CN117043540A - 用于热交换器的管及其制造方法 - Google Patents

用于热交换器的管及其制造方法 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN117043540A
CN117043540A CN202280021592.8A CN202280021592A CN117043540A CN 117043540 A CN117043540 A CN 117043540A CN 202280021592 A CN202280021592 A CN 202280021592A CN 117043540 A CN117043540 A CN 117043540A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
material layer
tube
deposition
heat exchanger
zinc
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202280021592.8A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
C·卡塞纳韦
K·马德里
M·古尔巴
K·贾沃斯卡
F·鲁塞克
L·比亚洛
T·斯特拉梅基
M·菲利普
A·贝利-扎塔
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS filed Critical Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
Publication of CN117043540A publication Critical patent/CN117043540A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0012—Brazing heat exchangers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/20—Preliminary treatment of work or areas to be soldered, e.g. in respect of a galvanic coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
    • C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
    • C23C28/025—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only with at least one zinc-based layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/131—Wire arc spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/14—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying for coating elongate material
    • C23C4/16—Wires; Tubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/18—After-treatment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/03—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
    • F28D1/0391—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits a single plate being bent to form one or more conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/022—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with multiple channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
    • F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
    • F28F19/06—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings of metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/084—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from aluminium or aluminium alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/089—Coatings, claddings or bonding layers made from metals or metal alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
    • F28F9/16—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling
    • F28F9/18—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling by welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/06—Tubes
    • B23K2101/08—Tubes finned or ribbed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/14—Heat exchangers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/34—Coated articles, e.g. plated or painted; Surface treated articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/08—Non-ferrous metals or alloys
    • B23K2103/10—Aluminium or alloys thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/126—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element consisting of zig-zag shaped fins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2255/00—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes
    • F28F2255/16—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes extruded
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
    • F28F2275/04—Fastening; Joining by brazing

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

本发明的目的尤其是一种用于热交换器(1)的管(4)，包括由轻质金属合金制成的管结构(4a)，其中管结构(4a)包括内表面(4b)和外表面(4b)，管(4)还包括：在管结构(4a)的外表面(4c)上的第一材料层(100)，第一材料层(100)具有与管结构(4a)不同的化学组成；在第一材料层(100)上的第二材料层(200)，第二材料层(200)具有与管结构(4a)和第一材料层(100)不同的化学组成，其中第一材料层(100)包括具有低于管结构(4a)的伽伐尼电势的金属材料，其特征在于，第一材料层(100)包括在第一材料层(100)内的锌颗粒的沉积，其中锌的沉积不少于3g/m2且不多于7g/m2，并且第二材料层(200)至少包括铝硅化合物，其中第二材料层(200)内的铝硅化合物的沉积不少于14g/m2且不多于16g/m2。

