CN116171820A - Large-field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco - Google Patents
Large-field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco quality improvement, and relates to a large-field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco. The large field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco provided by the invention comprises the following steps: planting the flue-cured tobacco, sowing intercropping plants on two sides of the flue-cured tobacco, and repeatedly harvesting the intercropping plants until the flue-cured tobacco is harvested. The invention has simple operation and reliable result, solves the problems of environmental pollution and drug resistance of chemical reagents used for preventing and treating continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco, and provides effective technical guarantee for producing organic pollution-free flue-cured tobacco.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco quality improvement, and particularly relates to a large-field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco.
Background
Soil microorganisms as an important component in the agricultural ecosystem can form various products such as various organic acids, hormones, antibiotics, vitamins and the like, and play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem; in addition, the type, number and community structure of soil microorganisms not only directly affect the transformation and composition of nutrients, but also are one of the main factors for maintaining and restoring the productivity of soil. Soil bacteria are main components of a microbial system in an ecological system, and evolution (quantity and composition structure) of the microbial system is an important biological index reflecting the quality change of soil environment.
A great deal of researches show that the utilization of the interaction of plants and microorganisms can improve the utilization of resources and reduce the investment of pesticides and fertilizers, and is one of important contents of green development of agriculture; in the intercropping, interplanting and rotation modes, the plants can improve the soil environment through direct or indirect action, so that the plants fully utilize moisture and nutrients, inhibit weed breeding, control plant diseases and insect pests and the like. Research shows that the imbalance of the microecological environment of the flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere is a main biological factor causing continuous cropping obstacle; in a flue-cured tobacco continuous cropping planting mode, the same root exudates of tobacco plants can cause the soil to contain simpler microbial community structures, so that the physical and chemical activities of the soil are affected, and finally the soil quality of the tobacco fields is reduced, the growth and development of tobacco plants are hindered, the tobacco yield and quality are reduced, the pathogen quantity of the tobacco plants is increased and the soil-borne diseases are aggravated; the alternate planting mode is favorable for constructing a good tobacco field soil micro-ecological system, and the beneficial microorganism population structure of the soil can be regulated and controlled to a certain extent, so that the continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco is reduced; and the development of high-pass sequencing technology can simultaneously sequence the genomes of various microorganisms, and compared with the traditional separation culture method, the method is favorable for better and deeply researching the relationship between microorganisms and crop growth and development, and provides data support for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles.
In the past, the research on overcoming the continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco is mainly focused on rotation planting, and the research on intercropping planting is mainly focused on disease prevention and control, but the research on the microbial environment of the rhizosphere soil of flue-cured tobacco under the intercropping condition is very little.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of poor control effect, environmental pollution and drug resistance of the existing chemical reagent used for controlling the continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobacco, and provides an intercropping cultivation method for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobacco.
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are realized by the following technical proposal,
a large-field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
(1) Planting flue-cured tobacco;
(2) Intercropping and sowing lettuce on two sides of the tobacco plant.
And (3) transplanting the flue-cured tobacco in the step (1) before the last ten days of 5 months.
And (3) planting the flue-cured tobacco in the step (1) at a row spacing of 120cm and a plant spacing of 50cm.
And (3) planting lettuce in the period of the tobacco plant in the period of the seedling stage from the bottom of 5 months to the beginning of 6 months, namely planting lettuce after the tobacco plant passes the seedling stage.
The distance between the lettuce and the tobacco plant in the step (2) is 12-15cm.
Planting two lettuce plants in the tobacco field in the step (2) at intervals between every two tobacco seedlings of each row, wherein the sowing quantity of the lettuce plants is 667M 2 2100-2300 strain; 2200 strain is preferred.
Further, intercropping lettuce is harvested once when the distance between 20cm and 25cm is reached, and the steps are repeated until tobacco leaves are all harvested.
