CN117121986B - 一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117121986B CN117121986B CN202311409841.3A CN202311409841A CN117121986B CN 117121986 B CN117121986 B CN 117121986B CN 202311409841 A CN202311409841 A CN 202311409841A CN 117121986 B CN117121986 B CN 117121986B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料及其制备方法,包括:S1、将鲶鱼废料与水混合打浆,经酶解和美拉德反应制得鲶鱼汁液;S2、将虾皮虾头熟化烘干,磨成虾粉;S3、将茶渣、构树叶果和益母草混合打碎,加入粮食废弃物搅拌混合,混合过程中加入糖蜜水,蒸汽灭菌,接种含有枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和产朊假丝酵母菌的菌液,调节物料湿度并发酵,烘干,得发酵干料;S4、将鲶鱼汁液、虾粉和发酵干料混合,加入微量元素、益生元、益生菌群和改性淀粉,造粒烘干即得产品。所述饲料颜色和适口性好,可快速提高蛋鸡免疫力和产蛋率,降低鸡蛋胆固醇含量,提高蛋白质含量和蛋壳强度,提升鸡蛋各项综合品质。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及禽畜养殖饲料技术领域,具体涉及一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
鸡蛋营养非常丰富,物美价廉,自古以来鸡蛋就在我们日常生活中占有重要地位。近几十年来,我国养禽业得到了迅速发展,但仍然存在
饲养的设施简陋及管理粗放,造成蛋鸡的料蛋比及死淘率较高、产蛋率较低,养殖户经济收益较低等问题。为了提高蛋鸡的抗病能力,产蛋率,降低死淘率,蛋鸡饲料中常常添加抗生素。抗生素在鸡蛋中的残留,最终累积到人体易导致细菌耐药性,对人的健康产生不利影响。因此近几年人们提倡生产绿色有机鸡蛋,即蛋鸡喂养过程中尽量通过非生素的方式对蛋鸡进行影响,以提高蛋鸡免疫力,减少病死率,提高产蛋量。此外,鸡蛋的蛋壳的厚度和强度也是保证鸡蛋运输和售卖过程完好率的决定性因素;若蛋壳太薄,强度过低,易在装箱运输和售卖过程中破损、染菌或蛋液流出,为此,养殖户和中间商都需要承担一定经济损失。
随着人们对健康生活的追求度越来越高,对鸡蛋的品质要求也越来越高,如何养殖蛋鸡并产出蛋清粘稠度较大,蛋黄颜色鲜亮,胆固醇含量低的鸡蛋也是蛋鸡养殖户的共同追求。鸡蛋蛋黄中具有高含量的胆固醇(100g鸡蛋胆固醇达到200-250mg),而胆固醇是引发高血脂症和冠心病等疾病的主要因素,人们一方面希望通过摄入鸡蛋以补充足够的蛋白质,另一方面又不想因此而摄入过多胆固醇。 因此,开发新型蛋鸡专用饲料,用于提高蛋鸡免疫力、抗病能力、产蛋率,改善鸡蛋品质势具有重要意义。
发明内容
(一)要解决的技术问题
鉴于现有技术的上述缺点、不足,本发明提供一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料及其制备方法,其可用于解决蛋鸡的料蛋比高、抗病能力差、产蛋率较低、胆固醇较高、蛋清中蛋白含量较低和蛋壳易破损等技术问题。
(二)技术方案
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用的主要技术方案包括:
第一方面,本发明提供一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料的制备方法,其包括:
S1、将鲶鱼废料与水混合打浆,经过酶解和美拉德反应,得鲶鱼汁液;
S2、将虾皮虾头熟化烘干,磨成虾粉;