Description

用于热交换器的管及其制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及管。特别地，本发明涉及用于热交换器的管及其制造方法。
背景技术
汽车的一些热交换器置于汽车前面，因此会受到腐蚀，特别是被周围空气腐蚀。
本发明的目的旨在限定一种在通常在受控气氛下进行钎焊的热交换器的铝管上引入焊料(filler metal)和腐蚀防护的方法。关于挤压管，冶金挤压工艺不允许引入焊料作为轧制铝工艺。下述方法限定了用于管的腐蚀防护方案，特别是在受控气氛下的钎焊前后。
已知几种用于挤压管的涂层技术，其目的是保护管免受腐蚀并为钎焊提供焊料。已知的用于热交换器的管及其涂层方法将在后面的段落中进行讨论。
一种已知的方法是用锌金属涂覆热交换器的管。此外，翅片被包覆并在钎焊工艺中引入焊料。在这种翅片与管的组合中，翅片是通过已知的层压工艺制作的包覆材料。
另一种方法公开了通过锌电弧喷涂(ZAS)法制作的、提供腐蚀防护的锌金属，其中将液态锌喷涂到管的表面上，以沉积约6-7g/m2(作为标称值)的锌。这种方法包括高水平的公差(即：3g/m2)，以确保完全覆盖管的表面，并补偿锌的不均匀分布。
本发明旨在通过提供一种管来缓和现有技术的缺陷，该管不需要覆层，而是提供腐蚀防护和良好的钎焊能力。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种包括这种管的热交换器。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种制造这种管的方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的尤其是一种用于热交换器的管，该管包括由轻质金属合金制成的管结构，其中该管结构包括内表面和外表面，该管还包括：在管结构的外表面上的第一材料层，该第一材料层具有与管结构不同的化学组成；在第一材料层上的第二材料层，该第二材料层具有与管结构和第一材料层不同的化学组成，其中该第一材料层包括金属材料，该金属材料具有低于管结构的伽伐尼电势(galvanic potential)，其特征在于，该第一材料层包括锌颗粒，其中该第一材料层内的锌的沉积不少于3g/m2且不多于7g/m2，并且该第二材料层至少包括铝硅化合物，其中该第二材料层内的铝硅化合物的沉积不少于14g/m2且不多于16g/m2。
有利地，第一材料层内的锌的沉积为5g/m2。
有利地，管结构由铝合金制成，并且第一材料层直接施加到所述铝合金上。
有利地，铝硅化合物包含12.6％的硅。
有利地，第二材料层内的铝硅化合物的沉积为15g/m2。
有利地，铝硅颗粒的尺寸不小于5μm且不大于15μm。
有利地，第二材料层还包括氟化钾铝熔剂、KAlF4和粘合剂。
有利地，第二材料层内的氟化钾铝熔剂的沉积不少于6g/m2且不多于8g/m2。
有利地，第二材料层内的氟化钾铝熔剂的沉积为7g/m2。
有利地，粘合剂是有机聚合物，其中粘合剂的沉积不少于4g/m2且不多于6g/m2。
有利地，第二材料层内的有机聚合物的沉积为5g/m2。
有利地，管结构是挤压管。
本发明的另一个目的尤其是一种热交换器，该热交换器被配置为在流体之间进行热交换，该热交换器包括至少一个管。
有利地，热交换器包括：歧管；多个管，包括容纳在所述歧管中的开口端；以及多个翅片，交错在管之间。
有利地，至少一个管通过经由第二材料层的钎焊而固定在歧管之间，使得歧管彼此流体连接。
有利地，第一材料层位于外表面和歧管的钎焊至管的部分之间。
有利地，至少一个翅片通过经由第二材料层的钎焊而固定在近端的成对的管之间。
有利地，第一材料层位于外表面和翅片的钎焊至管的部分之间。
本发明的另一个目的尤其是一种制造用于热交换器的管结构的方法，包括以下步骤：提供至少一个轻质金属合金管结构；通过锌电弧喷涂法将第一材料层直接沉积到管的外表面上，其中将液态锌喷涂到管的表面上以沉积大约5g/m2的锌，从而提供该外表面的完全覆盖和锌的均匀分布；将第二材料层沉积到第一材料层上；以及干燥第一材料层和第二材料层。
附图说明
参考附图，本发明的示例将变得显而易见并被详细描述，其中:
图1示出了根据第一示例的管的剖视图。
图2示出了根据第二示例的管的剖视图。
图3示出了包括图1或图2中所示的至少一个管的热交换器的示意图。
图4示出了管与歧管的组件的剖视图。
图5示出了管与翅片的组件的剖视图。
图6示出了制造图1和图2的管的工艺。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及用于热交换器的管。特别地，本发明涉及适用于比如冷凝器、蒸发器、气体冷却器和制冷机等的热交换器的管。应当注意的是，本发明也可以涉及用于比如散热器等的热交换器的其他类型的管。