The intercropping cultivation method of the invention obviously improves the composition of soil bacterial community while improving the activity of soil enzyme and organic matters, so that the richness and diversity of bacteria are increased; the method improves the yield and quality of the flue-cured tobacco, reduces the application of pesticides, and does not cause environmental pollution, and because the method adopts no chemical agent, the method is a cultivation and adjustment mode for improving soil, the method also has no problem of drug resistance, and provides effective technical guarantee for the production of green organic pollution-free flue-cured tobacco.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the bacterial abundance and diversity of rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants under flue-cured tobacco single and intercropping conditions (A) and OUT analysis (B).
FIG. 2 shows the structural differences of bacterial community in rhizosphere soil under flue-cured tobacco single cropping and intercropping conditions;
(A) The evolutionary relationship of bacteria between each treated rhizosphere soil; (B) a main bacterial group of rhizosphere soil; (C) PCoA analysis.
FIG. 3 shows the distribution ratio (A) and LEfSe analysis (B) of rhizosphere soil dominant bacteria in different treatments under flue-cured tobacco single and intercropping conditions;
FIG. 4 shows the effect of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco planting soil enzyme activity and organic matter;
FIG. 5 shows the effect of different amounts of lettuce on tobacco plant rhizosphere soil bacterial abundance and diversity between flue-cured tobacco (A) and bacterial OTU analysis (B);
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to further illustrate the invention, but not to limit it.
Example 1: selection of optimal plants for intercropping with flue-cured tobacco
1. Influence of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco bacterial community
Wherein: tobacco field leaf lettuce (T1), chinese chives (T2) and sweet potatoes (T3) are treated, and tobacco field without intercropping is used as a Control (CK)
(1) Abundance and diversity
As can be seen from fig. 1A: the bacterial abundance of tobacco plant rhizosphere soil in tobacco fields varies greatly with intercropping plants, the sizes of the tobacco plant rhizosphere soil are arranged as T1> T2> CK > T3, and the T1 treatment is obviously higher than the T2, T3 and CK treatments; alpha diversity results indicate that: the diversity index of the intercropping treatment Shannon, ace, chao is higher than that of the CK, and the diversity index of the T1 and T2 treatments is obviously higher than that of the T3 and CK treatments; bacterial OTU analysis showed 716 bacterial OTUs common to the four T1, T2, T3 and CK treatments (fig. 1B), 379, 346, 306 and 274 respectively, with the individual bacterial OTUs being significantly higher for the T1 and T2 treatments than for the T3 and CK treatments.
(2) Bacterial community structural composition and its diversity
To understand the phylogenetic relationship of species at gate level, the OTUs data corresponding to gates with top 35 relative abundance ranks are subjected to multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree is constructed by maximum likelihood method to understand the evolutionary relationship of bacteria between each treated rhizosphere soil. Although the results of fig. 2A show that: the bacterial communities of different treatments belong to 15 phyla, namely Proteus, acidomycota, bacteroides, agrimonia, lgiomycota, actinomycota, YOUMIZOMEGUM, thick-walled, undefined bacteria, nitrospira, quantum, bdellovibrio, blancylobacter, myxomycota and Proteus, and the bacteria with relative abundance of > 1% at the door level are the same, namely Proteus, thick-walled, acidomycota, bacteroides, actinomycota, lgiomycota, YPHOMEGUM, unknown, other bacteria, and are the main bacterial group of rhizosphere soil (FIG. 2B); PCoA (FIG. 2C) reflects that certain differences exist among the treated rhizosphere soil samples, and the distribution proportion of dominant bacteria in different treatments and the composition of the dominant bacteria in different treatments are different, which shows that different plant types intercropped with tobacco plants have different effects on the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere soil.
