CN115997632B - Method for improving tobacco planting soil characteristics and tobacco leaf quality by intercropping flue-cured tobacco and endive - Google Patents
Method for improving tobacco planting soil characteristics and tobacco leaf quality by intercropping flue-cured tobacco and endive Download PDFInfo
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco quality improvement, and relates to a method for improving tobacco planting soil properties and tobacco quality by intercropping flue-cured tobacco and endive. The method for improving the soil property of the tobacco field and the quality of tobacco leaves provided by the invention comprises the following steps: planting the flue-cured tobacco, sowing the endive on two sides of the flue-cured tobacco plant, and repeatedly harvesting intercropping plants until the flue-cured tobacco is harvested. The invention has simple operation and reliable result, and simultaneously improves the organic matters and enzyme activity of tobacco planting soil, improves the microenvironment of rhizosphere microorganisms of tobacco plants, improves the quality of tobacco leaves, and provides effective technical guarantee for sustainable production of flue-cured tobacco.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco quality improvement, and particularly relates to a method for improving tobacco planting soil properties and tobacco quality by intercropping of flue-cured tobacco and endive.
Background
Soil microorganisms are used as important components in the agricultural ecological system, 80-90% of soil related functions are regulated by microorganisms, such as releasing various enzymes, participating in biochemical processes of soil organic matter degradation, humus synthesis, nutrient circulation and the like, and playing an important role in maintaining ecological system balance. The microbial community structure or microbial diversity is closely related to sustainable utilization of soil, and can be used as a biological index for indicating soil quality and evaluating soil fertility. Research shows that the soil utilization type, crop planting system, straw material input, water and fertilizer management measures and other single or multiple factors can change the soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat, so that the soil microbial community structure is changed, and the diversity and the functions of the soil microbial community structure are finally affected.
A great deal of researches show that the utilization of the interaction of plants and microorganisms can improve the utilization of resources and reduce the investment of pesticides and fertilizers, and is one of important contents of green development of agriculture; in the intercropping, interplanting and rotation modes, the plants can improve the soil environment through direct or indirect action, the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants is obviously improved, the plants fully utilize moisture and nutrients, the weed breeding is inhibited and the plant diseases and insect pests are controlled, and the yield and economic benefit are higher than those of single crop.
In the past, the research on intercropping and planting of flue-cured tobacco is mainly focused on disease prevention and control, but the research on organic matters and microbial environment of the flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil under the intercropping condition is very little.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of soil hardening and environmental pollution existing in the prior art such as improving the environment of tobacco planting soil by using chemical fertilizers, and provides a method for improving the properties of tobacco planting soil and the quality of tobacco leaves by intercropping flue-cured tobacco and endive.
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are realized by the following technical proposal,
A method for improving tobacco planting soil characters and tobacco leaf quality by intercropping flue-cured tobacco and endive comprises the following steps:
(1) Planting flue-cured tobacco;
(2) Intercropping herba Sonchi Oleracei on both sides of tobacco plant.
And (3) transplanting the flue-cured tobacco in the step (1) before the last ten days of 5 months.
And (3) planting the flue-cured tobacco in the step (1) in a row spacing range of 120cm and a plant spacing of 50cm.
And (3) planting the endive in the period of the root of 5 months to 6 months in the step (2) by the tobacco plant in the period of the root of the tobacco plant, namely planting the endive after the tobacco plant passes the seedling raising period.
The distance from the chicory to the tobacco plant in step (2) is 18-22cm, preferably 20cm.
In the step (2), two plants of the chicory are planted in the tobacco field according to the interval between every two plants of tobacco seedlings in each row, and the sowing amount of the chicory is between 2100 and 2300 plants, preferably 2200 plants, of each 667M 2.
Still further, intercropping the chicory to 8-12cm, preferably 10cm, is harvested once, and this step is repeated until the tobacco leaves are all harvested.