S3、将茶渣、构树叶果和益母草混合打碎,加入粮食废弃物搅拌混合作为发酵底料,混合过程中加入糖蜜水和玉米浆,用蒸汽蒸熟灭菌,接种含有枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和产朊假丝酵母菌的菌液,调节物料湿度后在发酵罐中发酵,之后烘干,得发酵干料;
S4、将发酵干料与鲶鱼汁液及虾粉混合,加入改性淀粉、微量元素、益生元和益生菌群,造粒烘干,即得颗粒饲料,分装密封。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S1中,所述鲶鱼废料包含鲶鱼皮、内脏和鱼骨;其中内脏的质量比例不超过20%,鱼骨的质量比例为30-50%;匀浆时,将鲶鱼废料与灭菌水按照1:0.8-1.2的体积比混合,在打浆机中打浆。通过打浆,将鲶鱼废料破碎成不超过1mm³的颗粒。鱼骨富含钙质、骨元蛋白和维生素D等,鱼皮和内脏富含各种维生素(也包括维D)、胶原蛋白、多肽和微量元素等。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S1中,所述酶解条件为:采用磁性生物炭固定化蛋白酶进行酶解,所述蛋白酶为碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶按照1:1-2组成的复合酶;酶解前用氢氧化钠调节pH=8-9;酶解过程中,加入的磁性生物炭固定化蛋白酶的量以酶有效载量计,为鲶鱼废料浆料质量的0.8-1.6%;酶解温度为55-58℃,酶解时间为6-10h;酶解后,离心去渣,保留上清。磁性生物炭固定化生物酶可通过磁场分离收集,冲洗后即可反复使用,节省成本。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S1中,所述美拉德反应的条件为:上清液经马来酸改性活性炭吸附除重金属处理,巴氏灭菌,送入美拉德生香罐,维持温度为70-80℃,调节pH值为7-7.5,加入5-12%的葡萄糖或木糖,反应0.5-2h,得到鲶鱼汁液。经马来酸改性的活性炭粉对重金属有高效吸附能力,该活性炭也可使用重金属吸附树脂代替,主要用于去除鲶鱼内脏等所引入的重金属。通过美拉德生香反应,去除腥臭味和酶解后的苦味,增添肉香味。
在鲶鱼废料中,内脏的质量比例不超过20%,一方面可减少内脏所引入重金属含量,另一方面减少内脏所带来的腥臭味(主要是胺类)。尽管美拉德生香反应可去除腥臭味,但若内脏含量过多,会增加工艺控制的难度。在鲶鱼废料中,鱼骨的质量比例为30-50%,鱼骨无腥臭味,富含钙质、成骨蛋白等,有利于增加鸡蛋蛋壳厚度和强度。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S2中,所述虾皮虾头采用炒制或烘制进行熟化,以利于磨粉,磨粉细度为80-140目。通过炒制或烘制,一方面可以使虾皮虾头熟化灭菌,一方面使虾皮虾头干燥,易于粉碎至目标粒度,还有利于增加香味。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S3中,茶渣、构树叶果和益母草的占发酵底料总质量的20-40%,剩余部分为粮食废弃物,茶渣、构树叶果和益母草的质量比为4-5:4-5:0.5-1;所述粮食废弃物包括高粱糠、稻糠、大豆皮粉、玉米皮粉、花生壳粉、红薯渣和麸皮粉中的一种或多种且至少包含大豆皮粉;糖蜜水为糖蜜融化在2-3倍体积的水中制得,玉米浆固含量为40-50%,蜜糖水添加量为发酵底料质量的40-50%,玉米浆添加量为发酵底料质量的10-15%。
其中,茶渣包括冲泡过的茶叶渣,如生产茶饮料的厂家会产生大量冲泡过的茶渣,也包括过期的旧茶叶。茶叶含有300多种化学物质,富含抗氧化成分,茶渣中粗蛋白含量17-19%、16-18%粗纤维、1-2%茶多酚、0.1-0.3%咖啡因和多种氨基酸,而经过发酵后,粗蛋白、粗纤维、茶多酚、果胶等各种营养成分进一步提高4-10%。茶多酚可提高蛋鸡的生产性能,茶中黄酮类可促进母鸡产蛋率,茶渣发酵物喂鸡,可降低蛋鸡血脂含量和增加维生素(特别是维A和维E)含量,改善蛋黄颜色(颜色加深),增强鸡抗病能力。