图1和图2示出了包括管结构4a的管4的示例性剖视图。管结构4a可以指挤压和折叠两种类型的管。管结构4a可以包括伸长轴。图1和图2所示的横截面是在垂直于管结构4a的主伸长轴的平面内选择的。至少一个管结构4a可以包括内表面4b和外表面4c。管4的内表面4b可被定义为是管结构4a内的一个或多个通道的表面。在图1中，内表面4b被描绘为是用于流体的单个通道的表面，而图2中描绘的管4包括用于流体的多个通道，因此其包括多个内表面4b。管结构4a的外表面4c是管4的一部分，在管4的操作模式期间，该部分提供至少一个将一种流体与另一种流体流体隔离的壁。术语“操作模式”可以基于管4的一个或多个通道内存在用于热交换的流体来定义。
应当注意的是，术语“管结构”可以指在挤压工艺中制成的管，以及在不同工艺中制成的管，例如折叠工艺等。
如图1和图2中进一步所示，管4还可以包括至少一个第一材料层100，其被配置为覆盖管4的整个外表面4c。此外，第一材料层100可以粘附到管结构4a的外表面4c，以确保完全覆盖管结构4a的外表面4c并补偿材料的不均匀分布。
管结构4a可以由轻质金属合金制成，例如铝合金。第一材料层100可以具有与管结构4a不同的化学性质。换句话说，第一材料层100可以由与管结构4a的材料具有不同化学性质的材料制成。第一材料层100可以包括具有比管结构4a低的伽伐尼电势的金属材料。换句话说，第一材料层100被配置为防止管结构4a的至少外表面4b的腐蚀。例如，第一材料层100可以由比如锌(Zn)的金属材料制成。
为了向管结构4a提供防腐蚀防护，第一材料层100上的Zn的沉积可以不少于3g/m2且不多于7g/m2。
当锌的沉积为前述段落中给出的范围的中间值时，即：当第一材料层100上的锌的沉积为大约5g/m2时，可以观察到最佳的防腐蚀特征。特别地，第一材料层100上的锌的沉积可以为5.04g/m2。
如图1和图2进一步所示，管4可以包括第二材料层200，其被配置为覆盖整个第一材料层100。换句话说，第二材料层200施加在由第一材料层100产生的表面上。由于第二材料层200可以包括几种成分，所以第二材料层200可以包括与管结构4a和第一材料层100不同的化学性质。施加第二材料层200的目的是提供允许将管4固定到例如热交换器1的歧管上以及将翅片固定在多个管4之间的表面。固定装置的例子将在后面的段落中讨论。
如图1和图2进一步所示，管4可以包括至少一个第二材料层200。第二材料层200可以至少包括铝硅(AlSi)化合物。铝硅化合物可以增强管4与其它子部件的固定，例如通过钎焊的固定。更具体地，铝硅可以在钎焊过程中用作焊料。
为了在管4和其他子部件之间提供牢固的流体密封连接，可以选择AlSi12.6化合物。AlSi12.6应该被认为是包含少于12.6％的硅的Al-Si化合物。这个特征防止了管结构4a的缺陷，这些缺陷可能是由大的硅颗粒或硅颗粒的聚集引起的，因为AlSi12.6颗粒是球状的，并且它们比常规的硅颗粒更软。
应当注意的是，管结构4a、第一材料层100和第二材料层可以包括厚度，其中每个单独的厚度可以在垂直于管结构4a的伸长轴的方向上测得。因此，管结构4a的厚度可以标记为Ts。第一材料层100的厚度可以标记为T1。第二材料层200的厚度可以标记为T2。因此，总厚度Tt可以定义为是管结构4a的厚度Ts、第一材料层100的厚度T1和第二材料层200的厚度T2的总和。管结构Ts的厚度可以大于第一材料层100和第二材料层200的厚度之和。
此外，第二材料层200内的AlSi12.6化合物的量可以不少于14g/m2且不多于16g/m2。优选地，第二材料层200内的AlSi12.6化合物的量特别为15g/m2。此外，铝硅颗粒的尺寸不小于5μm且不大于15μm，即：5-15微米，使得AlSi铝硅颗粒尺寸不大于第一材料层T1的厚度。
为了进一步促进管4的钎焊能力，第二材料层200可以包括氟化钾铝焊剂(KAlF4)和粘合剂。氟化钾铝焊剂(KAlF4)增强了铝的软钎焊和硬钎焊，而粘合剂有助于将固体组合物粘附在管4的表面上。
为了实现上述效果，可能优选的是，第二材料层200内的氟化铝的沉积不少于6g/m2且不多于8g/m2。特别地，第二材料层200内的氟化铝的沉积尤其可以是7g/m2。甚至更精确地，第二材料层200内的氟化铝的沉积可以是7.04g/m2。
此外，可能优选的是，粘合剂可为有机聚合物的形式，且该有机聚合物的沉积不少于4g/m2且不多于6g/m2。特别地，第二材料层200内的有机聚合物的沉积可以特别地为5g/m2。甚至更精确地，粘合剂的沉积可以特别地为5.15g/m2。
图3示出了热交换器1的示意图，该热交换器被配置为在流体之间进行热交换，包括至少一个管4。第一流体例如为制冷剂，比如R134a、R1234yf、R744或R290，其可以在热交换器1内流通，而第二流体例如为冲压空气，其可以被输送以冷却第一流体。