(3) Distribution ratio of dominant strains in different treatments
The distribution ratio results of dominant strains in different treatments show (fig. 3A): the ratio of each treatment was T1 (30%) > CK (27%) > T3 (24%) > T2 (21%), T1 (14%) > T3 (12%) > T2 (11%) > CK (10%), T1 (15%) > CK (13%) > t2=t3 (12%), T1 (7%) > CK (5%) > T3 (3%) > T2 (2%), T1 (6%) > CK (4%) > T3=t2 (3%), T1 (9%) > T2 (8%) > T3 (7%) > CK (5%), T1 (8%) > T2 (6%) > T3=ck (5%) and T3 (11%) > T2 (10%) in the phylum of Acidovorax, T3 (2%) > T1 (7%) > CK (4%) > T3=t2 (3%), T1 (9%) > T2 (> T2%) in the phylum of actinomycota, T1 (24%) > T2 (3%).
The ratio of bacteria with the relative abundance of T1 treatment of the invention being more than 1% is higher than that of other treatments, and the combination of the results of LEfSe analysis (figure 3B) shows that the main function of alpha-anamorphic bacteria of the dominant community anamorphic bacteria gate in the rhizosphere soil of the intercropping lettuce tobacco plant of the invention is participated in photosynthesis and carbon circulation, thus being a community with important ecological function; the Sphingomonas and Sphingomonas of the phylum of the bacteroidetes can produce various polypeptide amino acid antibiotics, and have certain resistance to most fungus pathogenic bacteria; the actinomycota can promote the decay of animal and plant remains in soil and plays a certain role in the nitrogen circulation in the nature, so that the actinomycota can absorb nutrient substances; the firmicutes can produce spores to resist external harmful factors, and have extremely strong stress resistance; acidobactirium can degrade plant residue polymers and regulate plant growth and development through photosynthesis, and has bioremediation capability.
2. Influence of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco planting soil enzyme activity and organic matters
As can be seen from fig. 4: in enzyme activity, the presentation of each treatment on urease activity was T1 (991.15) > T2 (965.32) > T3 (726.26) > CK (658.66), the presentation on polyphenol oxidase was T1 (444.10) > T2 (227.84) > T3 (165.26) > CK (100.82), the presentation on phosphatase was T1 (38.02) > T2 (33.41) > T3 (21.13) > CK (19.81), the presentation on sucrase was T1 (16.97) > T3 (15.21) > T2 (14.56) > CK (10.33), the presentation on protease was T1 (0.67) > T2 (0.59) > T3 (0.35) > CK (0.34), and the presentation on organic matter was T1 (1.191) > T2 (0.797) > T2 (0.480) > T3 (0.400); the above results indicate that: the activity and organic matter content of each enzyme of the T1 treatment are obviously higher than those of other treatments.
3. Influence of intercropping of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on flue-cured tobacco diseases
As can be seen from table 1: both the incidence and the index of disease for T1 treatment were significantly lower than for other treatments, analyzing the cause: because the T1 is used for treating rhizosphere soil bacteria of the tobacco plant, firstly, the ratio of the bacteroides and the thick-walled bacteria is higher than that of other treatments, the resistance of the tobacco plant is improved, and the incidence rate of soil-borne disease mosaic virus, bacterial wilt and blackleg is reduced; secondly, the ratio of the Proteobacteria to the actinomycetes and the Acidobacilli is higher than that of other treatments, and the tobacco plant can improve the microenvironment of the growth and development of the tobacco plant through the participation of carbon circulation, nitrogen circulation, degradation of plant residue polymers and photosynthesis, so that the tobacco plant can grow robustly, and other diseases can be well resisted.
TABLE 1 influence of different plant and flue-cured tobacco intercropping on flue-cured tobacco diseases
4. Influence of intercropping of different plants and flue-cured tobacco on economic character and quality of flue-cured tobacco
The acre yield, acre yield value, upper smoke proportion and medium smoke proportion of the T1 treatment are higher than those of other treatments; in terms of quality, the total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine and potassium contents of the T1 treatment all meet the requirements of the high-quality tobacco leaves, while the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of other treatments exceed the ceiling of the high-quality tobacco leaves, the total nitrogen and nicotine contents are higher and the potassium content is lower (Table 2).