构树叶和果实,含黄酮甙、酚类、有机酸、鞣质。性味淡凉、有清热解毒凉血、利水、祛风止痒杀虫等作用,可敛疮止血,构树叶果可以用于痢疾的治疗、泻下,甚至泻下的脓血,可以治疗痢疾。构树是罕见的高蛋白植物,构叶干物质粗蛋白含量达24%, 远高于苜蓿的14%,氨基酸是大米的4.5 倍,玉米的2.5 倍,黄豆的1.8 倍,维生素和微量元素的含量也是大多数水果蔬菜所不能比拟的。构树叶切碎后,适口性差,蛋白质易被破坏,维生素含量大大降低。通过生物发酵,把维生素含量全部保存下来,还能提高蛋白质和多肽含量,而且口感醇香,适口性好。使用构树叶果发酵后喂鸡,短时间内即可使鸡蛋中胆固醇含量下降30%以上。
益母草中含有水苏碱、益母草啶、益母咛等多种生物碱,具有雌激素作用,可提高鸡免疫力,有效维护蛋鸡生殖系统平衡和修复健康,提高产蛋率。但益母草味辛、苦凉,影响适口性,且具有一定的泻下作用,不利于中气的稳固,长期大量使用后会导致中气不泄,蛋鸡脱肛甚至脱水,因此将其用量控制在较低的比例并发酵后使用,发酵可降低益母草味辛苦凉的药性。
其中,粮食废弃物优选为大豆皮粉、玉米皮粉和花生壳粉的组合,大豆皮粉富含大豆蛋白和大豆异黄酮,大豆异黄酮结构与雌二醇相似,具有微弱的雌激素作用,还可软化血管抑制血栓形成,有效降低总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)等。玉米皮粉富含各种维生素。花生壳粉富含粗蛋白、纤维素、脂肪和多种维生素,花生壳中含有大量的谷甾醇、皂让团甙等物质,可降低血清和胆固醇,促进母鸡子宫内膜中磷酸钙等物质,保证蛋壳质量,增加母鸡的产蛋量。大豆皮粉、玉米皮粉和花生壳粉优选按照1-5:1:1-2的质量比混合组成所述的粮食废弃物。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S3中,在接种含有枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和产朊假丝酵母菌的菌液时,枯草芽孢杆菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于20亿/mL,植物乳杆菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于30亿/mL,产朊假丝酵母菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于10亿/mL。将菌液以10-15%的质量接种待发酵的物料,调节物料湿度至38-60%,调节发酵罐初始温度为30-33℃,不断监测发酵物料中心温度和pH,当中心温度超过36℃时及时倒翻,当pH下降到4.5时,发酵结束,之后在60-80℃热风中烘干,得发酵干料。
不同菌种之间有竞争性,因此菌液中各菌种活菌数不能太低,否则
可能导致该菌种不能正常繁殖和发酵,进而影响发酵干料的品质和营养成分。产朊假丝酵母菌又称为食用圆酵母,能利用五碳糖和六碳糖,有氧条件下不产生酒精(酒精会抑制其他菌繁殖),能利用糖蜜、玉米浆、木材水解液等生产出人畜可食用的蛋白质。产朊假丝酵母能利用廉价粮食废弃物合成营养丰富的蛋白质, 其代谢物蛋白质和维生素B的含量比酿酒酵母更高。枯草芽孢杆菌是需氧菌,是在动物的肠道内起到保护的作用,能够改善菌种的生长环境,提高动物机体的抗病能力,减少胃肠道的疾病发生,改善体内外的生态环境,增强动物的免疫功能,产生多种的营养物质和消化酶,可合成维生素B1、B2、B6、烟酸等多种B族维生素,提高动物体内干扰素和巨噬细胞的活性、提高抗病力、降低胁迫反应、增进食欲等。植物乳杆菌发酵过程中能产生大量的有机酸,可降解重金属,在繁殖过程中能产出特有的乳酸杆菌素,乳酸杆菌素是一种生物型的防腐剂。植物乳杆菌发酵可维持反应体系较低的pH,避免pH升高,以促进另两种菌株在适宜pH下的繁殖代谢。植物乳杆菌代谢物也具有免疫调节作用,降低血清胆固醇含量,维持肠道内菌群平衡和抑制致病菌。发酵过程能杀灭发酵物中的病菌和虫卵。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S4中,发酵干料与虾粉按照2-3:1的质量比混合的干料,将干料加到0.5-0.7倍体积的鲶鱼汁液中使鲶鱼汁液被干料吸收,搅拌后,加入改性淀粉作为造粒赋形剂,加入微量元素和益生菌群,于造粒机中湿法造粒,烘干,即得产品,密封干燥保存。