热交换器1可以包括歧管2、3以及多个管4，管4包括容纳在歧管2、3中的开口端。这些管4可以沿着它们的总伸长轴延伸，使得它们的开口端可以被引入到相应的歧管2、3中，从而在这些子部件之间提供流体连通。热交换器1还可以包括在管4之间交错的翅片5。通常，歧管2、3可以与入口和/或出口流体连接，然而，为了附图的清楚起见，这些子部件已经被省略。
图4示出了管4和歧管2、3的组件的剖视图。
如图3和图4所示，至少一个管4可以通过经由第二材料层200的钎焊而固定在歧管2、3之间，使得歧管2、3彼此流体连接。
如图4进一步所示，第一材料层100可以位于管结构4a的外表面4c和歧管2、3的钎焊到管4上的部分之间。得益于之前讨论的特定的锌沉积，第一材料层100不会由于例如钎焊工艺之后的扩散而劣化。
图5示出了管4和翅片5的组件的剖视图。
如图5所示，至少一个翅片5可以通过经由第二材料层200的钎焊而固定在近端的成对的管4之间。此外，第一材料层100可以位于管结构4a的外表面4c和翅片5的钎焊到管4上的部分之间。
如前面段落中所讨论的，为了向管结构4a提供防腐蚀防护，第一材料层100上的Zn的沉积可以不少于3g/m2且不多于7g/m2。此外，在该特定范围内的Zn的沉积防止了在管结构4a之间交错的翅片5由于将管4固定到歧管2、3上所伴随的应力(例如在这些子部件的钎焊期间)而对热交换器1造成机械破坏。因此，锌沉积的上述范围对于提供足够的耐腐蚀性是最佳的，并且还确保了热交换器1的结构的机械耐性。
此外，前述AlSi12.6颗粒允许从翅片5移除覆层，并且它们允许与翅片或歧管2、3产生直接的钎焊接头。
因此，焊剂防止了钎焊期间铝表面的氧化，并允许AlSi12的良好润湿性，而粘结剂允许保持管4上的第二材料层200的成分。
本发明的目的在于限定一种方法，用于在通常在受控气氛下被钎焊的热交换器1的管结构4a上引入焊料和腐蚀防护。关于挤压管，冶金挤压工艺不允许在已知的铝轧制工艺中引入焊料。下面描述的方法限定了用于管结构4a的腐蚀防护方案。
该方法可以包括如图6所示以及在其他段落中描述的几个步骤。
最初，第一步骤可以是：为热交换器1提供1000至少一个铝制挤压管结构4a。
接下来，可将第一材料层100直接沉积2000到管结构4a的外表面4c上。第一材料层的沉积可以通过锌电弧喷涂(ZAS)法进行。在锌电弧喷涂过程中，管结构4a可以被喷丸处理到特定等级，这为锌的附着提供了满足要求的表面。喷丸处理后，可以涂覆锌保护涂层。这个过程包括将两根锌丝放入焊枪，使其带电，一根带正电，一根带负电。锌丝被压在一起形成电弧，使锌丝熔融。然后，压缩空气通过喷嘴，该喷嘴使熔融金属雾化并将其喷涂到管结构4a的外表面4c上。与表面接触后，颗粒在该表面上压平、冻结并机械结合，首先结合到外表面4c上，然后随着涂层厚度的增加而相互结合。
将液态锌喷涂到管的表面上，以沉积大约5g/m2的锌，从而提供了外表面4c的完全覆盖和锌的均匀分布。应当注意的是，第一材料层100覆盖管4的开口端之间的整个外表面4c。喷涂在外表面4a上的第一材料层100最初是热的。在施加第二材料层200之前，可以将第一材料层100冷却到室温。因此，第一材料层被干燥2500，以便获得管4的最大腐蚀防护。
接下来，可将第二材料层200沉积3000到第一材料层100上。第二材料层可以包括AlSi(10-14％)、KAlF4焊剂和粘合剂的混合物，其接近共晶AlSi12.6％的成分，从而将涂层固定到第一材料层100上。包含焊料和焊剂的第二材料层200允许在受控气氛下对管4进行钎焊。可选地，第二材料层200可以包括表面张力添加剂，以促进第二材料层200的均匀性。然后，第二材料层200可以被干燥3500，从而获得管4的最大钎焊能力。
包括层100和200的管4可以进一步被切割成期望的长度，并且堆叠在歧管2、3之间，使得热交换器1可以被组装。为了在流体之间提供更好的热交换，在形成管的堆叠之前，将翅片与管4交错设置。
为了完成热交换器1的生产过程，管4的第二材料层200可以被钎焊到歧管2、3和翅片5的至少一部分上，使得热交换器1准备好运行。
通过研究附图、公开内容和所附权利要求，本领域技术人员在实践所要求保护的发明时可以理解和实施所公开的实施例的其他变型。在相互不同的从属权利要求中引用某些措施的事实并不表示不能有利地使用这些措施的组合。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于热交换器(1)的管(4)，包括由轻质金属合金制成的管结构(4a)，其中所述管结构(4a)包括内表面(4b)和外表面(4b)，所述管(4)还包括:
