CN116064709A - 一种天然抗冻肽及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种天然抗冻肽及其制备方法和应用,本发明所提供的抗冻肽,是将鱼子用无花果蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶进行酶解,酶解产物收集上清液,上清液利用10kDa的膜进行过滤,过滤液利用1000Da的膜过滤,收集截留液;得截留液经喷雾干燥制成抗冻肽。本发明制备的高热滞活性的抗菌肽加入到金黄色葡萄球菌菌液中,通过细菌低温保护实验测定菌落计数和菌液OD600,研究发现空白对照和阴性对照与抗菌肽处理组相比,细菌存活率显著降低,表明高THA活性抗菌肽处理组对金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的低温保护效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于功能性多肽应用技术领域,具体涉及一种天然抗冻肽及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
由于新鲜食物的水分含量高,因此容易滋生微生物,导致食物变质。目前冷冻保存技术是食品长期保存的最有效方法。然而,由于冰晶的生长及其在冷冻和冷冻储存过程中的再结晶而造成的机械损伤是造成食物损坏的主要原因,同时降低了冷冻产品的品质。温度波动会导致产品连续经受冰晶的生长或重结晶,这会损坏细胞和组织结构并导致产品失去其原始品质。冰晶引起的产品质量下降以及造成的巨大经济损失使人们对这一现象越来越关注。因此,寻找控制冷冻和冷冻储存过程中冰晶生长和再结晶的方法,对于保障冷冻食品的质量是至关重要的。
抗冻肽(AFP)是一类小分子蛋白质或蛋白质水解产物,能够降低生物体液的冰点,抑制冰晶的形成,还能改变冰晶的生长规律,抑制重结晶,因此其在动植物组织、器官、血液、细胞以及细菌低温保存、食物的贮藏等方面具有良好的市场前景。
根据抗冻肽AFP的制备方法,将抗冻肽AFP分为三类,即酶促AFP,天然AFP和合成AFP。AFP作为防冻剂是非常安全高效的,与某些商业防冻剂(例如蔗糖和山梨糖醇的混合物)相比,AFP可以降低冷冻食品的高甜、高盐和高卡路里。因此,AFP可以作为一种新型无甜的防冻剂替代品,用于制造冷冻食品。此外,AFP是有关功能性食品和食品添加剂的研发热点之一。
到目前为止,国内外研究人员已经从植物、鱼类、陆地昆虫、细菌等各类生物体中分离出多种抗冻蛋白/抗冻肽。由于较低的产率及较高的成本,食品领域的从业人员仍然试图从各种资源中寻找新的AFP分子,筛选活性更强的组分。合理的开发利用海洋生物中丰富的蛋白质资源开发抗冻肽,替代现有高盐、高糖的食品抗冻剂或保水剂是一种新趋势。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种天然抗冻肽及其制备方法和应用,从而弥补现有技术的不足。
本发明所提供的抗冻肽,是将鱼子用无花果蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶进行酶解,酶解产物收集上清液,上清液利用10kDa的膜进行过滤,过滤液利用1000Da的膜过滤,收集截留液;得截留液经喷雾干燥制成抗冻肽。
作为一个实施例的具体记载,所述的酶解,是在50℃酶解3-5h;
更进一步的,所述的抗冻肽使用大孔吸附树脂进行纯化;
作为实施例的具体记载,所述的大孔吸附树脂为LSP-21和LSC200树脂,其质量比为1:1;
所述大孔吸附树脂进行纯化,收集40%甲醇洗脱组分作为抗冻肽;
更进一步的,所述的40%甲醇洗脱组分再使用制备液相色谱进行纯化,收集30%-45%甲醇和0.1%三氟乙酸水洗脱的组分。
所述的抗冻肽,其一种具体的氨基酸序列为GGAFKICLLPPGG。
本发明所提供的抗冻肽作为食品防冻剂的应用。
本发明制备的高热滞活性(THA)的抗菌肽加入到金黄色葡萄球菌菌液中,通过细菌低温保护实验测定菌落计数和菌液OD600,研究发现空白对照和阴性对照与抗菌肽处理组相比,细菌存活率显著降低(p<0.05),表明高THA活性抗菌肽处理组对金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的低温保护效果。
附图说明
图1:多肽分子量标准曲线图,
图2:鱼子多肽分子量分布图;
图3:粗分离鱼子多肽的热流变化图;
图4:精制鱼子多肽的热流变化图,其中a为F2-2,b为F2-3,c为F2-1,d为F2-4;
图5:合成鱼子多肽的热流变化图。
具体实施方式
申请人研究发现鱼子中富含丰富的蛋白质,且具有高活性的抗冻组分,可能成为AFP的主要来源之一。
本发明说明书中记载的抗冻蛋白/肽的生物学活性是采用细菌低温保护实验进行直观简便的检测,从而确定抗冻蛋白/肽是否具有低温保护功能,并比较不同抗冻蛋白/肽的低温保护活性的差异。
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明进行详细的描述。