TABLE 2 influence of intercropping of different plants with flue-cured tobacco on economic Properties and quality of flue-cured tobacco
Based on the above results: the tobacco plant rhizosphere soil bacteria for intercropping the lettuce is considered to have the effect of obviously better than that of intercropping the Chinese chives and the sweet potatoes on improving the characteristics of tobacco planting soil and relieving continuous cropping obstacle of the tobacco plants, and the economy and the quality of flue-cured tobacco are obviously better than those of the intercropping the Chinese chives and the sweet potatoes, so that the invention preferentially selects the lettuce in the intercropping of different plants and the flue-cured tobacco.
Example 2: influence of different doses of lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on rhizosphere soil bacteria of tobacco plants and tobacco plants
Wherein: every 667M 2 Intercropping lettuce<2200 (T1, 1800-1900), 2200 (T2),>2200 strain (T3, 2400-2500 strain)
1. Influence of different amounts of lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on bacterial abundance and diversity of rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants
As can be seen from fig. 5A: the bacterial abundance of tobacco plant rhizosphere soil in tobacco fields varies greatly with intercropping plants, the sizes of the tobacco plant rhizosphere soil are arranged as T2> T1> T3, and the T2 treatment is obviously higher than the T1 and T3 treatments; alpha diversity results indicate that: shannon, ace, chao diversity index for T2 treatment was higher than for T1 and T3 treatments; bacterial OTU analysis showed (fig. 5B), that the total OTU of three T1, T2 and T3 treated bacteria was T2 (2519) > T3 (2196) > T1 (1925), with T2 treatment being significantly higher than T1 and T3 treatment and T1 treatment being significantly higher than T3 treatment; the OTU specific to each of the three treatments was T2 (650) > T3 (381) > T1 (362), with T2 treatment being significantly higher than T1 and T3 treatments, while the difference between T1 and T3 treatments was not significant.
This suggests that the different amounts of lettuce are greatly different from the abundance and diversity of tobacco plant soil bacteria in flue-cured tobacco intercropping, probably because the lettuce root system continuously releases a large amount of secretions to the surroundings during the growth and development process, and the secondary metabolites can change the abundance and diversity of tobacco plant rhizosphere soil bacteria in intercropping with the secondary metabolites.
2. Influence of different amounts of lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plants
(1) Tobacco plant growth and root system
As can be seen from table 3: because the intercropping lettuce amount in the T1 treatment is small, the growth and the root development of the tobacco plants are higher than those in the T2 and T3 treatments in different development periods, but the difference between the tobacco plants and the T2 treatment is not obvious, and the difference between the tobacco plants and the T3 treatment is obvious.
TABLE 3 influence of different amounts of lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on tobacco plant growth and root system
(2) Economic trait and quality of tobacco plants
As can be seen from table 4: the acre yield, acre yield value and medium smoke ratio of the T2 treatment are all higher than those of other treatments, and the acre yield, acre yield value and medium smoke ratio are particularly obviously higher than those of the T1 and T3 treatments; in terms of quality, the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine and potassium in the T2 treatment all meet the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves, and especially the content of potassium is obviously higher than that in the T1 and T3 treatments; and the potassium content of the T1 and T3 treatment does not meet the requirements of the high-quality tobacco leaves.
TABLE 4 influence of different amounts of lettuce and flue-cured tobacco intercropping on economic Properties and quality
Based on the above results: the invention considers that every 667M 2 The intercropping of the lettuce with 2200 plants (T2) is more beneficial to the growth and development of tobacco plants, the improvement of economic characters and quality, and the increase of bacterial abundance and diversity of tobacco plant rhizosphere soil, so that the continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco is relieved and inhibited.