根据本发明的较佳实施例,S4中,所述益生菌群包含嗜酸乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、粪链球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌;所述微量元素包含铁(硫酸亚铁)、锌(硫酸锌)、钠(亚硒酸钠和)、钾(碘化钾)和钙。所述钙可用碳酸钙,乳酸钙,也可以用磨成100-150目粉料的鸡蛋壳。微量元素加入量不超过1.5wt.%;所述益生元为低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚葡糖和菊粉中的至少一种,优选为低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚葡糖和菊粉的组合,更优选地,益生元的分子量由低到高呈梯级连续分布;由此可持续地给益生菌群提供养分。益生元添加量优选为6-7wt.%。
(三)有益效果
本发明的一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料 ,经喂养试验证实,可有效提升蛋鸡免疫力和抗病能力,保证产蛋率,同时用于蛋鸡喂养时可减少大幅降低鸡蛋中胆固醇的含量,改善鸡蛋色泽,提高蛋清的粘稠度和蛋壳强度,减少破损率,使鸡蛋综合品质得到全面提升。本发明制备的饲料,香味十足,适口性好,在短时间(3周)喂养试验后即可产生明显功效,所使用的原料皆为低成本的废弃物,将废弃物经过一系列生物化学手段处理后,变废为宝,减少废弃物造成的环境污染,自制得一种高附加值的可供蛋鸡食用专用饲料。
鲶鱼废弃物本身是一种废料,富含蛋白质和多肽,容易产生恶臭腥气,吸引大量蚊虫苍蝇产卵,对加工厂附近的垃圾清理工作者和周围居民影响较大,直接喂鸡也会导致鸡肉和鸡蛋带有腥气(主要是生物胺类导致)。本发明通过生物酶解法,先将蛋白质水解为氨基酸,然后进行美拉德增香反应,得到一种富含多肽和氨基酸,且风味香气十足的鲶鱼汁液,变臭为香变废为宝,减小环境污染,促进废弃物利用。控制其内脏的质量比例不超过20%,防止重金属与生物胺浓度过高,增加工艺难度和产品品质控制难度,鱼骨含丰富的成骨元素和维生素D,使鲶鱼汁液营养更协调。鲶鱼废料来源丰富,其多肽具有很好的抗菌抑菌、抗炎,促进伤口愈合的作用,可调节免疫系统的功能,促进淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子的合成与分泌,增加动物免疫力和抗病能力,降低动物血液中胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白的含量,提高高密度脂蛋白水平。经酶解后,获得大量多肽物质和氨基酸,可促进动物体生长发育,促进肝细胞再生和修复。
不同水解酶影响鲶鱼废料的酶解产物的品质与风味。经实验比较碱性蛋白酶具有较强分解蛋白的能力,同时复配使用风味蛋白酶,能够起到掩蔽苦味,降低腥味的作用。碱性蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶复配,酶解效率高,酶解液中游离氨基酸高。pH=8-9,碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶1:1-2,复合酶添加量为0.8-1.6%,酶解温度为55-58℃,酶解时间为6-10h,游离氨基态氮含量接近峰值。在美拉德反应中,温度为70-80℃,调节pH值为7-7.5,加入5-12%的葡萄糖或木糖,反应0.5-2h后,带来腥臭味的胺类含量(三甲胺、二甲胺)下降明显,对风味有正面影响的醛类、呋喃类、吡嗪类升高,产生香味。
虾皮虾头采用炒制或烘制进行熟化,相比水煮熟化,可减少其中钙质和其他微量元素的流失,同时通过炒制或烘制可大大提高香味,并使虾头虾皮干燥易于粉碎。
