2 O 5 -K 2 After the grade of O, fertilizer preparation production is carried out;
the water-soluble special fertilizer N, P and K nutrient of the open field eggplant crops are converted into N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The proportion of the O nutrient is 1 [ (m) P/ m N )×α N /α P ×2.29)]:[(m K/ m N )×α N /α K ×1.2)]The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein 2.29 is P 2 O 5 Is 1.2 is K 2 Conversion coefficient of O;
the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops in the stubble period consists of major elements and trace elements TE;
the macroelement is N, P 2 O 5 And K 2 The O nutrient is derived from: ammonium nitrate phosphorus, ammonium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate;
the microelements TE comprise Zn, fe, mn, cu, B and Mo, and the nutrients are derived from one or a combination of more of EDTA-zinc, EDTA-iron, EDTA-manganese, EDTA-copper, boric acid and ammonium molybdate.
2. The fertilizer preparation method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants, which is characterized in that the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplants N, P and the K nutrient utilization rate alpha in the step (4) N 、α P And alpha K The influence factors of the soil temperature of the cultivation soil in the crop rotation period are that the air temperatures in the crop rotation period are different;
the early spring is a period of time coming in the spring, and the temperature of the period of time is increased, but at first sight, the period of time is warm at first sight, cold at first sight, and low temperature at first sight and late at first sight; therefore, the soil for planting and cultivating early spring stubbles has lower ground temperature;
the autumn is a season of alternating heat and cool, and the early autumn is a period of highest air temperature, moist and sultry in one year; therefore, the soil temperature of the autumn field planting cultivation soil is high.
3. The water-soluble fertilizer for open field eggplants, which is prepared by a fertilizer preparation method of the water-soluble fertilizer for open field eggplants according to claim 1 or 2.
4. A recommended application method of an open field eggplant water-soluble special fertilizer as claimed in claim 3, characterized by comprising the following steps based on the 4R principle:
(1) According to the fertility characteristics of the open field eggplant in the fertility period, determining the topdressing period, topdressing time, topdressing interval, topdressing times and topdressing variety of the open field eggplant under the condition of fertigation:
the topdressing period is divided into a first topdressing period and a second topdressing period: the first topdressing period refers to a period from a field planting period of a first growing period of an open-field eggplant crop to a flowering and fruit setting period of the eggplant, namely, a period from the field planting period to a flowering period of the eggplant to a period from a fruit setting period to a gazelle period; the second topdressing period refers to a fruiting period of the second growth period of the open-field eggplant crops, namely, the period from the glazera to the end of seedling pulling;
the topdressing time of the first topdressing period is from that after field plantingApplying the 1 st additional fertilizer for 10 th to 12 th days, applying 1 time every 8 to 10 th days, and applying the additional fertilizer for n times 1 =3-4 times; the topdressing variety is fruit setting fertilizer;
the dressing time of the second dressing period is 1 st dressing from 8-10d after the swelling of the withania fruit, 1 time is applied every 8-10d, and the dressing times are n 2 =5-6 times; the topdressing variety is fruit fertilizer;
(2) According to the influence factors of NPK nutrient absorption rate of the open field eggplant crops under the condition of fertigation, the time, interval and frequency of topdressing of the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open field eggplant in the crop rotation period are further optimized according to the difference of the ground temperature in the crop rotation period:
the optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant fruit setting fertilizer carries out 1 st dressing from 12d after field planting, 1 time of dressing is carried out every 10d, and the dressing times are n 1 =3 times; the optimized early spring stubble open field eggplant fruit-bearing fertilizer starts to dressing from 10d after the swelling of the eggplant fruit, 1 time is dressing every 10d, and the dressing times are n 2 =5 times;
the optimized autumn open field eggplant fruit fertilizer is subjected to 1 st dressing from the 10 th day after field planting, 1 time of dressing is carried out every 8 days, and the dressing times are n 1 =4 times; the optimized autumn outdoor eggplant fruit fertilizer starts to perform dressing from 8d after the swelling of the eggplant fruits, 1 time is performed every 8d, and the dressing times are n 2 =6 times;
(3) According to the field test and statistical analysis data of the fertility periods N, P and the K nutrient absorption amount M of the open-field eggplants in the rotation period, determining the N nutrient absorption amount M of the open-field eggplants in the first topdressing period, namely the flowering and fruit setting period and the second topdressing period, in the period from the eggplant period to the four-door bucket period to the seedling pulling period N ；
N nutrient absorption M of outdoor eggplant crops in flowering and fruit setting period of withania chinensis in first topdressing period N Denoted as M N1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Namely: m is M N1 ＝m N1 +m N2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein m is N1 、m N2 N nutrient components are absorbed in the initial flowering phase and the fruiting phase of the withania;
the N nutrient absorption quantity M of the open field eggplant crops from the eggplant stage to the four-leaf stage to the seedling stage in the second topdressing stage N Denoted as M N2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Namely: m is M N2 ＝m N3 +m N4 +m N5 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Wherein: m is m N3 、m N4 、m N5 N nutrient amount is absorbed in the eggplant stage, the four-door bucket stage and the seedling pulling stage respectively;