Example 3: influence of time of lettuce planting on tobacco plant root system and tobacco plant growth and development
Wherein: planting time of 5 months in middle ten days (T1, tobacco plant is in seedling returning stage), planting time of 5 months at bottom-6 months at beginning (T2, tobacco plant is in seedling stage)
As can be seen from table 5: since the tobacco plant is in the seedling returning period in the middle ten days of 5 months, the root system development of the tobacco plant is seriously affected by the intercropping lettuce planted at the moment, so that the economic character and quality of the tobacco plant are further restricted (Table 6). In addition, intercropping plant lettuce is planted in the middle ten days of 6 months, and the excessive tobacco strain can influence the illumination condition of the lettuce, so that the growth of the lettuce is inhibited, and the effect of relieving the continuous cropping tobacco field can not be achieved.
Therefore, the time for planting the intercropping plant lettuce should be selected when the tobacco plant has completed the seedling returning period and enters the root extending period (the root growing period), so that the growth of the tobacco plant and the intercropping plant lettuce can reach a balance.
TABLE 5 influence of lettuce planting time on root growth and growth development of tobacco plants
TABLE 6 influence of time of lettuce planting on economic Properties and quality of tobacco plants
Example 4: influence of intercropping distance between lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on root growth of tobacco plants
Wherein: the distance between the lettuce and the flue-cured tobacco is 5cm (T1), and the distance between the lettuce and the flue-cured tobacco is 25cm (T2)
As can be seen from table 7: the root system of the tobacco plant treated by the T2 grows optimally, and the development of the root system of the tobacco plant is severely restricted by the lettuce treated by the T1; therefore, the distance between the lettuce and the flue-cured tobacco is about 25 cm.
TABLE 7 influence of distance between lettuce and flue-cured tobacco on root growth of flue-cured tobacco plants
Example 5: influence of the harvesting height of lettuce on the growth and development of tobacco plants and photosynthetic characteristics
Wherein: the harvesting height of the lettuce is less than 20cm (T1, 13-15 cm), the harvesting height is 20-25cm (T2), and the lettuce does not harvest for any growth (T3)
As can be seen from table 8: the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the T1 treatment are not greatly different from those of the T2 and T3 treatments in the period of the seedling, but the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the T1 treatment are obviously higher than those of the T2 and T3 treatments and the T2 treatment is obviously higher than the T3 treatment along with the continuation of the fertility progress and the vigorous long-term and maturation period; the leaf covers are not caused by timely harvesting of the lettuce treated by the T1 and the T2, so that the transpiration intensity of the tobacco plants is higher than that of the tobacco plants treated by the T3.
However, since the T1 treatment is performed after the lettuce is harvested below 20cm, the economic benefit of the lettuce is reduced, and the growth and the economic benefit of tobacco plants are comprehensively considered, the invention considers that: the lettuce should not be harvested too early, and the harvesting height is preferably 20-25 cm.
TABLE 8 influence of the height of the lettuce harvest on the growth and development of tobacco plants and the photosynthetic rate
Claims (7)
1. The large-field planting method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of flue-cured tobacco is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Planting flue-cured tobacco;
(2) Intercropping and sowing lettuce on two sides of the tobacco plant.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted in step (1) before the last ten days of 5 months.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the flue-cured tobacco is planted in step (1) at a row spacing of 120cm and a plant spacing of 50cm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the tobacco plants are planted in the seedling stage at the beginning of 5 months to 6 months in step (2), i.e., the tobacco plants are planted after the seedling stage has passed.
5. The method of claim 1, 3 or 4, wherein the distance from the lettuce plant in step (2) is 12 cm to 15cm.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein in the step (2), two lettuce plants are planted in the tobacco field at intervals between every two tobacco seedlings of each row, and the sowing amount of the lettuce plants is 667M 2 2100-2300 strain.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the intercropped lettuce is harvested once to 20-25cm and the step is repeated until the leaves are fully harvested.
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