The intercropping cultivation method of the invention obviously increases the abundance and diversity of soil microorganisms and improves the composition of microbial communities while improving the enzymatic activity and organic matters of the soil; the method improves the yield and the quality of the flue-cured tobacco, and provides effective technical support for sustainable flue-cured tobacco production because the method is a cultivation and adjustment mode for improving soil.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the abundance and diversity of rhizosphere soil bacteria (A) and fungi (B) of flue-cured tobacco plants under single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 2 shows the OTU numbers of rhizosphere soil bacteria (A) and fungi (B) of flue-cured tobacco under single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 3 shows differences in the structural composition of rhizosphere soil bacteria (A) and fungi (B) communities under flue-cured tobacco single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 4 PCoA analysis of rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal community structure under flue-cured tobacco single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 5 shows the distribution ratio of rhizosphere soil dominant bacteria (A) and fungi (B) in different treatments under flue-cured tobacco single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 6 is a functional analysis of rhizosphere soil bacteria of flue-cured tobacco plants under single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 7 is a functional analysis of rhizosphere soil fungi of flue-cured tobacco plants under single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 8 shows the effect of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco planting soil enzyme activity and organic matter;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to further illustrate the invention, but not to limit it.
Example 1: selection of plants intercropping with flue-cured tobacco
1. Influence of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on rhizosphere soil microbial community of tobacco plant
Wherein: tobacco field crop endive (T1) and potato (T2) are used as treatment, and tobacco field crop is used as Control (CK)
(1) Abundance and diversity
As can be seen from fig. 1A and 1B: the variation of the bacterial and fungal abundance of tobacco plant rhizosphere soil in the tobacco field is greatly different with the difference of intercropping plants, the size arrangement is T1> T2> CK, and the intercropping treatment is obviously higher than that of the control; alpha diversity results based on gate level indicate: the Shannon, ace, chao diversity index of the rhizosphere soil bacteria and fungi of the intercropped T1 and T2 treated tobacco strains is higher than that of the control. It can be seen that the abundance, diversity and uniformity of the bacterial and fungal colonies in the rhizosphere soil of the intercropped tobacco plants are significantly higher than the control.
As can be seen from fig. 2A and 2B: the number of rhizosphere soil bacteria and fungi OTU of tobacco plants varies greatly with the intercropping plant. Bacteria total OTUs are expressed as T1 (5051) > T2 (4761) > CK (4546), whereas characteristic OTUs is expressed as T1 (998) > T2 (682) > CK (516); fungi total OTUs was expressed as T1 (2162) > T2 (1719) > CK (1414), while characteristic OTUs was expressed as T1 (1124) > T2 (564) > CK (278). These data indicate that there are significant differences in OTU composition for different intercropping plants of flue-cured tobacco, total OTUs numbers of bacteria and fungi and unique OTUs numbers, both T1 treated significantly higher than T2 and CK treated, and T2 treated not significantly different although higher than CK.
(2) Bacterial community structural composition and its diversity
Although the bacteria with relative abundance > 1% at the phylum level are all the same, they are respectively Proteus (Proteobacteria), acidobactirium (Acidobacteriota), bacteroides (Bacteroidota), acidovorax (Gemmatimonadetes), lvwan mycota (Chloroflexi), actinomyces (Actinobacteria), thick-walled mycota (Firmicutes), undefined bacteria (unidentified _ Bacteroidota), other bacteria (Other), which are the main bacterial group of rhizosphere soil (FIG. 3A); fungi belonging to the phylum ascomycota (Ascomycota), basidiomycota (Basidiomycota), chytrium (Chytridiomycota), mortierella (Mortierellomycota), mucor (Mucoromycota) and sacculus (Glomeromycota) in the front 100 abundance row at the genus level account for about 68.53-95.42% of the total flora, which is the dominant phylum (FIG. 3B).
PCoA reflects that certain differences exist among the rhizosphere soil samples treated by each treatment, and the distribution proportion of dominant bacteria in different treatments and the composition of dominant bacteria treated by each treatment are different, which shows that different plant types intercropped with tobacco plants have different effects on the bacterial and fungal community structures of the rhizosphere soil (figure 4).