在所述管结构(4a)的外表面(4c)上的第一材料层(100)，所述第一材料层(100)具有与所述管结构(4a)不同的化学组成，
在所述第一材料层(100)上的第二材料层(200)，所述第二材料层(200)具有与所述管结构(4a)和所述第一材料层(100)不同的化学组成，其中所述第一材料层(100)包括金属材料，所述金属材料具有低于所述管结构(4a)的伽伐尼电势，其特征在于，所述第一材料层(100)包括在所述第一材料层(100)内的锌颗粒的沉积，其中锌的沉积不少于3g/m2且不多于7g/m2，并且所述第二材料层(200)至少包括铝硅化合物，其中所述第二材料层(200)内的铝硅化合物的沉积不少于14g/m2且不多于16g/m2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述第一材料层(100)内的锌的沉积为5g/m2。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述管结构(4a)由铝合金制成，并且所述第一材料层(100)直接施加到所述铝合金上。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述铝硅化合物包含12.6％的硅。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述第二材料层(200)内的铝硅化合物的沉积特别地为15g/m2。
6.根据权利要求4和5所述的管(4)，其特征在于，铝硅颗粒的尺寸不小于5μm且不大于15μm。
7.根据前一权利要求所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述第二材料层(200)还包括氟化钾铝熔剂和粘合剂。
8.根据前一权利要求所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述第二材料层(200)内的氟化钾铝熔剂的沉积不少于6g/m2且不多于8g/m2。
9.根据前一权利要求所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述第二材料层(200)内的氟化钾铝熔剂的沉积为7g/m2。
10.根据权利要求7所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述粘合剂是有机聚合物，其中所述粘合剂的沉积不少于4g/m2且不多于6g/m2。
11.根据前一权利要求所述的管(4)，其特征在于，所述第二材料层(200)内的有机聚合物的沉积为5g/m2。
12.一种热交换器(1)，被配置为在流体之间进行热交换，包括至少一个根据权利要求1所述的管(4)。
13.根据权利要求13所述的热交换器(1)，其特征在于，所述热交换器(1)包括：歧管(2、3)；多个管(4)，包括容纳在所述歧管(2、3)中的开口端；以及多个翅片(5)，交错在所述管(4)之间，其中至少一个管(4)通过经由第二材料层(200)的钎焊而固定在所述歧管(2、3)之间，使得所述歧管(2、3)流体连接。
14.根据权利要求13所述的热交换器(1)，其特征在于，所述第一材料层(100)位于所述外表面(4c)和所述翅片(5)的钎焊至所述管(4)的部分之间。
15.一种制造用于热交换器(1)的管(4)的方法，包括以下步骤：
提供(1000)轻质金属合金管结构(4a)，
通过锌电弧喷涂法，将第一材料层(100)直接沉积(2000)到所述管结构(4a)的外表面(4c)上，其中将液态锌喷涂到所述外表面(4c)上，以沉积大约5g/m2的锌，从而提供所述外表面(4c)的完全覆盖和锌的均匀分布，
干燥(2500)所述第一材料层(100)，
将第二材料层(200)沉积(3000)到所述第一材料层(100)上，以及
干燥(3500)所述第二材料层(200)。
CN202280021592.8A 2021-03-15 2022-02-16 用于热交换器的管及其制造方法 Pending CN117043540A (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP21162573.6A EP4060278A1 (en) 2021-03-15 2021-03-15 A tube for a heat exchanger and a method for manufacturing thereof
EP21162573.6 2021-03-15
PCT/EP2022/053844 WO2022194475A1 (en) 2021-03-15 2022-02-16 A tube for a heat exchanger and a method for manufacturing thereof