本发明还通过将茶渣、构树叶果、益母草等复配,加入各种廉价的粮食废弃物,添加蜜糖水等共混蒸汽蒸熟灭菌,接种枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和产朊假丝酵母菌的菌液发酵,一方面杀灭发酵物中的病菌和虫卵,另一方面产生大量可被动物食用的蛋白质,同时合成维生素B1、B2、B6、烟酸等多种B族维生素,利用茶渣的维生素A和E,发挥茶渣和构树叶果显著的降低血清胆固醇功效,利用益母草所含的多种生物碱提高蛋鸡免疫力和产蛋率,改善发酵料口感。
本发明利用鲶鱼鱼骨所释放的成骨元素、可溶性钙质、虾粉所含钙质和适当添加的微量元素(蛋壳粉)等,显著提高鸡蛋壳强度,减少鸡蛋运输和售卖过程中的破损率;益生菌群日常维护蛋鸡肠道健康,提高产蛋率和蛋重;益生元是膳食纤维也是益生菌最直接可被利用的养分,增殖蛋鸡肠道内有益菌,维持动物肠道内8种必须有益菌的丰度,使蛋鸡消化系统更健康,蛋鸡粪便成型好,不拉稀,减少粪便对蛋壳的污染,增加商品蛋的清洁度。
附图说明
图1为酶解鲶鱼废料时酶添加量与酶解液中游离氨基酸氮含量曲线。
图2为酶解鲶鱼废料时酶解时间与酶解液中游离氨基酸氮含量曲线。
图3为酶解鲶鱼废料时碱性蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶复配比值和酶解液中游离氨基酸氮含量曲线。
具体实施方式
为了更好的解释本发明,以便于理解,下面结合附图,通过具体实施方式,对本发明作详细描述。
为了更好的理解上述技术方案,下面将参照附图更详细地描述本发明的示例性实施例。虽然附图中显示了本发明的示例性实施例,然而应当理解,可以以各种形式实现本发明而不应被这里阐述的实施例所限制。相反,提供这些实施例是为了能够更清楚、透彻地理解本发明,并且能够将本发明的范围完整的传达给本领域的技术人员。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种鲶鱼汁液的制备方法,其包括如下步骤:
(1)将鲶鱼皮、内脏和鱼骨按质量比0.6:0.1:0.3混合,再按照体积比1:1加灭菌水,打浆成颗粒不大于1mm³的肉糜。
(2)向上述浆液中加磁性生物炭固定化蛋白酶进行酶解,蛋白酶为碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶按照1:2组成的复合酶,添加量以酶计为浆料质量的1.2%,酶解温度为55℃,酶解时pH=8,酶解时间为7h,离心去渣,留取上清液;
(3)将上清液经10%质量的马来酸改性活性炭吸附除重金属处理4h,处理温度为40℃,过滤回收活性炭,滤液巴氏灭菌(灭菌过程中也灭酶),送入美拉德生香罐,维持温度为75℃,调节pH值为7.0,加入10%的葡萄糖,反应80min,得到澄清透明、浓郁蟹香的鲶鱼汁液。对鲶鱼汁液取样检测其中腥臭味的主要来源,三甲胺和二甲胺几乎难以检出,带来风味香气的醛类、酮类、呋喃类、吡嗪类相比酶解液中相应成分的含量分别增加14%、5.3%、4.0%和9%。
在酶解过程中,将酶解时酶添加量调节为0.5%、0.8%、1.5%、1.6%、1.8%后,以步骤(2)产生的上清液为检测对象,以氨基态氮为评价指标,比较各实施例中游离氨基酸的含量。氨基态氮含量测定按标准GB/T 5009.39-2003,采用游离氨基酸分析仪进行,测定结果如图1所示。该测试结果说明酶添加量在0.8-1.6%之间时可获得较好的酶解效果,更优选是1.0-1.5%之间,更优选为1.2%,此时酶利用效率最高。
在酶解过程中,若酶添加量为1.2%,调节pH为6、7和9,仍以采用游离氨基酸分析仪进行分析,实验结果显示,pH为6、7时,酶解效果较差;而pH为9和pH为8时,酶解效果相当。说明该酶解过程要在弱碱性条件下更好。在酶添加量为1.2%,pH为8时,将酶解时间调节为5h、6h、7h、8h、10h、12h,实验结果显示如图2所示:5h酶解时间显然过短,酶解不充分,而12h酶解时间相较于酶解10h并没有明显提高游离氨基酸含量,说明酶解10h即出现边界效应,因此将酶解时间确定在6-10h既可以保证酶解效率,又能缩短工艺时间。
