CN116888178A - 新型共聚物 - Google Patents
新型共聚物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116888178A CN116888178A CN202280013811.8A CN202280013811A CN116888178A CN 116888178 A CN116888178 A CN 116888178A CN 202280013811 A CN202280013811 A CN 202280013811A CN 116888178 A CN116888178 A CN 116888178A
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 51
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- 125000001313 C5-C10 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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Abstract
本发明提供一种能够用于药物递送技术的新型共聚物。更详细而言,提供一种以肿瘤为标靶的药物递送载体用新型共聚物。本发明涉及一种包含下式(A)、(B)和(C)所示的结构单元的共聚物。[式中,R1、R2和R3相同地或不同地表示氢原子或C1‑3烷基,R4表示C1‑3烷基,R5表示氢原子、C1‑18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6‑18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,X1、X2和X3相同地或不同地表示氧原子、硫原子或N‑R7,R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基,R7表示氢原子或C1‑3烷基,m表示1~100的整数,n表示0~3的整数。]。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种能够用于药物递送技术的新型共聚物。更详细而言,本发明涉及一种以肿瘤为标靶的药剂递送载体用共聚物、使该共聚物担载抗癌剂等生理活性物质而成的医药用组合物、含有该组合物的医药品。
背景技术
近年来,正在积极进行有关药物递送系统(Drug delivery system,DDS)的研究,以作为有效率且安全地将药物递送至疾病部位的技术。其中,作为利用疾病部位的构造特性来提高药物聚集的选择性的技术,以纳米颗粒作为药物递送载体的DDS的需求不断提高。
例如,在实体癌组织中,由于新生血管(肿瘤血管)的构造相较在正常血管而言为未成熟,因此在血管内皮上产生数百nm左右的细胞间隙,从而物质的透过性较高。已知由于该构造上的特征使得包含纳米颗粒的高分子量体会选择性地透过肿瘤血管并聚集在实体癌组织中。进而,由于在实体癌组织中参与高分子排出的淋巴系统发生了功能障碍,故而导致所渗透的纳米颗粒持续性地滞留在组织内(Enhanced permeability and retentioneffect,EPR(高渗透性和滞留)效应)。由于通常的低分子药剂会因血管细胞的膜透过而漏出至血管外,因此会非选择性地分布在组织中,并不会聚集在实体癌组织中。根据EPR效应的方法论,利用纳米颗粒的药物递送由于在组织中的分布受到血管内皮细胞间隙的透过性支配,故而造成药物的分布在实体癌中的组织选择性提高。因此,EPR效应是开发以实体癌为标靶的纳米技术应用医药品(纳米药物)的有力的学术基础。
一般认为,EPR效应中的药物的传递过程为经由血流,且纳米颗粒的血管外渗过程为被动性。因此,为了使纳米颗粒对在实体癌中的聚集最大化,重要的是对成为药物递送载体的纳米颗粒的构成成分赋予分子设计,使其能够承受住长期的血中滞留。因此,要求药物递送载体具有避免以下屏障的能力:与血液构成成分的非特异性相互作用;肝脏、脾脏和肺中的网状内皮系统(reticuloendothelial system,RES)的异物识别;和肾脏中的肾小球过滤等。此外,已知这些屏障可通过粒径或利用生物兼容性高分子进行表面修饰等颗粒特性优化来克服。例如,药物递送载体的粒径较理想为大于属于肾清除率的阈值的约6nm,并小于可避免被RES识别的200nm。
此外,已知药物递送载体的粒径也会对疾病部位的组织渗透性产生影响。例如,对表现出同等的血中滞留性的粒径30nm、50nm、70nm和100nm的内包药物的纳米颗粒的抗癌活性进行比较研究,可知粒径30nm的内包药物的纳米颗粒由于到达至疾病部位深部,故表现出最高的治疗效果(非专利文献1)。因此,可认为以实体癌为标靶的药物递送载体用纳米颗粒的粒径较理想为在能够避免肾清除的范围内尽可能地小。
业界已开发出以下方法:使用脂质体、乳化液或纳米颗粒等胶体分散体作为药物递送载体用纳米颗粒的方法;使用白蛋白等来自生物的原料作为药物递送载体用纳米颗粒的方法;使用天然多糖类等天然高分子作为药物递送载体用纳米颗粒的方法;或者使用合成高分子作为药物递送载体用纳米颗粒的方法。其中,合成高分子由于能够通过适当选择成为构成成分的单体和合成方法而制备粒径受到精密控制的纳米颗粒,因此被广泛用作药物递送载体的构成成分。
例如,已揭示利用包含亲水性链段与疏水性链段的双亲媒性嵌段共聚物作为药物递送载体的方法。该嵌段共聚物为以分子间的疏水性相互作用等为驱动力而在水性介质中自发地缔合,形成核壳型纳米颗粒(高分子微胞)。已知该高分子微胞的疏水性链段可内包或结合低分子药剂,所得的内包药物的高分子微胞表现出较高的血中稳定性,并且通过EPR效应而选择性地聚集在实体癌中,藉此造成较低分子药剂的溶液投予更高的抗癌活性(专利文献1)。然而,由于高分子微胞为数个分子的缔合体,因此约30nm左右的粒径为能够制备的下限值,能够避免肾清除影响的粒径10nm附近的微细尺寸控制较为困难。
另一方面,已知通过合成高分子所形成的纳米颗粒的中,以单链内的化学交联、疏水性相互作用、离子键等为驱动力而形成颗粒者(以下,简称为单链纳米颗粒(singlechain nanoparticle,SCNP))是形成粒径20nm以下的小径纳米颗粒(非专利文献2)。因此,虽然SCNP被期待作为药物递送载体的有用性,但迄今为止仍未发现精密地控制其粒径的技术。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利第3270592号公报