(4) According to the optimization condition of the difference of the soil temperature of the cultivation soil in the stubble period in the step (4) of claim 1, determining the N nutrient utilization rate alpha of the water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for the open field eggplant crops in the stubble period N ；
N nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for autumn open field eggplant crops N ＝50％；
N nutrient utilization rate alpha of water-soluble special fertilizer drip irrigation fertilization water-fertilizer coupling integrated technology for early spring stubble open field eggplant crops N ＝40％；
(5) Determining the following N amount of the fruit fertilizer in the first topdressing period and the fruit fertilizer in the second topdressing period of the open field eggplant crops according to the steps (3) and (4): w (W) N ＝M N /α N ；
The autumn field planting cultivation soil comprises the following components: w (W) N1 ＝M N1 /α N ＝M N1 50 percent, the fruit fertilizer in the second topdressing period is added with the following N: w (W) N2 ＝M N2 /α N ＝M N2 /50％；
The early spring stubble field planting cultivation soil comprises the following components: w (W) N1 ＝M N1 /α N ＝M N1 40 percent, the fruit fertilizer in the second topdressing period is added with the following N: w (W) N2 ＝M N2 /α N ＝M N2 /40％；
(6) According to the steps (1) - (5) and the crop rotation period, the fruit setting fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops contains N amount eta N1 The fertilizer contains N and eta N2 Respectively determining recommended application amount and each application amount of fruit setting fertilizer and fruit containing fertilizer of open field eggplant crops in the rotation period;
the recommended application amounts of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer for the open field eggplant crops in the rotation period are respectively as follows: w (W) 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 ＝M N1 /(α N1 ×η N1 ) Fold the amount of each application: w (w) 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ；W 2 ＝W N2 /η N2 ＝M N2 /(α N2 ×η N2 ) Fold the amount of each application: w (w) 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ；
(7) According to the drip irrigation fertilization requirement, the fertilization method for determining the water-soluble special fertilizer for the open-field eggplant crops is a recommended fertilization method adopting the integration of film-covered drip irrigation fertilization and water-fertilizer coupling, and is based on the uniformity principle:
7.1 The working pressure of the drip irrigation belt is 0.08-0.15Mpa, the water yield of the drip heads is 1.3-1.8L/h, the spacing between the drip heads is 30 cm-40 cm, and the drip heads are distributed in the middle of the plant spacing; the coating film is a polyethylene film with the width of 70-80 cm and the thickness of more than 0.01mm;
7.2 The fertigation time is 2-3h each time; the specific method comprises the following steps: (1) firstly, filling clear water into a drip irrigation belt/pipeline, and then starting drip irrigation fertilization; (2) continuously dripping clear water for 20-30min after the drip irrigation fertilization is finished, and discharging the residual fertilizer liquid in the pipeline;
7.3 A detection method: monitoring the EC value by a conductivity meter; the EC value of the water and fertilizer coupling solution for the open field eggplant crops is 1-3 milliwestern/cm, or 1-3kg of the coupling solution is dissolved in water per cubic meter, which is equivalent to 350-1000 times dilution.
5. The recommended application method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for open-field eggplants according to claim 4, wherein in the step (2), the factors influencing the ground temperature of the further optimized conditions of the time of topdressing, the topdressing interval and the topdressing times of the water-soluble special fertilizer for open-field eggplants are different air temperatures in the crop rotation period;
the early spring is a period of time just coming from spring; although the temperature is increased, the temperature is warm at first sight and cold at first sight, especially the humidity is higher, and the temperature is low in the morning and evening; therefore, the ground temperature is lower in the period, the rate of absorbing NPK nutrients by the early spring stubble open field eggplant crops is reduced, the topdressing time or topdressing interval is prolonged, and the fertilizing times are correspondingly reduced;
the autumn is a season of alternating heat and cool; the early autumn is a period of time in which the air temperature is highest in one year and the air temperature is moist and sultry; therefore, the ground temperature is higher, the rate of absorbing NPK nutrients by the autumn open field eggplant crops is increased, the topdressing time or topdressing interval is shortened, and the fertilizing times are correspondingly increased.
6. The recommended application method of the water-soluble special fertilizer for open-field eggplants of claim 4, wherein the recommended application amount of the fruit setting fertilizer for open-field eggplant crops in the autumn in the step (6) is as follows: w (W) 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 ＝M N1 /(50％×η N1 ) Folded with the amount w of each application 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ＝W 1 3; recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for autumn open field eggplant crops 2 ＝W N2 /η N2 ＝M N2 /(50％×η N2 ) Folded with the amount w of each application 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ＝W 1 5; wherein eta N1 、η N2 The N content of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer are respectively;
recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for early spring stubble open field eggplant crops 1 ＝W N1 /η N1 ＝M N1 /(40％×η N1 ) Folded with the amount w of each application 1 ＝W 1 /n 1 ＝W 1 4; recommended application amount W of fruit fertilizer for early spring stubble open field eggplant crops 2 ＝W N2 /η N2 ＝M N2 /(40％×η N2 ) Folded with the amount w of each application 2 ＝W 2 /n 2 ＝W 2 6; wherein eta N1 、η N2 The N content of the fruit setting fertilizer and the fruit containing fertilizer are respectively.
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