实施例1:制备鱼子来源的抗冻多肽
1、鱼子多肽的制备
取黄鱼新鲜鱼子,按照1%的比例加入生石灰,均匀撒到鱼子上,并调拌均匀。静置15min,加入纯净水,将生石灰清洗干净。将鱼子转入反应容器中,按照干重3%的比例加入无花果蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶(酶活比为2:1),搅拌均匀,50℃酶解3-5h,酶解结束后,12000rpm离心,收集上清液,上清液利用10kDa的膜进行过滤,过滤液利用1000Da的膜过滤,收集截留液;得到分子量在1000Da-10kDa区间的多肽液,多肽液经喷雾干燥,得到鱼子多肽粉末。
2、鱼子多肽分子量分布测定
采用HPLC法测定鱼子多肽分子量分布状况,配制浓度为5.0mg/mL的标准品甘氨酰肌氨酸(146Da)、甘氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰-精氨酸(451Da)、杆菌肽(1422Da)、抑肽酶(6511Da)、细胞色素C(12327Da)以及鱼子混合肽溶液,经0.22μm膜过滤,待用。色谱条件为TSK gelG2000 SWXL柱(7.8mm×300mm),柱温30℃,进样量10μL,进样次数3次,流速1.0ml/min。流动相为含45%乙腈和0.1%三氟乙酸的超纯水溶液,采用等梯度洗脱,洗脱时间为20min,于214nm处测吸光度,以标准品分子量对数lg MW为纵坐标,保留时间t为横坐标建立标准曲线(图1),采用手动积分的方式测定鱼子多肽分子量分布比例(图2)。
3、鱼子多肽的分离纯化
1)鱼子多肽的粗分离
取鱼子多肽粉末10g,溶于100mL纯水中,配成100mg/mL多肽溶液。利用大孔吸附树脂(LSP-21:LSC200=1:1)对鱼子多肽进行分离,分别用甲醇或者乙醇洗脱。分别收集20%甲醇洗脱部位F1,40%甲醇洗脱部位F2,80%甲醇洗脱部位F3。收集的不同部位烘干后进行成分分析和活性检测。
2)差示扫描量热仪(DSC)法测定酶解产物的热滞活性(THA)
称取一定重量的酶解产物密封于铝皿内,并置于DSC仪器内。当仪器充满液氮并稳定后,首先以10℃/min速率降温至-20℃并保持5min;再以5℃/min速率升温至样品呈部分熔化状态,即到达其保留温度(Th),保持15min,再将温度以1℃/min的速率从Th降至-20℃。重复上述升降温程序,并在不同的Th下保持15min,分别记录样品在不同Th下的起始结晶温度(T0),按照公式(1)计算THA。以无抗冻活性的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作为对照。
THA=Th-T0 (1)
如图3所示,BSA在变温前后的曲线平滑衔接,不存在冻结滞后的现象,说明BSA溶液不存在热滞效应。F1与F3的热流-温度曲线与BSA相似,没有冻结滞后现象,因此其也不存在热滞效应。而F2的结晶峰出现明显延迟,热滞活性为3.26℃,表明40%甲醇洗脱的F2多肽具有抗冻活性。
3)鱼子多肽的精制
取F2多肽配置成100mg/mL的溶液,利用制备液相色谱(Dubhe C18制备柱(250×20mm,10μm),流速8mL/min,进样量1mL、100mg/mL,柱温为室温,检测波长220nm)进行精制。流动相为含0.1%三氟乙酸的水和甲醇混合溶液,洗脱条件为:0min,5%甲醇;5min,5%甲醇;180min,80%甲醇。分别收集各组分Fn-1/2/3/4,烘干后进行活性检测和成分分析。F2-1组分经5%甲醇和0.1%三氟乙酸水洗脱,F2-2组分经5%-15%甲醇和0.1%三氟乙酸水洗脱,F2-3是15%-30%甲醇和0.1%三氟乙酸水洗脱,,F2-4是30%-45%甲醇和0.1%三氟乙酸水洗脱。
如图4所示,鱼子多肽精制组分F2-2与F2-3的热流-温度曲线平滑衔接,没有冻结滞后现象,因此其不存在热滞活性。精制组分F2-1与F2-4的结晶峰出现明显延迟,热滞活性分别为3.73℃和4.38℃;因此选用F2-4进行进一步效果检测。
实施例2:抗冻多肽F2-4的效果检测
1、细菌低温保护实验
将金黄色葡萄球菌接种于TSA固体培养基中,37℃过夜培养,挑取单菌落接种于TSB液体培养基中,37℃培养至OD600达到1.0后,菌液先用无菌双蒸水稀释100倍,吸取100μL菌液,分别加入精制的鱼子抗冻肽F2-4,终浓度分别为10、30、60、100μg/mL,终体积为500μL。加入无菌水作为空白对照,加入100μg/mL BSA为阴性对照。在-6℃分别放置0、24、48、72、96、120h之后分别取出100μL菌液,用于菌落计数和测菌液OD600,按照公式(2)计算相对存活率。
相对存活率=某处理的平均值/该处理的起始值(2)
1)细菌菌落计数