(3) Distribution ratio of dominant strains in different treatments
The distribution ratio results of the different treatments in the dominant bacteria indicate (fig. 5A): t2 (29.02%) > T1 (28.01%) > CK (22.45%) in the phylum of proteus, T1 (19.56%) > T2 (14.33%) > CK (9.86%) in the phylum of firmicutes, T1 (11.67%) > T2 (8.93%) > CK (7.25%) in the phylum of Acidovorax, T1 (7.39%) > CK (5.12%) > T2 (3.36%) in the phylum of bacteroides, T1 (5.57%) > T2 (5.03%) > CK (4.65%) in the phylum of actinomyces, T2 (6.60%) > T1 (4.84%) > CK (2.92%) in the phylum of green bay, CK (2.22%) > T2 (1.94%) > T1 (1.92%) in the phylum of blastomyces, T2 (13.34%) > CK (13.34%) > T2 (26.12%) > T2 (15.20%) in the phylum of actinomycota, and T2 (15.50%) in the phylum of actinomycota.
The results of the different treatments in the dominant fungus indicated (fig. 5B): t2 (70.35%) > CK (64.75%) > T1 (58.90%) in ascomycota, CK (9.89%) > T2 (8.29%) > T1 (4.90%) in basidiomycota, T2 (2.01%) > CK (0.72%) > T1 (0.71%) in chytrium, CK (5.81%) > T1 (2.64%) > T2 (2.26%) in mortierella, and T1 (31.78%) > CK (17.94%) > T2 (15.27%) in other bacteria.
(4) Functional analysis of microbial communities
The results of Tax4Fun functional analysis of rhizosphere soil bacteria showed (fig. 6): the bacteria 15 in the upper row of each treatment genus are mainly composed of 46.37-48.22%, 20.65-22.18% and 13.94-14.15% of the primary functional layer in terms of environmental information treatment, genetic information treatment and metabolism. The T1 treatment significantly increases the abundance of bacterial communities encoding cell membrane transport, encoding replication and repair, translation, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism functions at the secondary functional layer, probably because the intercropping of the rhizosphere bacteria of the tobacco plant of the chicory leads to a change in the surrounding soil environment, i.e., changes the microbial flora of the flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil, thereby affecting the functions of the microbial communities of the tobacco plant rhizosphere soil.
The results of metabolic predictions for individual treated tobacco plant rhizosphere soil fungal communities based on the functional database (FunGuild) indicated (fig. 7A): the first-level functional layer takes a pathology-saprophytic nutrition mode, a saprophytic nutrition mode and an unassigned mode as main types; the three treatments were of size in the nutritional pathology-saprophytic nutritional regime in order T1 (48.95%) > T2 (43.87%) > CK (29.20%), in the saprophytic nutritional regime in order CK (28.21%) > T1 (21.66%) > T2 (21.16%), and in the partitioning regime in order CK (31.13%) > T2 (29.14%) > T1 (22.91%). In the fungus co-located group specific to the secondary functional layer (fig. 7B), CK treatment is ectomyco-mycorrhizal fungus-root related living nutritive fungus, T1 treatment is fungal parasitic-wood saprophyte, and T2 treatment is fecal saprophyte-unknown saprophyte-wood saprophyte.
2. Influence of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco planting soil enzyme activity and organic matters
As can be seen from fig. 8: in enzyme activity, the presentation of each treatment on urease activity was T1 (658.66) > T2 (523.24) > CK (445.29), on polyphenol oxidase was T1 (333.82) > T2 (233.78) > CK (227.84), on phosphatase was T1 (60.73) > T2 (47.33) > CK (33.41), on sucrase was T1 (17.23) > T2 (14.16) > CK (11.56), on protease was T1 (0.91) > T2 (0.47) > CK (0.35), on organic matter was T1 (0.57) > T2 (0.39) > CK (0.25); the above results indicate that: the activity and organic matter content of each enzyme of the T1 treatment are obviously higher than those of other treatments.