在酶解过程中,若酶添加量为1.2%,但复合酶中碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶质量比为1:1、1:3、2:1、3:1,pH为8,酶解时间为7h。测酶解上清液中游离氨基酸氮含量,实验结果如图3所示:在碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶质量比为1:1或1:2时,复合酶可使鲶鱼废料得到较好酶解。因此,在酶解过程中以pH=8-9,酶解温度55-58℃,酶添加量为0.8-1.6%,更优选是1.0-1.5%,碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶质量比为1:1-1:2,酶解时间为6-10h,更优选是7-10h可以取得较好酶解效果。
在美拉德生香反应中,若将反应温度降低到65℃,保持10%葡萄糖加入量和反应时间80min,经测腥臭味的主要来源,三甲胺和二甲胺几乎难以检出,带来风味香气的醛类、酮类、呋喃类、吡嗪类相比酶解液中相应成分的含量分别增加8.1%、2.5%、3.3%和4.1%。若将反应温度增高到95℃,保持10%葡萄糖加入量和反应时间80min,经测腥臭味的主要来源,三甲胺和二甲胺几乎难以检出,带来风味香气的醛类、酮类、呋喃类、吡嗪类相比酶解液中相应成分的含量分别增加13.8%、4.7%、4.6%和9.1%。可见,单纯提升温度对增香反应中香味来源物质的增加没有明显作用。这说明,在美拉德反应过程中,保温温度不能太低,否则难以起到良好增香效果;保温温度过高而在还原糖不足量或搅拌不均匀时,会导致部分醛酮氧化,减少香气风味的丰富性。此外,美拉德生香反应依赖葡萄糖/木糖等的还原性,故糖的添加量过低不利于美拉德反应的完成程度,还原糖添加量过高会增加鲶鱼汁液的甜度和适口性。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种增加鸡蛋蛋白质含量的专用饲料的制备方法,其用到实施例1制备的鲶鱼汁液,还包括如下步骤:
(1)取普洱茶渣、构树叶和益母草冲洗净后,烘干水分,以5:4:1质量比混合,加入其3倍质量的粮食废弃物共混。粮食废弃物是由高粱糠、稻糠、大豆皮粉和麸皮粉按照质量比1:1:1:1组成的混合物。
(2)加入步骤(1)所得混合物质量的45%的蜜糖水(蜜糖:水按1:2体积比混合)和15%的玉米浆(固含量为50%),用蒸汽熟化灭菌。
(3)接种13%(以熟化物料质量计)的混合菌液,调节物料湿度为55%以备发酵。混合菌液中,枯草芽孢杆菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于20亿/mL,植物乳杆菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于30亿/mL,产朊假丝酵母菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于10亿/mL。
(4)拌匀后转入发酵罐,调节发酵罐初始温度为30℃,不断监测发酵物料中心温度和pH,当中心温度超过36℃时及时倒翻,当pH下降到4.5时,发酵结束,之后在60℃热风中烘干,得发酵干料。
(5)将发酵干料与虾粉(虾皮虾头烘熟后磨成140目)按照3:1的质量比混合的干料,加到0.7倍体积的鲶鱼汁液中使鲶鱼汁液被干料吸收,加入改性淀粉作为造粒赋形剂,加入1%微量元素(铁、锌、钾和钠)、7%益生元组合物(低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚葡糖和菊粉)和2%益生菌群(嗜酸乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、粪链球菌),于造粒机中湿法造粒,烘干,分装密封保存,避免受潮。
实施例3
本实施例与实施例2相同,不同之处在于,粮食废弃物是由大豆皮粉、玉米皮粉和花生壳粉按照4:1:1的质量比混合组成。其余制备步骤和方法与实施例2相同。