非专利文献
非专利文献1:H.Cabral et al.,Nat.Nanotechnol.6 815-823(2011)
非专利文献2:Jose A.Pomposo,Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles:Synthesis,Characterization,Simulations,and Applications(2017)
发明内容
发明所要解决的课题
本发明的课题在于提供一种以肿瘤为标靶的药剂递送载体用共聚物。更具体而言,本发明的课题在于提供一种能够用于提高药物的血中滞留性和/或肿瘤聚集性的药物递送载体用共聚物。
用于解决课题的技术手段
本发明的发明人在为了解决上述课题而进行深入研究的过程中,发现了丙烯酸衍生物的三元共聚物会在水中形成SCNP的特性。此外,除了能够对SCNP进行20nm以下的10nm左右的微小尺度的精密粒径控制以外,还成功创制了肿瘤聚集高的药物递送载体用新型聚合物。进而,使该聚合物担载抗癌剂并投予至大肠癌皮下移植模型小鼠,结果确认到优异的抗肿瘤效果。
本发明涉及以下的发明。
[1]一种共聚物,其具有下式(A)、(B)和(C)所示的结构单元。
[式中,R1、R2和R3相同地或不同地表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,R4表示C1-3烷基,R5表示氢原子、C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,X1、X2和X3相同地或不同地表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基,R7表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,m表示1~100的整数,n表示0~3的整数]
[2]一种共聚物,其为通过下述通式(1)~(3)所示的3种单体聚合而形成的共聚物:
[式中,R1、R2和R3相同地或不同地表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,R4表示C1-3烷基,R5表示氢原子、C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,X1、X2和X3相同地或不同地表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基,R7表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,m表示1~100的整数,n表示0~3的整数]。
[3]如上述[1]或[2]所述的共聚物,其中,R1为氢原子。
[4]如上述[1]~[3]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R2为氢原子。
[5]如上述[1]~[4]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R3为氢原子。
[6]如上述[1]~[5]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R4为甲基。
[7]如上述[1]~[6]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R5为可具有取代基的C6-18芳基。
[8]如上述[1]~[7]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R5为苯基。
[9]如上述[1]~[8]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R6为氢原子。
[10]如上述[1]~[8]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R6的离去基团为下式(4):
[11]如上述[1]~[8]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,R6的连接基选自下式(5)~(7):
[12]如上述[1]~[11]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,X1为氧原子。
[13]如上述[1]~[12]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,X2为氧原子。
[14]如上述[1]~[13]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,X3为氧原子。
[15]如上述[1]~[14]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,m为4~22的整数。
[16]如上述[1]~[15]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,n为1。
[17]如上述[1]~[16]中任一项所述的共聚物,其中,结构单元(A)、(B)、(C)的比率为,相对于(A)1质量份,由0.01~100质量份的(B)与0.1~100质量份的(C)构成。
[18]如上述[2]~[16]中任一项所述的共聚物,其为相对于单体(1)1质量份,使0.01~100质量份的单体(2)和0.1~100质量份的单体(3)聚合而成的共聚物。
[19]如上述[1]~[18]中任一项所述的共聚物,其数均分子量为5000~150000。
[20]一种单链纳米颗粒,其包含上述[1]~[19]中任一项所述的共聚物。
[21]一种医药组合物,其包含上述[1]~[19]中任一项所述的共聚物。
发明的效果
根据后述的实施例可知,使通过本发明的共聚物的自缔合所得的SCNP上担载抗癌剂所得者,在荷癌小鼠模型中表现出肿瘤增大抑制效果,因此适合用作为恶性肿瘤的治疗剂。使通过本发明的共聚物的自缔合所得的SCNP上担载抗癌剂所得者,在低用量下具有较高的肿瘤增大抑制效果,故而可提供一种能够兼顾药理作用增强与副作用抑制的恶性肿瘤治疗剂。
附图说明
图1为表示针对实施例1中所得的共聚物,使用核磁共振(Nuclear magneticresonance,NMR)进行测定所得的1H-NMR谱的图。
图2为表示针对实施例1中所得的共聚物,通过凝胶渗透色谱法(Gel permeationchromatography,GPC)所得的色谱图的图。
图3为表示内包DACHPt前的共聚物(实施例69)和内包DACHPt的SCNP(实施例70)在动态光散射法(Dynamic light scattering,DLS)中的粒径测定结果(散射强度分布)的图。
图4为表示对小鼠大肠癌细胞株(C26)的背部皮下移植模型小鼠每隔一天投予3次奥沙利铂溶液或内包DACHPt的SCNP(实施例70)时的相对肿瘤体积的变化的图。
具体实施方式
关于本说明书中所使用的用语,除特别提及的情形以外,以该领域中通常使用的含义来使用。以下对本发明进一步详细地进行说明。
在本说明书中,“纳米颗粒”是指具有100nm以下的粒径的构造体。
在本说明书中,“单链纳米颗粒(SCNP,single chain nanoparticle)”是指以单链内的化学交联、疏水性相互作用和离子键结等为驱动力而形成的纳米颗粒。大多具有20nm以下的纳米颗粒中较小的粒径。
在本说明书中,“起始剂”意指偶氮化合物或过氧化物等热自由基聚合的起始剂。
在本说明书中,“链转移剂”是指在自由基聚合中会产生链转移反应的化合物,优选为具有硫羰基的化合物。
在本说明书中,“C1-3烷基”意指直链或支链的碳原子数1~3的烷基,可以举出例如:甲基、乙基、正丙基和异丙基。
在本说明书中,“C1-18烷基”意指直链或支链的碳原子数1~18的烷基,可以举出例如:甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、十七烷基和十八烷基等。
在本说明书中,“可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基”意指碳原子数3~8的环状烷基,可以举出例如:环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基和环辛基等。取代基并无特别限制,可以举出例如:卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基、碳原子数2~6的炔基、羟基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧基、氨基、碳原子数1~6的烷基氨基、烷基相同或不同的碳原子数1~6的二烷基氨基、硫醇基、碳原子数1~6的烷硫基、羧基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧羰基、和氨基甲酰基等。
在本说明书中,“可具有取代基的C6-18芳基”意指单环式或缩环多环式的芳香族烃基,可以举出例如:苯基、萘基、蒽基、菲基、联三苯基、芘基、屈基(chrysenyl group)和稠四苯基(naphthacenyl group)等。取代基并无特别限制,可以举出例如:卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基、碳原子数2~6的炔基、羟基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧基、氨基、碳原子数1~6的烷基氨基、烷基相同或不同的碳原子数1~6的二烷基氨基、硫醇基、碳原子数1~6的烷硫基、羧基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧羰基、和氨基甲酰基等。
在本说明书中,“可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基”意指构成环的原子除碳原子以外,还包含选自氮原子、氧原子和硫原子中的1~4个杂原子的5~10员单环芳香族杂环基或缩合芳香族杂环基。作为单环芳香族杂环基,可以举出例如:呋喃基、噻吩基、吡咯基、吡啶基、吡嗪(pyrazinyl)基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、咪唑基、吡嗪(pyrazyl)基、噻唑基、噁唑基、异噁唑基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、1,2,3-三唑基、1,2,4-三唑基和四唑基等。作为缩合芳香族杂环基,可以举出例如:苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、喹喔啉基、吲哚基、异吲哚基、异苯并呋喃基、苯并二氢吡喃基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并噁唑基、喹啉基和异喹啉基等。取代基并无特别限制,可以举出例如:卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基、碳原子数2~6的炔基、羟基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧基、氨基、碳原子数1~6的烷基氨基、烷基相同或不同的碳原子数1~6的二烷基氨基、硫醇基、碳原子数1~6的烷硫基、羧基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧羰基、和氨基甲酰基等。
在本说明书中,作为“卤素原子”,可例举氟原子、氯原子、溴原子和碘原子等。
在本发明的共聚物中,结构单元(A)作为赋予亲水性的单元发挥功能,结构单元(B)作为赋予疏水性的单元发挥功能。此外,结构单元(C)作为供有效成分(药物、生理活性物质)与共聚物结合的支架发挥功能。本发明的共聚物由于具有这3种结构单元,故具有在水中形成SCNP的特性,所形成的SCNP能够实现20nm以下的微小尺度的精密粒径控制,从而作为肿瘤聚集性较高的药物递送载体发挥功能。
结构单元(A)中的R1表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,优选为氢原子、甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,更优选为氢原子。
X1表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,优选为氧原子、硫原子或NH,更优选为氧原子。
m表示1~100的整数,优选为3~100的整数,从赋予良好亲水性的方面考虑,优选为3~80,更优选为4~60,进而优选为4~40,进而更优选为4~22。
R4表示C1-3烷基,具体而言为甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,优选为甲基或乙基,更优选为甲基。
结构单元(B)中的R2表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,优选为氢原子、甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,更优选为氢原子。
X2表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,优选为氧原子、硫原子或NH,更优选为氧原子。
n表示0~3的整数,优选为1~3的整数,更优选为1。
R5表示氢原子、C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,从对结构单元(B)赋予疏水性的方面考虑,优选为C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,更优选为C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,进而更优选为C1-18烷基、3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基或C6-18芳基。此外,另一方面,也优选为可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-14芳基或可具有取代基的6~10员杂芳基。此处,作为取代基,优选为选自卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基和碳原子数2~6的炔基中的1种或2种以上。
结构单元(C)中的R3表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,优选为氢原子、甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,更优选为氢原子。
X3表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,优选为氧原子、硫原子或NH,更优选为氧原子。
R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基。该离去基团为结构单元(C)与药物(生理活性物质)结合时能够脱离的基团,连接基为在结构单元(C)与药物(生理活性物质)结合时可用于桥接的基团。作为这些离去基团或连接基,优选为可具有取代基的C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、和可具有取代基的C7-19芳烷基。此处,作为取代基,可以举出例如:卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基、碳原子数2~6的炔基、羟基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧基、氨基、碳原子数1~6的烷基氨基、烷基相同或不同的碳原子数1~6的二烷基氨基、硫醇基、碳原子数1~6的烷硫基、羧基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧羰基、和氨基甲酰基等。这些基团中,作为连接基,优选为具有羟基、氨基、硫醇基、羧基等官能团作为取代基的基团。
作为R6的离去基团的优选具体例,可以举出例如下式(4):
作为R6的连接基的优选具体例,可以举出例如选自下式(5)~(7)中的基团:
本发明的共聚物为具有式(A)、(B)和(C)所示的结构单元的共聚物。该共聚物可为无规共聚物,也可为嵌段共聚物,优选为无规共聚物。一分子中各结构单元的组成比率优选为在将(A)设为1质量份时,(B)为0.01~100质量份且(C)为0.1~100质量份的比率,更优选为在将(A)设为1质量份时,(B)为0.05~18质量份且(C)为0.1~20质量份的比率,特别优选为在将(A)设为1质量份时,(B)为0.7~0.9质量份且(C)为0.1~0.3质量份的比率。
本发明的共聚物的聚合度并无特别限定,以数均分子量计,优选为5000~150000,更优选为8000~150000。
在本发明的共聚物中,如上所述,通式(1)所示的单体作为赋予亲水性的单元发挥功能,通式(2)所示的单体作为赋予疏水性的单元发挥功能。此外,通式(3)所示的单体作为供药物与共聚物结合的支架发挥功能。关于通式(2)所示的作为疏水性单元发挥功能的单体,例如可例示下式所示的单体:
通式(1)中,R1表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,优选为氢原子、甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,更优选为氢原子。
通式(2)中,R2表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,优选为氢原子、甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,更优选为氢原子。
通式(3)中,R3表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,优选为氢原子、甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,更优选为氢原子。
通式(1)中,R4表示C1-3烷基,具体而言为甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基,优选为甲基或乙基,更优选为甲基。
通式(1)中,X1表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,优选为氧原子、硫原子或NH,更优选为氧原子。
通式(1)中,m表示1~100的整数,从赋予良好亲水性的方面考虑,优选为3~80,更优选为4~60,进而优选为4~40,进而更优选为4~22。
通式(2)中、R5表示氢原子、C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,从对结构单元(B)赋予疏水性的方面考虑,优选为C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,更优选为C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,进而优选为C1-18烷基、3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基或C6-18芳基。此外,另一方面,也优选为可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-14芳基或可具有取代基的6~10员杂芳基。此处,作为取代基,优选为选自卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基和碳原子数2~6的炔基中的1种或2种以上。
通式(2)中,X2表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,优选为氧原子、硫原子或NH,更优选为氧原子。
通式(2)中,n表示0~3的整数,优选为1~3,更优选为1。
通式(3)中,R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基。作为这些离去基团或连接基,优选为可具有取代基的C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、和可具有取代基的C7-19芳烷基。此处,作为取代基,可以举出例如:卤素原子、碳原子数1~6的烷基、碳原子数2~6的烯基、碳原子数2~6的炔基、羟基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧基、氨基、碳原子数1~6的烷基氨基、烷基相同或不同的碳原子数1~6的二烷基氨基、硫醇基、碳原子数1~6的烷硫基、羧基、碳原子数1~6的烷氧羰基、和氨基甲酰基等。这些基中,作为连接基,优选为具有羟基、氨基、硫醇基、羧基等官能团作为取代基的基团。
作为R6的离去基团的优选具体例,可以举出例如下式(4):
作为R6的连接基的优选具体例,可以举出例如选自下式(5)~(7)中的基团:
通式(3)中,X3表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,优选为氧原子、硫原子或NH,更优选为氧原子。
本发明的共聚物为通过使通式(1)~(3)所示的3种单体共聚合而形成的共聚物。共聚合可为无规共聚合也可为嵌段共聚合,优选为通过无规共聚合而形成。关于3种单体的调配比,在将单体(1)的质量份设为1时,优选为使0.01~100质量份的单体(2)和0.1~100质量份的单体(3)聚合,更优选为使0.05~18质量份的单体(2)和0.1~20质量份的单体(3)聚合,特别优选为使0.7~0.9质量份的单体(2)和0.1~0.3质量份的单体(3)聚合。
此外,在本发明的共聚物也包括配位有各种溶剂类的“溶剂合物”。在本说明书中,作为“溶剂合物”,可以举出例如:水合物或乙醇合物等。溶剂可相对于本发明的共聚物以任意的数量配位。
在本说明书中,“医药组合物”意指在本发明的共聚物上通过静电相互作用、氢键、疏水性相互作用或共价键等作用等而担载有可用于疾病的诊断、预防或治疗的有效成分(药物、生理活性物质)者。作为担载的形态,在共聚物形成纳米颗粒的情况下,可以举出例如药物存在于颗粒表面上的形态或在纳米颗粒中内包有药物的形态、或者这些的组合形态。
本发明的共聚物可通过各种公知的方法来制造。制造方法并无特别限定,例如可依据以下所述的基本的高分子合成方法来制造。
[式中,R'表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,R"表示上述R4、R5或R6所示的基]
本反应表示使单体(I)与链转移剂(II)和起始剂反应来制造聚合物(III)的步骤。本反应可在无溶剂的情况下进行,或者在甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇等醇类;二乙醚、四氢呋喃、1,4-二噁烷等醚类;苯、甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族烃类;二氯甲烷、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷等卤代烃类;和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈、乙酸乙酯等溶剂中进行,优选为使用甲苯、二甲苯等芳香族烃类作为溶剂。作为链转移剂,可使用:2-(十二烷基硫基硫代羰基硫基)-2-甲基丙酸(2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid,DDMAT)、氰甲基十二烷基三硫代碳酸酯(cyanomethyldodecyltrithiocarbonate,CDTTC)、2-氰基-2-丙基十二烷基三硫代碳酸酯(2-cyano-2-propyldodecyl trithiocarbonate,CPDTTC)和4-氰基-4-[[(十二烷基硫基)硫代羰基]硫基]戊酸(4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanyl-thiocarbonyl)sulfanyl]pentanoic acid,CDSPA)等,优选为使用DDMAT。
在使用链转移剂进行聚合的情形时,本发明的共聚物采用局部结合有链转移剂的构造的一部分或全部的构造。在共聚物包含链转移剂的构造的情况下,可通过适当的方法将该构造去除。作为起始剂,可使用:2,2'-偶氮二异丁腈(2,2'-azobis-isobutyronitrile,AIBN)、1,1'-偶氮二(环己烷甲腈)(1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile),ACHN)、2,2'-偶氮二(2-甲基丁腈)(2,2'-azobis-2-methylbutyronitrile,AMBN)和2,2'-偶氮二-2,4-二甲基戊腈(2,2'-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile,ADVN)等偶氮系聚合起始剂,优选为使用AIBN。反应温度为0~300℃,优选为0~150℃,更优选为室温~100℃,反应时间为1分钟~48小时,优选为5分钟~24小时。在本反应中,可通过在构造不同的单体(I)的共存下进行反应,而制造无规共聚合的共聚物。
所制造的本发明的共聚物可通过高分子化学领域中通常已知的聚合物的分离、纯化方法来纯化。具体而言,可以举出例如:萃取、再结晶、利用硫酸铵或硫酸钠等进行的盐析、离心分离、透析、超滤法、吸附色谱法、离子交换色谱法、疏水性色谱法、正相色谱法、逆相色谱法、凝胶过滤法、凝胶渗透色谱法、亲和色谱法、电泳法、逆流分配等;或这些方法的组合等处理操作。
本发明的共聚物可作为用于递送各种生理活性物质(药物)的载体。例如,在本发明的共聚物担载(内包)了肿瘤治疗药所得的医药组合物由于在后述试验例中被确认到抑制肿瘤生长,因此例如可用作为针对大肠癌、十二指肠癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、肝癌、肺癌、子宫癌和卵巢癌等各种癌病的预防和/或治疗剂。此外,由于其肿瘤聚集能力较高,故而可用作肿瘤的诊断药、造影剂。
在将本发明的共聚物用作为药物递送载体时,其给药量和给药次数只要考虑给药方式、患者的年龄、体重、应治疗的症状的性质或者严重程度等而适当选择即可,给药量、给药次数不应受到限定,在将内包药物的聚合物通过注射剂进行静脉内注射的情况时,针对每位成人(60kg),例如在1次给药中优选为投予0.12mg~12000000mg的量,更优选为投予1.2mg~1200000mg的量,特别优选为投予12~120000mg的量。
本发明的医药组合物可通过将本发明的共聚物与药物混合来制造。优选为将本发明的共聚物与药物混合来制造单链纳米颗粒,或在制造本发明的共聚物的单链纳米颗粒后混合药物即可。单链纳米颗粒可通过公知的方法进行制造。
在本发明的医药组合物中,药物只要通过静电相互作用、氢键、疏水性相互作用或共价键等作用等而担载于共聚物即可。
作为药物,关于用于各种癌病者,可例举:培美曲塞钠、丝裂霉素C、博来霉素盐酸盐、阿克拉霉素盐酸盐、氨柔比星盐酸盐、表柔比星盐酸盐、多柔比星盐酸盐、吡柔比星盐酸盐、伊立替康盐酸盐、依托泊苷、多烯紫杉醇、拓朴替康盐酸盐、紫杉醇、酒石酸长春瑞宾、长春花碱硫酸盐、奥沙利铂、卡非佐米、卡铂、顺铂、替西罗莫司、曲贝替定、氟维司群、硼替佐米、米托蒽醌盐酸盐、米铂、恩美(emtansine)、SN-38、单甲基澳瑞他汀E、单甲基澳瑞他汀F和星形孢菌素等。在将这些药物制成本发明的医药组合物的情况下,药物只要作为游离体担载于共聚物即可。
本发明的医药组合物的给药路径较理想为使用治疗时最有效者,可利用口服给药制剂、注射剂或经皮给药制剂等非口服给药制剂来进行给药,例如优选为动脉内注射、静脉内注射、皮下注射、肌内注射、和腹腔内注射等非口服给药,更优选为动脉内注射和静脉内注射。给药次数并不应受到限定,可以举出例如平均每周给药1次~数次。
适合给药路径的各种制剂可适当选择制剂上通常所用的赋形剂、增量剂、粘合剂、湿润剂、崩解剂、润滑剂、表面活性剂、分散剂、缓冲剂、保存剂、增溶剂、防腐剂、矫味矫臭剂、镇痛剂、稳定剂和等张剂等制剂添加物等,并根据通常方法来制造。
可包含在上述各种制剂中的制剂添加物只要为医药上可接受的即可,并无特别限定。作为这种制剂添加物的例子,可以举出例如:纯化水、注射用水、注射用蒸馏水、医药上可接受的有机溶剂、胶原蛋白、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧乙烯聚合物、藻酸钠、水溶性葡聚糖、羧甲基淀粉钠、果胶、黄原胶、阿拉伯胶、酪蛋白、明胶、琼脂、甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇、凡士林、石蜡、硬脂醇、硬脂酸、人血清白蛋白、甘露醇、山梨糖醇和乳糖等。所使用的添加物可根据各种制剂来适当选择,单独或组合使用。
此外,注射剂也可制备成非水性稀释剂(例如聚乙二醇、橄榄油等植物油和乙醇等醇类等)、悬浮剂或乳浊剂。注射剂的无菌化可通过利用过滤器的过滤杀菌、调配杀菌剂等来进行。此外,注射剂可制成用时制备的形态。即,可通过冷冻干燥法等而制成无菌的固体组合物,在使用前溶解在注射用水、注射用蒸馏水或其他溶剂中来使用。
实施例
以下,通过实施例对本发明进一步具体地进行说明。这些实施例是为了例示而提供的,并不限定本发明的实施方式。
[实施例1]聚[(丙烯酸苄酯)-共-(聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯)-共-(丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯)]的制造
(1)丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯(EEA)的合成
在氩气环境下,称取乙基乙烯基醚(28.725mL),在冰浴冷却下添加磷酸(50mg)。之后,添加丙烯酸(17.15mL),在室温下搅拌48小时。添加水滑石(3g),进而搅拌2小时,使反应终止。硅藻土过滤后,通过蒸发作用而将未反应的乙基乙烯基醚去除。添加作为聚合抑制剂的吩噻嗪以达到500ppm,与氢化钙一同在减压下进行蒸馏,藉此纯化(蒸馏温度28-32℃)。将所得的丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯分取至玻璃小瓶中,并在-30℃下进行保管。
13C NMR(400MHz,CDCl3),δ,ppm:15.29(-OCH2CH3),21.16(-COOCH(CH3)),64.98(-OCH2-),96.73(-COOCH(CH3)),128.84(CH2CH-),131.43(CH2CH-),166.00(-COO).
(2)聚[(丙烯酸苄酯)-共-(聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯)-共-(丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯)]的合成
称取100mg的2-(十二烷基硫基硫代羰基硫基)-2-甲基丙酸(DDMAT),使其溶解在甲苯17.3mL中而制成DDMAT/甲苯储备溶液(以DDMAT浓度计为5.78mg/mL)。以相同方式,称取22mg的2,2'-偶氮二(2-甲基丙腈)(AIBN),使其溶解在甲苯17.3mL中而制成AIBN/甲苯储备溶液(AIBN浓度为1.27mg/mL)。另外,添加聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯(mPEGA,乙二醇的重复数的平均值(n)为9)1.296g、丙烯酸苄酯(BnA)0.394g、丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯0.039g、DDMAT/甲苯储备溶液1.73mL和AIBN/甲苯储备溶液1.73mL,在70℃的油浴中进行聚合。经过90分钟后,使聚合终止后,用再沈淀法或甲醇对反应溶液进行透析,藉此回收共聚物。由于所得的共聚物基本上为黏稠体,因此关于再沈淀法,为将反应溶液滴加至添加有不良溶剂(己烷/乙酸乙酯=7/3[v/v])的离心管中,重复通过离心分离(2,000×g、5min)进行回收的操作3次,最后进行真空干燥,从而获得聚[(丙烯酸苄酯)-共-(聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯)-共-(丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯)]1.223g。
针对所得的共聚物使用NMR进行测定,根据所得的1H-NMR谱,对各单体的聚合度和数均分子量(Mn,NMR)进行分析,结果为,mPEGA(n=9)的聚合度为102,BnA的聚合度为94,EEA的聚合度为9,Mn,NMR为65,900。进而,针对所得的共聚物使用GPC对分子量分散度(Mw/Mn)进行测定,结果为1.53。
[测定装置与条件等]
(1)1H-NMR测定
装置:JNM-ECX400(400MHz)/日本电子
溶剂:含0.03%四甲基硅烷的二甲基亚砜-d6/关东化学
试样浓度:20mg/mL
测定温度:25℃
累计次数:256次
结果:图1
(2)GPC测定
装置:HPLC-Prominence系统/岛津制作所
检测器:RID-10A折射率检测器/岛津制作所
管柱:TSKgelα-2500柱/Tosoh Corporation
(柱尺寸7.8mm×300mm,粒径7μm,
排除极限分子量5×103)
TSKgelα-4000管柱/Tosoh Corporation
(管柱尺寸7.8mm×300mm,粒径10μm,
排除极限分子量4×105)
TSKgel保护管柱/Tosoh Corporation
流动相:含有10mmol/L的溴化锂的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)
温度:40℃
流速:0.5mL/min
试样浓度:6mg/mL
标准物质:聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)标准品ReadyCal套装,Mp800-2,200,000Da/SIGMA
结果:图2
[表1]
[实施例2~68]
对实施例1中所使用的单体(mPEGA、BnA、EEA)的种类、添加量、反应温度和聚合时间进行适当变更,通过使用与实施例1相同的方法,制造如下表所示的组成比率和平均分子量不同的聚合物。
[表2]
[表3]
[实施例69]
聚[(丙烯酸苄酯)-共-(聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯)-共-(丙烯酸)]的制造
在室温下通过0.5N HCl对实施例1中所得的聚[(丙烯酸苄酯)-共-(聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯)-共-(丙烯酸1-乙氧基乙酯)]进行处理,藉此使乙氧基乙基脱离,获得具有羧基的三元共聚物1.176g。通过动态光散射法(Dynamic light scattering,DLS)对所得的三元共聚物在水中的Z平均粒径和多分散指数进行测定,结果为8.5nm(多分散指数0.14)。
[测定装置与条件等]
(1)DLS测定
装置:Zetasizer NanoZS/Malvern Instruments Ltd.
测定温度:25℃
试样浓度:10mg/mL
结果:图3
[实施例70]
内包(1,2-二氨基环己烷)铂(II)的SCNP的制造方法
使(1,2-二氨基环己烷)铂(II)(以下,简称为DACHPt)的Cl(H2O)体(DACHPt·Cl·H2O)65.28mg溶解在纯化水20mL中,在70℃下搅拌2小时。向该溶液5mL添加实施例69中所得的三元共聚物287.4mg,在50℃下搅拌一晩。搅拌结束后,以纯化水为外液对反应溶液进行透析纯化,获得5mL的内包DACHPt的SCNP。通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry,ICP-AES)对纯化后所得的内包DACHPt的SCNP的Pt含量进行测定,结果为720μg/mL(以DACHPt计为1.14mg/mL)。另外,对200μL的内包DACHPt的SCNP进行冷冻干燥,算出固态成分浓度后,取与Pt含量的比而算出每个聚合物的Pt结合量,结果为3.4mol/mol。此外,通过动态光散射法(Dynamic lightscattering,DLS)对所得的内包DACHPt的SCNP的Z平均粒径和多分散指数进行测定,结果为8.7nm(多分散指数0.14)。将内包DACHPt前后的SCNP的粒径示在图3中。SCNP的粒径在内包DACHPt前后几乎无变动。将结果汇总在下表中。
[测定装置与条件等]
(1)ICP-AES测定
装置:顺序高频电浆发光装置ICPE-9000/岛津制作所
预处理装置:微波试样预处理装置ETHOS EASY/Milestone General K.K
测定波长:342nm
标准溶液:钆标准液(Gd1000)ICP分析用/富士胶片和光纯药
(2)DLS测定
装置:Zetasizer NanoZS/Malvern Instruments Ltd.
测定温度:25℃
试样浓度:10mg/mL
结果:图3
[表4]
[比较例1]
奥沙利铂溶液的制备
将ELPLAT点滴静脉注射液50mg(株式会社益力多本社)1mL添加至5.9(w/v)%葡萄糖溶液5.58mL中,制备含有奥沙利铂760μg的5(w/v)%葡萄糖溶液。
[试验例]药效试验
将小鼠大肠癌细胞株C26(美国典型培养物保藏中心)皮下移植至雌性裸小鼠中(BALB/c-nu nu/nu,7周龄;Charles River Japan(株))而获得荷癌模型,将该荷癌模型用于药效试验中。
使在CO2培养箱内经继代培养的小鼠大肠癌细胞株C26在液体培养基(Dulbecco'sModified Eagle's Medium-high glucose,Sigma-Aldrich)中悬浮,以每一只以细胞数计达到1×106/100μ的方式注射至裸小鼠的背部皮下。之后饲养裸小鼠约1周后,肿瘤体积的平均值生长至约30mm3后,开始药剂的投予。将内包DACHPt的SCNP(使用实施例70的共聚物制备所得的内包DACHPt的SCNP)给药至尾静脉内(隔一天3次),根据肿瘤体积来评价抗肿瘤效果(1组4~5只)。作为比较,使用奥沙利铂溶液(比较例1)并以相同方式进行给药。关于各制剂的给药量,在奥沙利铂溶液的情况下,以能够给药的最高用量计为8mg/kg(以Pt换算计为3.9mg/kg),在内包DACHPt的SCNP的情况下,以Pt换算计为3mg/kg。
将肿瘤体积的经时变化示于图4中。在内包DACHPt的SCNP的情况下,给药14天后T/C=0.4[T/C:药物给药群组(T)与对照组(C)的肿瘤体积比]。在奥沙利铂溶液(比较例1)的情况下,给药14天后T/C=1.1。此外,在给药14天后,确认到内包DACHPt的SCNP与对照组相比,显著地抑制了肿瘤增大(student’s t检验)。以上结果表示,与奥沙利铂溶液相比,内包DACHPt的SCNP具有优异的抗肿瘤效果。
Claims (21)
1.一种共聚物,其特征在于:
其具有下式(A)、(B)和(C)所示的结构单元,
式中,R1、R2和R3相同地或不同地表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,R4表示C1-3烷基,R5表示氢原子、C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,X1、X2和X3相同地或不同地表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基,R7表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,m表示1~100的整数,n表示0~3的整数。
2.一种共聚物,其特征在于:
其为由下述通式(1)~(3)所示的3种单体聚合而形成的共聚物,
式中,R1、R2和R3相同地或不同地表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,R4表示C1-3烷基,R5表示氢原子、C1-18烷基、可具有取代基的3~8员环烷基、金刚烷基、可具有取代基的C6-18芳基、或可具有取代基的5~10员杂芳基,X1、X2和X3相同地或不同地表示氧原子、硫原子或N-R7,R6表示氢原子、离去基团或连接基,R7表示氢原子或C1-3烷基,m表示1~100的整数,n表示0~3的整数。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R1为氢原子。
4.如权利要求1~3中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R2为氢原子。
5.如权利要求1~4中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R3为氢原子。
6.如权利要求1~5中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R4为甲基。
7.如权利要求1~6中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R5为可具有取代基的C6-18芳基。
8.如权利要求1~7中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R5为苯基。
9.如权利要求1~8中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R6为氢原子。
10.如权利要求1~8中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R6的离去基团为下式(4),
11.如权利要求1~8中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
R6的连接基为下式(5)~(7),
12.如权利要求1~11中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
X1为氧原子。
13.如权利要求1~12中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
X2为氧原子。
14.如权利要求1~13中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
X3为氧原子。
15.如权利要求1~14中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
m为4~22的整数。
16.如权利要求1~15中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
n为1。
17.如权利要求1~16中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
结构单元(A)、(B)、(C)的比率为,相对于(A)1质量份,由0.01~100质量份的(B)和0.1~100质量份的(C)构成。
18.如权利要求2~16中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
其为相对于单体(1)1质量份,使0.01~100质量份的单体(2)和0.1~100质量份的单体(3)聚合而成的共聚物。
19.如权利要求1~18中任一项所述的共聚物,其特征在于:
数均分子量为5000~150000。
20.一种单链纳米颗粒,其特征在于:
其包含权利要求1~19中任一项所述的共聚物。
21.一种医药组合物,其特征在于:
其包含权利要求1~19中任一项所述的共聚物。
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