3. Influence of intercropping of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on economic character and quality of flue-cured tobacco
The T1 treatment is higher than other treatments in all indexes on economic characters, wherein the yield, the output value and the medium smoke proportion are obviously higher than those of the T2 and CK treatments; in terms of quality, the total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine and potassium contents of the T1 treatment all meet the requirements of the high-quality tobacco leaves, while the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of other treatments exceed the ceiling of the high-quality tobacco leaves, the total nitrogen and nicotine contents are higher and the potassium content is lower (Table 1).
TABLE 1 influence of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on economic Properties and quality of flue-cured tobacco
Based on the above results: the effect of the rhizosphere soil bacteria of the tobacco plant of the intercropping chicory on improving the characteristics of tobacco planting soil is considered to be obviously superior to that of the intercropping potatoes, and the economical significance and the quality of flue-cured tobacco are also obviously superior to those of the intercropping potatoes; it is probably because the ratio of the Proteus, actinomycetes and Acidovorax of the rhizosphere soil of the tobacco plant intercropped with the endive is higher than that of other treatments, and the tobacco plant improves the environment of the growth and development of the tobacco plant through the participation of carbon circulation, nitrogen circulation, degradation of plant residue polymers and photosynthesis, so that the tobacco plant can grow robustly, thereby improving the economic character and tobacco quality. Therefore, in the intercropping of different plants and flue-cured tobacco, the present invention preferably selects the chicory.
Example 2: effect of different amounts of chicory and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plants
Wherein: each 667M 2 intercropping herba Sonchi Oleracei <2200 strain (T1, 1800-1900 strain), 2200 strain (T2), >2200 strain (T3, 2400-2500 strain)
1. Effect of different dosage of herba Sonchi Oleracei and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plant growth and root system
As can be seen from table 2: because the intercropping amount of T1 treatment is small, the growth and the root development of the tobacco plants are higher than those of T2 and T3 treatments in different development periods, but the difference between the tobacco plants and the T2 treatment is not obvious, and the difference between the tobacco plants and the T3 treatment is obvious.
TABLE 2 Effect of different amounts of chicory and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plant growth and root system
2. Influence of different dosages of endive and flue-cured tobacco on economic character and quality of tobacco plants
As can be seen from table 3: the acre yield, acre yield value and medium smoke ratio of the T2 treatment are all higher than those of other treatments, and the acre yield, acre yield value and medium smoke ratio are particularly obviously higher than those of the T1 and T3 treatments; in terms of quality, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine and potassium in the T2 treatment all meet the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves, and especially the content of potassium is obviously higher than that in the T1 and T3 treatments; and the potassium content of the T1 and T3 treatment does not meet the requirements of the high-quality tobacco leaves.
TABLE 3 influence of different amounts of chicory and flue-cured tobacco intercropping on economic Properties and quality
In summary, while T2 treated tobacco plants have a root system that is smaller than T1 treated (but not significantly different), economic traits and quality of tobacco plants are significantly higher than T1 treated, presumably because T2 treatment provides more chicory root secretions than T1 treatment, which is more beneficial to the improvement of economic traits and quality. Thus, the method is applicable to a variety of applications. The present invention selects about 2200 lines (T2) of chicory intercropped with 667M 2.
Example 3: effect of distance between Sonchus arvensis and flue-cured tobacco on root growth of tobacco plant
Wherein: the intercropping distance between the endive and the flue-cured tobacco is about 10cm (T1) and about 20cm (T2)
As can be seen from table 4: the root system of the tobacco plant treated by the T2 grows optimally, and the development of the root system of the tobacco plant is severely restricted by the endive treated by the T1; therefore, the present invention considers that the intercropping distance between the chicory and the flue-cured tobacco is about 20 cm.