实施例4
本实施例与实施例2不同之处仅在步骤(1):取普洱茶渣、构树叶和益母草冲洗净后,烘干水分,以4:4:0.5质量比混合,加入其2.5倍质量的粮食废弃物共混。其余制备步骤和方法与实施例2相同。
实施例5
本实施例与实施例2不同之处仅在步骤(5):将发酵干料与虾粉(虾皮虾头烘熟后磨成140目)按照2:1的质量比混合的干料,加到0.6倍体积的鲶鱼汁液中使鲶鱼汁液被干料吸收,加入改性淀粉作为造粒赋形剂,加入1%微量元素和0.2%磨成140目的鸡蛋壳粉和1.5%益生菌群(嗜酸乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、粪链球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌)和6.5%的益生元组合物(低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚葡糖和菊粉),于造粒机中湿法造粒,烘干,分装密封保存,避免受潮。其余制备步骤和方法与实施例2相同。
对比例1
本对比例制备的颗粒饲料,与实施例2的区别仅在于,将发酵底料中的益母草去掉,去掉部分由等量构树叶取代。
对比例2
本对比例制备的颗粒饲料,与实施例2的区别仅在于,将发酵底料中的益母草去掉,而是将益母草剁碎后与颗粒状饲料混合拌料喂鸡。
对比例3
本对比例制备的颗粒饲料,与实施例2的区别仅在于,将发酵接种的菌液中产朊假丝酵母菌去掉,但增加1倍植物乳杆菌的活菌数。
对比例4
本对比例制备的颗粒饲料,与实施例2的区别仅在于,将发酵接种的菌液中植物乳杆菌去掉,但增加1倍枯草芽孢杆菌的活菌数。
对比例5
本对比例制备的颗粒饲料,与实施例2的区别仅在于,未加入实施例1所制备的鲶鱼汁液,而以等量的无菌水代替。
在内蒙古某养鸡场进行试验,从鸡场选出健康7月龄蛋鸡(土鸡)进行分组,每组4只鸡;分别在不同的笼子中喂养。喂养饲料为实施例2-5及对比例1-5的饲料。对照组为日常喂养,养鸡饲料为:60%玉米粉+20%大豆粉+10%鱼粉+5%杂鱼粉+3.5%的微生物菌群+1.5%微量元素。每组喂养时均配加0.5%的砂砾,每天每只按220g饲料投食,水量为自由饮水。连续喂养21天(3周)之后,采集每组鸡的产蛋情况,采集时间为25天(25天仍按照前21天的喂养方式喂养)。采集参数包括:产蛋率、单颗蛋重、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、蛋清中蛋白含量、胆固醇含量等。以100枚为理论值,产蛋率=实际产蛋数/100×100%。单颗蛋重为取10天实际产蛋的平均值来计。蛋壳强度用质构仪测定(蛋壳的强度是指蛋壳耐压程度的大小。单位MPa),螺旋测微仪测定蛋壳厚度。蛋白含量以蛋清中所含蛋白计,胆固醇含量以100g鸡蛋所含胆固醇计。采集结果如下表:
;
由上表可知,本发明制备的饲料可提高蛋鸡产蛋率,鸡蛋单重、增大蛋壳厚度和强度,尤其可显著降低鸡蛋胆固醇含量和提高蛋清中蛋白质含量。在喂养的46天内每天观察,各组均未见稀便和消化不良的情况,鸡蛋清洁度良好。其中对比例3中未接种产朊假丝酵母菌,发酵干料植物粗蛋白成分含量较低,蛋清中蛋白含量下降。对比例2中将益母草直接剁碎后喂鸡,其苦涩味较明显,影响进食量,使蛋鸡产蛋率、单重、蛋白含量都较低。对比例5因未掺入鲶鱼汁液,饲料营养成分不够全面,活性多肽和氨基酸含量低,尽管喂养后鸡蛋中胆固醇有显著下降,但蛋鸡产蛋率、单重、蛋清蛋白含量、壳厚和壳强度都下降明显。
最后应说明的是:以上各实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述各实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,均不脱离本发明的技术方案范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、将鲶鱼废料与水混合打浆,经过酶解和美拉德反应,得鲶鱼汁液;所述鲶鱼废料包含鲶鱼皮、内脏和鱼骨;其中内脏的质量比例不超过20%,鱼骨的质量比例为30-50%;打浆时,将鲶鱼废料与灭菌水按照1:0.8-1.2的体积比混合,在打浆机中打浆;