将不同低温处理时间的100μL菌液在TSA平板上进行涂板,37℃倒置培养24h,进行菌落计数,每组3个重复。空白对照和阴性对照与抗冻肽F2-4处理组相比细菌存活率显著降低(p<0.05),如表1所示,在低温下24h后,两个对照的细菌存活率都降低到50%左右,而四个不同浓度抗冻肽处理组均为80%以上;在48h-96h内,两个对照组的细菌存活率快速下降,下降了40%左右,而抗冻肽处理组的细菌存活率下降较为缓慢,分别下降了36.9%,22.83%,13.82%,16.2%;在处理120h后,10μg/mL和30μg/mL抗冻肽处理组有约41.28%和55.89%的细菌存活,60μg/mL和100μg/mL处理组的细菌存活率在66%以上。
表1:菌落计数法所得细菌相对存活率表(%)
2)测菌液OD600
将不同低温处理时间的100μL菌液接种于TSB液体培养基中,37℃150r/min培养16h后,测菌液OD600,每组3个重复。如表2所示,通过测定菌液OD600所得结果为,空白对照和阴性对照处理的细菌存活率迅速降低,处理120h后细菌存活率均降到5%以下,远远低于添加抗冻肽F2-4的处理组,差异显著(p<0.05)。添加抗冻肽的处理组细菌相对存活率先升高后再缓慢降低,在处理120h后,10μg/mL和30μg/mL处理组的细菌存活率分别为25.77%和35.66%;而60μg/mL和100μg/mL抗冻肽处理组的细菌存活率在55%以上。
表2:菌液OD600法所得细菌相对存活率表(%)
在抗冻肽细菌低温保护实验中,通过菌落计数和测定菌液OD600两种方法,研究了不同浓度抗冻肽F2-4对金黄色葡萄球菌的低温保护效果,这两种方法的测定结果均表明相对于空白对照和阴性对照组,不同浓度的抗冻肽F2-4对细菌均有低温保护作用,但低浓度组(10μg/mL和30μg/mL)的低温保护效果明显低于高浓度组(60μg/mL和100μg/mL)。
实施例3:鱼子多肽F2-4活性部位序列测定
将精制的F2-4活性多肽组分,利用异硫氰酸苯酯法(Edman降解法)测定多肽的组成,确定抗冻肽F2-4活性多肽中的4个主要成分YZDT,a,b,c。
利用固相合成法,按照多肽的氨基酸序列(如表3所示)进行合成,得到了合成肽,对合成肽的抗冻效果进行验证。
表3:合成多肽氨基酸序列表
DSC法测定合成多肽的热滞活性如图5所示,合成多肽YZDT的结晶峰出现明显延迟,热滞活性值达到5.61℃,其他合成多肽未表现出热滞活性。
用测菌液OD600法验证合成多肽的抗冻活性。加入终浓度为60μg/mL的合成多肽a,b,c,YZDT。无菌水作为空白对照,60μg/mL BSA为阴性对照。在-6℃分别放置0、24、48、72、96、120h之后分别取出100μL菌液,用于测量菌液OD600。如表4所示,空白对照、阴性对照以及合成多肽a,b,c处理组的细菌存活率迅速降低,处理120h后细菌存活率均降到4%以下,远远低于添加合成多肽YZDT的处理组,差异显著(p<0.05)。YZDT处理组的细菌相对存活率先升高再缓慢降低,在处理120h后,细菌存活率在60%以上。
表4:菌液OD600法所得细菌相对存活率表(%)
本发明所制备的抗冻肽在细菌低温保护实验中能显著提高细菌存活率,因此在细菌低温保存方面有良好的应用前景。
Claims (10)
1.一种抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的抗冻肽是将鱼子用无花果蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶进行酶解,酶解产物收集上清液;上清液用10kDa的膜进行过滤,过滤液再用1000Da的膜过滤,收集截留液;截留液经喷雾干燥制成抗冻肽。
2.如权利要求1所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的鱼子为黄鱼的鱼子。
3.如权利要求1所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的酶解是在50℃酶解3-5h。
4.如权利要求1所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的截留液使用大孔吸附树脂进行纯化。
5.如权利要求4所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的大孔吸附树脂为LSP-21和LSC200树脂。
6.如权利要求4所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的大孔吸附树脂进行纯化,是收集40%甲醇洗脱组分作为抗冻肽。
7.如权利要求6所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的40%甲醇洗脱组分再使用制备液相色谱进行纯化,收集30%-45%甲醇和0.1%三氟乙酸水洗脱的组分作为抗冻肽。
8.如权利要求1所述的抗冻肽,其特征在于,所述的抗冻肽的氨基酸序列为GGAFKICLLPPGG。
9.权利要求1-9任一项所述的抗冻肽作为食品防冻剂的应用。
10.一种食品防冻剂,其特征在于,所述的食品防冻剂中包含有权利要求1-9任一项所述的抗冻肽。
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