TABLE 4 Effect of distance between Sonchus arvensis and flue-cured tobacco on root growth of flue-cured tobacco plants
Example 4: influence of time of planting Sonchus arvensis on tobacco plant root system and growth and development of tobacco plant
Wherein: planting time of 5 months in middle ten days (T1, tobacco plant is in seedling returning stage), planting time of 5 months at bottom-6 months at beginning (T2, tobacco plant is in seedling stage)
As can be seen from table 5: as the tobacco plant is in the seedling returning period in the middle ten days of 5 months, the root system development of the tobacco plant is seriously affected by the intercropping of the chicory, so that the economic character and quality of the tobacco plant are further restricted (Table 6). In addition, intercropping plant chicory is planted after the middle ten days of 6 months, and the illumination condition of the chicory is affected due to the fact that the tobacco plants are too large, so that the growth of the chicory is inhibited, and the effect of relieving continuous cropping tobacco fields cannot be achieved.
Therefore, the time for planting the intercropping plant, namely the endive, is selected to be carried out when the tobacco plant has completed the seedling returning period and enters the root extending period (the root growing period), so that the growth of the tobacco plant and the intercropping plant, namely the endive, can reach a balance.
TABLE 5 Effect of Sonchus arvensis planting time on root growth and growth development of tobacco plants
TABLE 6 Effect of time of planting Sonchus arvensis on economic Properties and quality of tobacco plants
Example 5: effect of harvesting height of herba Sonchi Oleracei on growth and development of tobacco plant and photosynthetic property
Wherein: the harvesting height of the endive is less than 10cm (T1, 4-6 cm), 10cm (T2) and no harvesting (T3)
As can be seen from table 7: the growth and the photosynthetic characteristics of the T1 treated tobacco plants are not greatly different from those of the T2 and T3 treatment in the period of the root-tuber, but the growth and the photosynthetic characteristics of the T1 treated tobacco plants are obviously higher than those of the T2 and T3 treatment along with the continuation of the growth process and the vigorous long-term and mature period; the T2 treatment is significantly higher than the T3 treatment; the T1 and T2 are used for treating the endive and harvesting in time, so that the coverage among leaves is not caused, and the transpiration intensity of tobacco plants is also higher than that of the tobacco plants treated by T3.
However, since T1 treatment is performed after harvesting the endive with a length of <10cm, the economic benefit of endive is reduced, and the growth and economic benefit of tobacco plants are comprehensively considered, the invention considers that: the harvesting of the endive should not be too early, and the harvesting height is about 10 cm.
TABLE 7 Effect of harvesting height of chicory on plant growth and photosynthetic rate
In conclusion, as the ratio of the Proteus, the actinomycetes and the Acidovorax in the rhizosphere soil bacteria of the tobacco plants of the cured tobacco intercropping endive is higher than that of other treatments, the growth and development of the tobacco plants can be regulated and controlled by participating in carbon circulation, nitrogen circulation, degrading plant residue polymers and photosynthesis; the ascomycota with higher proportion in fungi can utilize more resources, can decompose lignin, cutin and other refractory organic matters in soil, and the basidiomycota can decompose lignin with high carbon-nitrogen ratio, and can utilize more residues in degraded soil, so that the strong growth of tobacco plants is promoted, and the economic character and quality of the tobacco plants can be improved.
Claims (3)
1. A method for improving tobacco planting soil characteristics and tobacco leaf quality by intercropping flue-cured tobacco and endive, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Planting flue-cured tobacco;
(2) Intercropping and sowing the endive on two sides of a tobacco plant;
In the step (2), at the beginning of 5 months to 6 months, the tobacco plants are planted with the endive in the period of the seedling stage, namely, the tobacco plants are planted with the endive after the seedling stage of the tobacco plants is reversed; the distance between the endive and the tobacco plant is 18-22cm; planting two plants of endive in the tobacco field at intervals between every two plants of tobacco seedlings of each row, wherein the sowing quantity of the endive is 2 2100-2300 plants per 667M; intercropping the chicory to 8-12cm, harvesting once, and repeating the steps until the tobacco leaves are all harvested.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted in step (1) before the last ten days of 5 months.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the flue-cured tobacco is planted in step (1) at a row spacing of 120cm and a plant spacing of 50cm.
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