所述酶解条件为:采用磁性生物炭固定化蛋白酶进行酶解,所述蛋白酶为碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶按照1:1-2组成的复合酶;
酶解前用氢氧化钠调节pH=8-9;酶解过程中,加入的磁性生物炭固定化蛋白酶的量以酶有效载量计,为鲶鱼废料浆料质量的0.8-1.6%;酶解温度为55-58℃,酶解时间为6-10h;酶解后,离心去渣,保留上清;
所述美拉德反应的条件为:上清液经马来酸改性活性炭吸附除重金属处理,巴氏灭菌,送入美拉德生香罐,维持温度为70-80℃,调节pH值为7-7.5,加入5-12%的葡萄糖或木糖,反应0.5-2h,得到鲶鱼汁液;
S2、将虾皮虾头熟化烘干,磨成虾粉;所述虾皮虾头采用炒制或烘制进行熟化,以利于磨粉,磨粉细度为80-140目;
S3、将茶渣、构树叶果和益母草混合打碎,加入粮食废弃物搅拌混合作为发酵底料,混合过程中加入糖蜜水和玉米浆,蒸汽熟化,接种含有枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌和产朊假丝酵母菌的菌液,调节物料湿度并转入发酵罐发酵,烘干,得发酵干料;
所述粮食废弃物包括高粱糠、稻糠、大豆皮粉、玉米皮粉、花生壳粉、红薯渣和麸皮粉中的一种或多种且至少包含大豆皮粉;
其中,枯草芽孢杆菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于20亿/mL,植物乳杆菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于30亿/mL,产朊假丝酵母菌在菌液中的活菌数不低于10亿/mL;将菌液以10-15%的质量接种待发酵的物料,调节物料湿度至38-60%,调节发酵罐初始温度为30-33℃,不断监测发酵物料中心温度和pH,当中心温度超过36℃时及时倒翻,当pH下降到4.5时,发酵结束,之后在60-80℃热风中烘干,得发酵干料;
S4、将发酵干料与鲶鱼汁液及虾粉混合,加入改性淀粉、微量元素、益生元和益生菌群,造粒烘干,即得颗粒饲料,分装密封。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,S3中,茶渣、构树叶果和益母草的质量占发酵底料总质量的20-40%,剩余部分为粮食废弃物,茶渣、构树叶果和益母草的质量比为4-5:4-5:0.5-1;糖蜜水为糖蜜融化在2-3倍体积的水中制得,玉米浆固含量为40-50%,糖蜜水添加量为发酵底料质量的40-50%,玉米浆添加量为发酵底料质量的10-15%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,S4中,发酵干料与虾粉按照2-3:1的质量比混合的干料,将干料加到0.5-0.7倍体积的鲶鱼汁液中使鲶鱼汁液被干料吸收,搅拌后,加入改性淀粉作为造粒赋形剂,加入微量元素和益生菌群,于造粒机中湿法造粒,烘干,即得产品,密封干燥保存。
4.根据权利要求1或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,S4中,所述益生菌群包含嗜酸乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、粪链球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌;所述微量元素包含铁、锌、钠、钾和钙;所述益生元为低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚葡糖和菊粉中的至少一种。
5.一种低胆固醇高蛋白鸡蛋专用饲料,其采用权利要求1-4任一项所述的制备方法制得。
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