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN117043540A true CN117043540A (zh) 2023-11-10

Family

ID=74874712

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202280021592.8A Pending CN117043540A (zh) 2021-03-15 2022-02-16 用于热交换器的管及其制造方法

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP4060278A1 (zh)
CN (1) CN117043540A (zh)
WO (1) WO2022194475A1 (zh)

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4413526B2 (ja) * 2003-05-06 2010-02-10 三菱アルミニウム株式会社 熱交換器用チューブ
JP6294537B1 (ja) * 2017-01-20 2018-03-14 三菱アルミニウム株式会社 ろう付け用混合組成物塗料
JP2019070499A (ja) * 2017-10-11 2019-05-09 株式会社ケーヒン・サーマル・テクノロジー 熱交換器の製造方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP4060278A1 (en) 2022-09-21
WO2022194475A1 (en) 2022-09-22

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US10386134B2 (en) Heat transfer tube and method for producing same
US4901908A (en) Aluminum material for brazing, method of manufacturing same, and method of manufacturing heat exchanger made of aluminum alloy
US6997371B2 (en) Thermal spray application of brazing material for manufacture of heat transfer devices
US11534872B2 (en) Mixed composition coating material for brazing
US9534851B2 (en) Method for anticorrosion treatment of outer surface of heat exchange tube made of aluminum extrusion and method for producing heat exchanger
EP1004390A1 (en) Method of making a braze sheet
JP2019190720A (ja) 親水性に優れた熱交換器用アルミニウムフィンと熱交換器およびその製造方法
CN117043540A (zh) 用于热交换器的管及其制造方法
EP1716266B1 (en) Tube for use in heat exchanger, method for manufacturing said tube, and heat exchanger
JP3408864B2 (ja) ろう付用防食アルミニウム材料の製造方法及びろう付方法
JP2005321186A (ja) 熱交換器用チューブ、熱交換器及びそれらの製造方法
EP1004386A1 (en) Brazed assembly and method of making same
KR20050084231A (ko) 알루미늄 합금 브레이징 재료, 브레이징용 부재, 상기재료를 사용한 브레이징 물품 및 그 제조 방법, 브레이징용열교환 튜브, 및 상기 브레이징용 열교환 튜브를 사용한열교환기 및 그 제조 방법
JP6039218B2 (ja) 熱交換器用アルミニウム合金扁平管の製造方法及び熱交換器コアの製造方法
JP6983699B2 (ja) ろう付け用混合組成物塗料
JP5877739B2 (ja) 熱交換器用アルミニウム合金扁平管及びその製造方法並びに熱交換器コア及びその製造方法
JPWO2020196763A1 (ja) ろう付け用チューブおよびその製造方法と熱交換器
CN111344530A (zh) 焊接处理后的亲水性优异的铝翅片及热交换器及其制造方法
WO2020196740A1 (ja) ろう付け用チューブおよびその製造方法と熱交換器
EP1028170A1 (en) Heat exchanger
JP3356856B2 (ja) ろう付用防食アルミニウム材料及びその製造方法
JP2004324998A (ja) 熱交換器及びその製造方法並びに熱交換器用チューブ
JPH02138455A (ja) 熱交換器用アルミ押出偏平多穴チューブの製造方法
JPH0810983A (ja) ろう付用防食アルミニウム材料の製造方法
JP2019060522A (ja) 熱交換器の製造方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination