CN116396531B - 一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料 - Google Patents

一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料 Download PDF

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CN116396531B
CN116396531B CN202310353002.8A CN202310353002A CN116396531B CN 116396531 B CN116396531 B CN 116396531B CN 202310353002 A CN202310353002 A CN 202310353002A CN 116396531 B CN116396531 B CN 116396531B
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李晓
黎维武
张卫英
孙晓钰
叶一鸣
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料及其制备方法,属于柔性电子材料领域。以生物质材料为气凝胶基底,加入导电填料,并在气凝胶骨架上原位聚合聚苯胺获得生物质导电气凝胶,最后将环保材料水性聚氨酯通过浇铸的方式与该导电气凝胶复合,得到所述的复合柔性传感材料。本发明制备的复合柔性传感材料具有三维多通路网络结构,柔韧性优异,灵敏度高,循环稳定性好,而且制备工艺简单,成本低廉,安全环保,在柔性应变传感器等可穿戴电子设备领域具有广泛的应用潜力。

Description

一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料
技术领域
本发明属于柔性电子材料领域,涉及柔性应变传感器的制备,具体涉及一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着可穿戴电子设备的发展以及人们对身体健康的重视,柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测领域的应用需求越来越大。传统的气凝胶传感器往往力学性能差,容易受环境变化等因素影响,无法满足人体运动监测的需求,并且倾向使用纳米线、石墨烯等昂贵且难处理的材料作为导电物质,这又进一步限制了其发展。因此,迫切需要开发出一种安全环保、廉价易得和环境可降解的柔性应变传感器。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料及其制备方法,制得的复合柔性传感材料具有三维多通路网络结构,柔韧性优异,灵敏度高,循环稳定性好,而且制备工艺简单,成本低廉,安全环保,在柔性应变传感器等可穿戴电子设备领域具有广泛的应用潜力。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)通过冷冻干燥的方式制备含有导电填料的生物质气凝胶;
(2)在生物质气凝胶骨架上原位聚合聚苯胺,制备成聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶;
(3)将水性聚氨酯通过浇铸的方式与聚苯胺基生物质复合气凝胶,制备成生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料,将所得的柔性电子材料应用于柔性传感领域。
步骤(1)中,在25mL去离子水中先后加入0.6g生物质材料,在55℃下搅拌至生物质材料完全溶解后,再加入0.1g导电填料,搅拌3h,-20℃预冷冻12h,冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。所述的导电填料为聚苯胺、导电炭黑、活性炭、石墨粉中的任一种或其组合。所用的生物质材料为海藻酸钠、木质素磺酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、纤维素纳米纤维中的任一种或其组合。
步骤(2)具体是将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
步骤(3)具体是将质量分数为2-8%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将水性聚氨酯乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
本发明将聚苯胺基生物质复合气凝胶与水性聚氨酯通过浇铸、热固化的方式进行复合,通过添加导电填料和骨架上原位聚合聚苯胺的方法来实现复合材料的导电性,同时导电填料的加入能加强气凝胶的骨架结构,再通过往水性聚氨酯中添加HDI三聚体固化剂的方式使水性聚氨酯与气凝胶骨架快速结合,从而赋予复合材料优异的柔韧性和稳定性。
本发明的有益效果在于:
(1)本发明采用海藻酸钠和木质素磺酸钠制备含有导电填料的生物质气凝胶,木质素磺酸钠可以通过氢键和范德华力与海藻酸钠结合形成网络结构,从而防止导电填料的沉降,增强气凝胶的稳定性。
(2)本发明添加的聚苯胺不仅作为导电填料,同时也为后续苯胺的原位聚合提供着位点,促进聚苯胺导电网络的形成。
(3)本发明添加的导电炭黑不仅自身可以在气凝胶内部形成导电通路,同时也能够与聚苯胺导电网络互联互通,形成更多的导电通路,降低了复合材料的渗流阈值,提高了导电性。
(4)本发明采用水性聚氨酯作为气凝胶的浇铸材料,水性聚氨酯不仅有着优异的柔韧性,而且具有安全环保、不污染环境等特点,同时其水性的性质使其能被生物质气凝胶充分吸收形成复合导电材料。
(5)本发明制备的复合柔性传感材料灵敏度高,稳定性好,制备工艺简单,成本低廉,安全环保,在柔性应变传感器等可穿戴电子设备领域具有广泛的应用潜力。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制得的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶的扫描电子显微镜图;
图2为实施例1制得的生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的扫描电子显微镜图;
图3为实施例1与对比例2、3所制备的复合柔性传感材料的灵敏度对比图;
图4为实施例1所制备复合柔性传感材料在5%的压缩应变下经过300次压缩循环的电阻变化率;
图5为实施例1所制备复合柔性传感材料在不同的弯曲状态下的电阻变化率曲线。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所述的内容更加便于理解,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明所述的技术方案做进一步的说明,但是本发明不仅限于此。
实施例1
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在25mL的去离子水中先后加入0.1g木质素磺酸钠和0.5g海藻酸钠,在55℃下搅拌至海藻酸钠完全溶解后,再加入0.04g聚苯胺粉末和0.06g导电炭黑粉末,搅拌3h后将混合液倒入硅胶模具中,转移至-20℃的冰箱中预冷冻12h,脱除模具后冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)将质量分数为5%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶,即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
从图1可以看出,本实施例的聚苯胺基生物质复合气凝胶为三维多通路网络结构,这种大孔结构为水性聚氨酯的浇铸提供了丰富的流动空间,同时也能看出骨架上有大量的褶皱和颗粒,这说明聚苯胺附着在气凝胶的骨架上;从图2中可以看出,在浇铸完水性聚氨酯后,材料的三维多通路网络结构仍然保留,并在气凝胶的骨架上形成一层较厚的聚氨酯胶层,该聚氨酯胶层不仅对气凝胶起到保护的作用,保证了该材料对环境的稳定性,而且赋予了该材料优异的柔韧性。
对比例1
(1)在木质素磺酸钠和海藻酸钠的混合液中加入0.1g聚苯胺粉末,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)该步骤与实施例1步骤(2)相同,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)该步骤与实施例1步骤(3)相同,制得生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
对比例2
(1)在木质素磺酸钠和海藻酸钠的混合液中依次加入0.08g聚苯胺粉末和0.02g导电炭黑粉末,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)该步骤与实施例1步骤(2)相同,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)该步骤与实施例1步骤(3)相同,制得生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
对比例3
(1)在木质素磺酸钠和海藻酸钠的混合液中加入0.1g导电炭黑粉末,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)该步骤与实施例1步骤(2)相同,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)该步骤与实施例1步骤(3)相同,制得生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
实验表明导电炭黑的加入对复合导电材料的电学性能影响较大。对比例1只加入聚苯胺粉末,其电导率小于2.2×10-6S/m,几乎不导电,而对比例2炭黑的加入为0.02g时,其电导率为1.12×10-5S/m,实施例1炭黑添加至0.06g时,电导率跃升为9.9×10-4S/m,相比于对比例2增加了88.4倍,对比例3炭黑继续增加至0.1g时,电导率进一步提升为2.567×10- 3S/m,这说明导电炭黑的加入能大幅度提高复合材料的导电性。这是因为炭黑的加入能在气凝胶的内部形成连通的导电通路,大幅度降低了材料的渗流阈值。
图3为实施例1与对比例2、3所制备的复合导电材料的灵敏度对比图。实施例1的灵敏度最高,在3%的小压缩应变下,呈线性变化,GF可高达22.0;而对比例2的灵敏度整体都较低,在小应变下,其灵敏度为7.8,这是因为炭黑的含量较少时,在压缩的过程中,有些导电通路并没有顺利形成,导致电阻变化率较低;当炭黑进一步增加时,相比于实施例1,对比例3的灵敏度下降了,一方面是因为随炭黑量的增加复合导电材料的电阻不断降低,初始连通的导电通路增多,在压缩时新形成导电通路减少,因此灵敏度会有一定程度的下降,另一方面,根据灵敏度的计算公式,初始电阻越小其最后的灵敏度反而会越低,这不利于高灵敏度传感的出现。
图4为实施例1所制备的生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料在5%的压缩应变下进行300次拉伸循环的电阻变化率图。由图中可见,该生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料可在300次连续压缩循环中保持电信号的稳定性和重复性,说明循环稳定性好。
此外,图5为实施例1所制备的生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料在不同的弯曲状态下的电阻变化率曲线,电阻响应随着弯曲角度的增加而变高,且每个状态下均有清晰的变化,说明其可应用于人体关节弯曲所带来的大形变和呼吸吞咽所引起的微小形变的检测。
以上都表明该生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料具有灵敏度高、循环稳定性好的优点,适用于柔性应变传感器。
实施例2
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在25mL的去离子水中先后加入0.1g木质素磺酸钠和0.5g海藻酸钠,在55℃下搅拌至海藻酸钠完全溶解后,再加入0.04g聚苯胺粉末和0.06g导电炭黑粉末,搅拌3h后将混合液倒入硅胶模具中,转移至-20℃的冰箱中预冷冻12h,脱除模具后冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)将质量分数为2%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶,即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
实施例3
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在25mL的去离子水中先后加入0.1g木质素磺酸钠和0.5g海藻酸钠,在55℃下搅拌至海藻酸钠完全溶解后,再加入0.04g聚苯胺粉末和0.06g导电炭黑粉末,搅拌3h后将混合液倒入硅胶模具中,转移至-20℃的冰箱中预冷冻12h,脱除模具后冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)将质量分数为8%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶,即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
实施例4
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在25mL的去离子水中先后加入0.1g木质素磺酸钠和0.5g海藻酸钠,在55℃下搅拌至海藻酸钠完全溶解后,再加入0.1g石墨粉,搅拌3h后将混合液倒入硅胶模具中,转移至-20℃的冰箱中预冷冻12h,脱除模具后冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)将质量分数为5%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶,即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
实施例5
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在25mL的去离子水中先后加入0.1g木质素磺酸钠和0.5g海藻酸钠,在55℃下搅拌至海藻酸钠完全溶解后,再加入0.1g活性炭,搅拌3h后将混合液倒入硅胶模具中,转移至-20℃的冰箱中预冷冻12h,脱除模具后冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。
(2)将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)将质量分数为5%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶,即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
实施例6
一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)在25mL的去离子水中先后加入0.1g木质素磺酸钠和0.5g羧甲基纤维素钠,在55℃下搅拌至羧甲基纤维素钠完全溶解后,再加入0.04g聚苯胺粉末和0.06g导电炭黑粉末,搅拌3h后将混合液倒入硅胶模具中,转移至-20℃的冰箱中预冷冻12h,脱除模具后冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶。(2)将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密封,于0℃环境中反应12h;将反应后的气凝胶冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
(3)将质量分数为5%(w/v)的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)所述的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入硅胶模具中,将乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,最后在常温下晾置3h,去除周围的溢胶,即得到生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。

Claims (5)

1.一种生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)通过冷冻干燥的方式制备含有导电填料的生物质气凝胶;
(2)在步骤(1)制得的生物质气凝胶的骨架上原位聚合聚苯胺,制备成聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶;
(3)将水性聚氨酯通过浇铸的方式与步骤(2)制得的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶进行复合,制备成生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料;
步骤(1)中,在25mL去离子水中先后加入0.6g生物质材料,在55℃下搅拌至生物质材料完全溶解后,再加入0.1g导电填料,搅拌3h,-20℃预冷冻12h,冷冻干燥30h,制得生物质气凝胶;
步骤(3)中,将质量分数为2-8%的HDI三聚体加入到水性聚氨酯乳液中,搅拌均匀;将步骤(2)制得的聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶放入模具中,将水性聚氨酯乳液滴入气凝胶中直至充满;将浇铸好的气凝胶放置在80℃下固化3h后脱除模具,再固化2h,常温下晾置3h,制得生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述的导电填料为聚苯胺、导电炭黑、活性炭、石墨粉中的任一种或其组合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所用的生物质材料为海藻酸钠、木质素磺酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、纤维素纳米纤维中的任一种或其组合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,将0.2813mL苯胺单体溶于20mL1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为a溶液;将0.6825g过硫酸铵溶于10mL 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,记为b溶液;将溶液a和b冷却至0℃,然后将溶液b倒入溶液a中并搅拌均匀,再迅速将步骤(1)制备的生物质气凝胶放入混合溶液中,稍微挤压后,密闭于0℃环境中反应12h;冷冻干燥,制得聚苯胺基生物质导电气凝胶。
5.一种如权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法制得的生物质导电气凝胶/水性聚氨酯复合柔性传感材料。
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