CN115991600B - 锂金属氧化物/锂石榴石复合薄膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
锂金属氧化物/锂石榴石复合薄膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115991600B CN115991600B CN202111211196.5A CN202111211196A CN115991600B CN 115991600 B CN115991600 B CN 115991600B CN 202111211196 A CN202111211196 A CN 202111211196A CN 115991600 B CN115991600 B CN 115991600B
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 153
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 141
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 21
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungstate Chemical compound [O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003966 growth inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 56
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 18
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 235000015895 biscuits Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001237 Raman spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- PNEHEYIOYAJHPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tungsten Chemical compound [Li].[W] PNEHEYIOYAJHPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910010629 Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000157 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001272 pressureless sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000020897 Formins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091022623 Formins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910018119 Li 3 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001251 solid state electrolyte alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003826 uniaxial pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032953 Device battery issue Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910010093 LiAlO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003841 Raman measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001444 catalytic combustion detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011363 dried mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 la-based Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium aluminate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Al]=O YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMHMDUCCVHOJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium molybdate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O NMHMDUCCVHOJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MNKMDLVKGZBOEW-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Chemical compound [Li+].OC1=CC(C([O-])=O)=CC(O)=C1O MNKMDLVKGZBOEW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JNQQEOHHHGGZCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5] JNQQEOHHHGGZCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002076 stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本公开涉及锂金属氧化物/锂石榴石复合薄膜及其制备方法。锂金属氧化物/锂石榴石复合薄膜为烧结复合陶瓷,包括锂石榴石主相以及锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相,其中锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相包含钨酸锂。一种制备烧结复合陶瓷的方法,包括在750℃至1500℃范围内的温度下烧结金属氧化物组分和锂石榴石组分以形成烧结复合陶瓷。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及一种烧结复合陶瓷,具体涉及一种具有改善极限电流密度(CCD)的锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质,属于锂离子固体陶瓷电解质领域。
背景技术
常规的锂(Li)离子电池已被广泛研究,但是仍然受到能量密度、功率密度和安全性等问题的限制,这也对在电气设备中的大规模应用提出了挑战。基于锂石榴石电解质(LLZO)的固态锂电池解决了安全问题,但由于石榴石刚性陶瓷性质以及表面杂质的存在会造成不良锂润湿性、锂阳极与石榴石电解质之间的接触不足,常常导致大的极化和界面阻抗,从而引起锂的不均匀沉积和锂枝晶的形成。另外一方面,由于LLZO内部孔隙和缺陷的存在,锂枝晶会在孔隙和缺陷形成并在LLZO内部渗透生长。
因此,由于LLZO晶粒连接不够紧密和/或LLZO致密度低,LLZO将表现出较差的 锂枝晶抑制能力和的低极限电流密度(CCD),这给固态电池应用带来了巨大挑战。
发明内容
本申请公开了一种用于固态锂金属电池中的改进的锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质,增强 了固态锂金属电池中锂石榴石电解质的晶界结合。
在一些实施方式中,烧结复合陶瓷包括锂石榴石主相;锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相,其中锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相包括钨酸锂。
在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,锂石榴石主相包含:(i)Li7-3aLa3Zr2LaO12,L=Al、Ga、或Fe,且0<a<0.33;(ii)Li7La3-bZr2MbO12,其中M=Bi、或 Y,且0<b<1;(iii)Li7-cLa3(Zr2-c,Nc)O12,其中N=In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、 Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、Ta、Al、Ga、Fe、Bi、Y、Mg或Ca中的一个或者多个,0<c<1。
在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,钨酸锂包含式LixWO(x+6)/2,其中1/3≤x≤6(LWO)。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,钨酸锂包含以 下中的至少一种:Li2WO4、Li4WO5、Li6WO6、Li2W2O7、Li2W4O13、Li2W6O15或其组合。在 可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,烧结复合陶瓷的锂石榴石主相包含至少 90wt.%的立方相锂石榴石。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,对占锂石榴石相总晶粒数至少5%的大晶粒,所测得大晶粒的最大粒度不超过锂石榴石相晶粒平均粒 度的20倍。
在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,电池包括至少一个锂电极;和 与至少一个锂电极接触的电解质,其中该电解质是包含本文公开的烧结复合陶瓷的锂石榴石 复合电解质。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,电池具有大于0.4mS·cm-1的离子电导率。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,电池具有大于97%的 相对密度。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,电池具有大于0.7mA·cm-2的极限电流密度(CCD)。
在一些实施方式中,一种制备烧结复合陶瓷的方法,包括在750℃至1500℃范围内的温度下烧结金属氧化物石榴石组分以形成烧结复合陶瓷;所述烧结复合陶瓷包括:锂石榴 石主相;锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相,其中锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相包括钨酸锂。
在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,烧结复合陶瓷的制备温度在1000℃至1250℃的范围内。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,烧结复合陶瓷的制备温度在1130℃至1230℃的范围内。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,在烧结步骤之前混合金属氧化物组分和石榴石组分,使得锂与钨的摩尔比(Li: W)在1/3≤x≤6的范围内。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,烧结时间 在1分钟至300分钟范围内。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,烧结时间 在5分钟至100分钟范围内。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,烧结过程 包含添加石榴石型埋粉。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面中,钨酸锂包含式LixWO(x+6)/2,其中1/3≤x≤6(LWO)。在可与任何其他方面或实施方式组合的一个方面 中,钨酸锂包含以下中的至少一种:Li2WO4、Li4WO5、Li6WO6、Li2W2O7、Li2W4O13、 Li2W6O15或其组合。
附图说明
通过结合以下附图进行的详细描述,本公开将变得更加易于理解。其中:
图1为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质实施例样品1-3的X射线衍射(XRD)图。
图2为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质实施例对比样品1的断面扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像。
图3中A和B为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质实施例样品2断面SEM图像。
图4中A-F为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质实施例样品2和4-8的全固态锂对称电池的极限电流密度(CCD)测试。
图5为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质实施例样品1-3和对比样品1的Raman光谱。
图6中A-D为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质实施例样品3的断面形貌和元素分析。包括断面SEM图像(图6中A),锆(Zr)(图6中B)、钨(W)(图6中C)和镧(La)(图6 中D)能量色散谱(EDS)分析。
具体实施方式
以下将结合附图对本公开的一些示例性具体实施方式进行详细描述。只要有可能, 在所有附图中将使用相同的附图标记指代相同或相似的含义。附图中的组件不是必需要按比 例绘制,而是将重点放在所给出示例性实施例的原理上。应当理解,本申请不限于说明书中阐述的或在附图中示出的细节或方法。还应该理解,本公开中所使用的术语仅出于描述的目 的,而不应被认为是限制性的。
另外,在本说明书中阐述的任何示例是说明性的,而不是限制性的,并且仅阐述了要求保护的发明中许多可能实施例中的一些。对于本领域技术人员显而易见的,对本领域中 通常遇到的各种条件和参数作出的一些非本质的其他合适的修改和调整,均在本公开保护范围内。
术语:
“主要相”、“主相”、“第一相”或类似的术语或短语是指锂石榴石的物理存在量大于 50wt.%。物相的成分和含量可以通过XRD(wt.%)来测量。在一些示例中,主相还可以由组合物中按重量比、体积比、摩尔比或类似指标大于50%的锂石榴石的物理存在表示。
“次要相”、“次相”、“第二相”或类似的术语或短语是指在复合物中按重量比、体积比、摩尔比或类似指标少于50%的锂枝晶生长抑制剂(即,晶界结合增强剂)的物理存 在。在一些实例中,XRD无法检测到的次要相的存在,但是可以通过SEM测量以确认次要 相的存在。
“SA”、“第二添加剂”、“第二相添加剂”、“第二相添加剂氧化物”、“相添加剂氧化物”、“添加剂氧化物”、“添加剂”或类似术语是指产生包含在所公开的复合物主相内的次要相或第二相的材料。
“LLZO”、石榴石或类似术语是指包含锂(Li)、镧(La)、锆(Zr)和氧(O)元素 的化合物。可选地,掺杂元素可以替代Li、La或Zr中的至少一种。“烧结复合陶瓷”、“锂 金属氧化物/锂石榴石复合薄膜为烧结复合陶瓷”或类似术语是是指锂石榴石主相和锂枝晶 生长抑制剂次要相组成的复合陶瓷,其中复合陶瓷可以具有不同的形状和厚度,包括薄膜、 片状、块状和管状等。
在一些实例中,锂石榴石电解质包括以下至少一种:(i)Li7-3aLa3Zr2LaO12,L=Al、Ga、或Fe,且0<a<0.33;(ii)Li7La3-bZr2MbO12,其中M=Bi、或Y且0<b<1;(iii)Li7-cLa3(Zr2-c,Nc)O12,其中N=In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、Ta、 Al、Ga、Fe,Bi、Y、Mg或Ca,且0<c<1。
“包括”、“包含”或类似术语是指包含但不限于,即包括而非排他的。
本文所用的“约”、“大约”、“基本上”和类似术语旨在具有广泛的含义,与本公开的主题涉及的本领域普通技术人员的普通和公认用法相一致。审阅本公开的本领域技术人员应 理解,这些术语旨在用于描述所描述和要求保护的某些特征,而不将这些特征的范围限于所提供的精确数值范围。因此,这些术语应被解释为所描述和要求保护的主题的非实质性或无 关紧要的修改或变更被认为是在所附权利要求书中所陈述的本发明的范围内。
例如,在改变复合物中组分的数量、浓度、体积、过程温度、过程时间、产率、流 速、压力、粘度和类似参量及其范围,或用于描述本公开的实施例中采用的部件的尺寸和类 似的值及其范围,“约”或类似术语是指可能发生的数值变化。例如:通过用于制备材料、组合物、复合材料、浓缩物、组成零件、制品或使用配方的典型测量和处理步骤;通过这些步 骤中的无意错误;通过用于执行该方法的产品、原料或初始原料或配料的纯度上的差异;以及类似的考虑。术语“约”(或类似术语)也涵盖由于老化组合物或具有特定初始浓度的配方或混合物的过程中的数量变化,以及由于混合或加工组合物或具有特定初始浓度的配方或混 合物的过程中的数量变化。
本文所使用的,“可选的”、“可选地”或类似术语旨在表示随后所描述的事件或情况 可能发生或不发生,并且该描述事件或情况包括发生和不发生两种情况,并且该描述包括事 件或情况发生的实例以及事件或情况没有发生的实例。除非另有说明,否则本文中使用的词语“一个”或“一种”及其类似的词语“所述”是指至少一个或多个。
如本文所用,“室温”或“RT”旨在表示约18℃至25℃范围内的温度。
本文中对元素的位置(例如,“顶部”、“底部”、“上方”、“下方”、“中间”等)的引用仅用于描述附图中各个元素的方向。应当注意,根据其他示例性实施例,各种元件的取向可以不同,并且这种变化旨在被本公开所涵盖。
可以使用本领域普通技术人员众所周知的缩略语和名词(例如,“CCD”代表极限电流密度或者临界电流密度,“h”或“hrs”代表一个小时或几个小时,“g”或“gm”代表克, “mL”代表毫升,“RT”或“rt”代表室温,“nm”代表纳米,等类似缩略语)。
公开的关于组分、成分、添加剂、尺寸、条件、时间和类似方面及其范围的具体和优选值仅用于说明;它们不排除其他定义的值或定义范围内的其他值。本公开的组合物、制品和方法可包括本文所述的任何值或任何值的组合、具体值,更具体值和优选值,包括明确或隐含中间值和范围。
关于本文中任何复数和/或单数术语的使用,本领域技术人员可以根据上下文和应用 情况从复数翻译成单数和/或从单数翻译成复数。为了清楚起见,这里可以明确地阐述各种 单数/复数排列。
如上所述,基于锂石榴石电解质(LLZO)的固态锂电池由于锂阳极和LLZO之间的接触不足,导致锂枝晶的形成和生长,电池极限电流密度(CCD)低并最终短路。解决这些 问题的常规方法包括:(A)H3PO4酸处理,用于去除杂质,同时形成Li3PO4的保护性中间 层;(B)用SnO2或MoS2修饰电解质-阳极界面并形成Sn或Mo及相关的合金中间层。然而 但是,发现对于这些方法,随着电池循环,中间层逐渐耗尽,并最终导致电池故障。而且, 这些中间层不会增加电解质本身对锂枝晶生长的抵抗力。
复合陶瓷电解质有效地改善了主相晶界处的结合,从而通过抑制锂枝晶的生长来改 善了CCD。CCD是指LLZO电解质在锂枝晶渗透到电解质中之前可容许的最大电流密度,这会评价电解质的枝晶抑制能力。通过在LLZO烧结过程中添加添加剂,添加剂或其分解产 物会在晶界聚集,从而增强晶界结合并阻止锂枝晶的生长。目前研究添加剂的工作包括 (i)LLZO中的LiOH·H2O以形成Li2CO3和LiOH的次要相,或(ii)通过将Li3PO4添加到 LLZO前体中,并通过控制烧结条件使Li3PO4作为次要相保留在晶界上,或(iii)烧结涂覆 有LiAlO2的LLZO颗粒以获得锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质。然而,(i)至(iii)中的任何一个 都不能实现期望的CCD以满足实际应用的要求。
锂石榴石电解质是用于锂金属电池技术的有前途的固体电解质材料。与目前传统锂 离子电池中使用的碳负极相比,锂金属负极具有更高的能量密度。制造薄石榴石材料的方法 存在挑战。例如,如上所述一个挑战是锂枝晶的形成。第二个挑战是薄膜的强度要求,这是由电池组装处理决定的。高强度需要细晶粒微观结构。
本文公开了一种用于电解质应用的锂石榴石复合陶瓷薄膜,其通过将金属氧化物添 加到具有任选元素掺杂(例如,In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、 Ta、Al、Ga、Fe、Bi、Y、Ca之一或其组合)。元素掺杂剂可用于将LLZO稳定成立方相。
锂金属氧化物可用作晶界改性的晶界材料,使得非锂离子导电或低锂离子导电材料 可用于填充石榴石晶界,使得锂离子优选穿透石榴石晶粒,从而抑制锂枝晶通过晶界生长并 提升固体电解质极限电流密度(CCD)。第二相材料的低熔化温度也可有助于降低石榴石烧 结温度并增加晶粒结合强度。
在一些实例中,锂石榴石复合陶瓷可包含:锂石榴石主相(例如,LLZO,如上定 义)和锂枝晶生长抑制剂次相(例如,SA,如上定义)。在一些示例中,锂石榴石主相可以 掺杂有In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、Ta、Al、Ga、Fe、Bi、Y、 Mg和Ca中的至少一种或它们的组合。次要相包含选自硅酸锂、镓酸锂、铝酸锂、钨酸 锂、钼酸锂、锂-钽氧化物、锂-铌-氧化物、Li-Sn-氧化物、Li-In-氧化物、Li-As-氧化物、Li- Sb-氧化物,或它们的组合,且占锂石榴石复合陶瓷总质量的含量在0-10wt.%范围内。添加 剂可以改善陶瓷微观结构的均匀性并增强陶瓷的机械性能。如本文所用,“陶瓷微结构的均匀性”是指晶粒尺寸的分布。可能对机械性能具有不利影响的异常大晶粒的出现可以被最小 化或消除并且可以获得细晶粒显微结构。例如,对占锂石榴石相总晶粒数至少5%的大晶 粒,所测得大晶粒的最大粒度不超过锂石榴石相晶粒平均粒度的20倍。
如本文所公开,描述了制备致密、细晶的金属氧化物/石榴石复合薄膜结构方法,其 具有确定的复合组合物。与基于不包含金属氧化物的石榴石电解质的电池相比该氧化物/石 榴石复合薄膜具有改进的CCD。
下面实施例展示了所公开陶瓷的制造、使用和分析。
实施例
如上所述,使用固态电解质(SSE)并匹配高压阴极和锂金属阳极的的固态电池(SSB)是下一代电池技术的有力候选者。SSB具有可以突破传统锂离子电池的容量限制的潜力,满足电动交通等对更高功率和能量密度的需求。作为SSB的关键组成部分,已经报 道了不同类型的SSE。其中LLZO具有室温离子电导率高、热稳定性好、电化学窗口宽以及 对锂金属良好的化学稳定性等优点,有望成为SSB的理想电解质材料。
然而,通过常规无压力烧结制备的LLZO陶瓷通常具有严重的异常晶粒生长 (AGG)或低密度(<92%)等不足,这导致低离子电导率和非常低的机械强度。这种低质 量的LLZO不能用于SSB。迄今为止,已经开发了很多方法,包括热压烧结(HP)或放电 等离子体烧结(SPS)技术,以获得高质量的LLZO。HP或SPS可以消除气孔,使LLZO 的相对密度提高到99%以上。然而,所需的设备非常昂贵,使得LLZO制备成本高,同时 HP和SPS方法都难以扩大规模。在无压烧结中,也可以采用了烧结助剂来提高电解质致密 度,但目前烧结助剂对LLZO的离子电导率和密度的改善有限。使用目前烧结助剂获得的电 解电解质的相对致密度仍不满足实际应用的要求。因此,需要开发和寻找具有高烧结活性和密度增加能力的新型添加剂。
本文公开了一种高密度锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质。在LLZO粉体中加入LixWO(x+6)/2(1/3≤x≤6)添加剂,以提高烧结活性,增加复合电解质在无压烧结下的密度。
实施例1-锂石榴石粉的制备
步骤1:第一次混合
在第一混合步骤中,将以石榴石氧化物分子式化学计量比的无机材料通过研磨混合 并细化。无机材料可以是碳酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、氢氧化物、氧化物或含组成元素的其他化合物,之一或其组合。无机原料可以是锂源化合物和至少一种过渡金属化合物(例如,La基、Zr基化合物等)。在一些实施例中,无机材料化合物化学式中还可以包括 In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、Ta、Al、Ga、Fe、Bi、Y、Mg和Ca 中的至少一种或它们的组合。
在一些实施例中,可能需要在混合的原料中添加过量锂源材料以补偿在1000℃至1300℃(例如,1100℃至1200℃)烧结/第二次煅烧步骤中的高温锂损失。第一混合步骤 可以是干混过程(例如管式混合,然后干球磨,反之亦然)、干磨过程或使用不溶解无机原 料的合适液体为溶剂的湿磨工艺。混料时间可以根据物料规模或程度以及观察到的混合效果来进行调整,例如从几分钟到几小时(例如,1min到48h,或30min到36h,或1h到24h (例如12h),或公开中的任何值或范围内的任意值)。研磨可以通过例如行星式研磨机、磨 碎机、球混合、管式混合或类似的混合或研磨设备来实现。
步骤2:第一次煅烧
在第一煅烧步骤在第一次混合步骤之后,将无机材料的混合物在预定温度(例如在 800℃至1200℃包括中间值(例如950℃)在内的温度)下煅烧,以反应并形成目标锂石榴石电解质粉末(或称石榴石氧化物)。该预定温度取决于锂石榴石电解质的种类。煅烧时间一般可为1h至48h(例如2h至36h,或3h至24h,或4h至12h(例如6h),或其中公 开的任何值或范围内的任意值,取决于所选的无机原料或批料的相对反应活性。在一些实施 方式中,可以将预混的无机配料研磨,然后根据需要煅烧或烧结。
步骤3:第二次煅烧
在第一次煅烧步骤之后,无机材料的煅烧混合物可以任选地在更高的预定温度下煅 烧,例如在1000℃至1300℃(例如,1200℃),包括中间值和范围内的任意值。,升温速率(预烧结)和冷却速率(烧结后)的范围为0.5℃/min至10℃/min(例如,5℃/min)。第 二次煅烧的预定温度取决于锂石榴石的类型。煅烧时间例如从1h至48h(例如,2h至36 h,或3h至24h,或4h至12h(例如,5h))或其中公开的任何值或范围内的任意值)。 在一些实施例中,步骤2和3可以被组合成一个单一煅烧步骤且具有两个保温阶段(由步骤 2表示的第一保温阶段和由步骤3表示的第二保温阶段)。
此处可以实施步骤1-3,其中前体粉末LiOH·H2O(AR,过量2%)、La2O3(99.99%,在900℃下煅烧12h)、ZrO2(AR)和Ta2O5(99.99%)根据Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12的化学计量比称重使用。使用钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)球作为研磨介质异丙醇作为溶剂以 250rpm min-1的速度进行湿式球磨12h。使用12小时。干燥后混合粉末在氧化铝坩埚中 950℃下煅烧6h以获得纯立方相锂石榴石电解质粉末。优选地,根据以上定义的化学式的 固体电解质记为锂石榴石陶瓷电解质LLZO。
实施例2-第二相添加剂粉末的制备
步骤4:第二次混合
在第二混合步骤中,将以添加剂材料按照分子式化学计量比的无机材料通过研磨混 合并细化。无机材料可以是碳酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、氢氧化物、氧化物或含组成元素的其他化合物,之一或其组合。无机原料可以是锂源化合物和至少一种过渡金属化合物 (例如,W基化合物)。
第二混合步骤可以是干混过程(例如管式混合,然后干球磨,反之亦然)、干磨过程或使用不溶解无机原料的合适液体为溶剂的湿磨工艺。混料时间可以根据物料规模或程度以 及观察到的混合效果来进行调整,例如从几分钟到几小时(例如,1min到48h(例如24h),或30min到36h,或1h到24h,或公开中的任何值或范围内的任意值)。研磨可以通 过例如行星式研磨机、磨碎机、球混合、管式混合或类似的混合或研磨设备来实现。
步骤5:第三次煅烧
第三煅烧步骤在第二混合步骤之后,将无机材料混合物在预定温度下煅烧,例如在 250℃至750℃(例如,500℃),包括中间体值和范围内的任意值。预定温度取决于第二相添加剂的类型。煅烧时间例如从1min到12h(例如,30min到9h,或1h到6h,或1h 到3h(例如,2h),或其中公开的中间值或范围内的任意值中选取。煅烧时间,也可能取 决于所选无机起始或源批料的烧结活性。在一些示例中,预定温度独立于煅烧时间选择,例 如,500℃持续2小时。
此处可以实施步骤4和5,其中前体粉末LiOH·H2O(AR)和WO3(AR)以x(1/3 ≤x≤6)的摩尔比称重。使用YSZ球作为研磨介质、异丙醇作为溶剂以250rpm min-1的速 度湿法球磨24小时。干燥后混合物粉末在氧化铝坩埚中500℃下煅烧2h。第二相添加剂可 以包括式LixWO(x+6)/2,其中1/3≤x≤6(LWO),例如Li2WO4、Li4WO5、Li6WO6、 Li2W2O7、Li2W4O13和Li2W6O15。
实施例3-石榴石型埋粉(或母粉)的制备
高的烧结温度对于制备致密LLZO电解质是必不可少的(例如1100-1300℃)。然而,在如此高的温度下,容易出现严重的锂损失。除了实施例1中过量的锂源材料,石榴石型埋粉可用于补偿LLZO石榴石样品在烧结过程中的锂损失。添加石榴石型埋粉也有助于获得高密度的LLZO。在实施例中,石榴石型埋粉包括以下中的至少一种:(i)Li7-3aLa3Zr2LaO12,L=Al、Ga、或Fe,且0<a<0.33;(ii)Li7La3-bZr2MbO12,其中M=Bi、或Y 且0<b<1;(iii)Li7-cLa3(Zr2-c,Nc)O12,其中N=In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、 W、Te、Nb、Ta、Al、Ga、Fe,Bi、Y、Mg、Ca或其组合,且0<c<1。例如,石榴石型 埋粉的分子式为Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12(LLZNO)。
石榴石型埋粉的合成与实施例1的锂石榴石粉的制备过程类似,只是锂过量为15%。例如,前体粉末在250rpm min-1下湿法球磨混合12h(步骤1),然后干燥后的混合 粉体在950℃煅烧6h(步骤2)。
实施例4-锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质的制备
步骤6:第三次混合
第三混合步骤类似于以上实施例1的步骤1,用于混合实施例1的锂石榴石粉末和实施例2的第二相添加剂粉末。最初,锂石榴石(例如,LLZO)粉末和根据预定比例(例 如,Li:W摩尔比1/3≤x≤6)称量第二添加剂(LWO)粉末并以250rpm min-1湿磨12h。
步骤7:过筛
将步骤6得到的混合物在70℃下干燥12h,然后,混合物通过200目筛。进一步通 过100MPa压力下单轴压制压实成直径范围为0.1毫米至100毫米素坯(或1毫米至50毫米 (例如,18毫米),或10毫米至25毫米。)。素坯的重量可在0.01g至50g、或0.1g至 25g、或1g至10g(例如,1.25)的范围内。素坯可以是任何的几何形状以及任何的厚度 (薄膜、片状、块状或管状等),在形成为任意形状的情况下,素坯可以具有范围从0.1- 100mm的至少一个尺寸,厚度可以具有范围从0.01-100mm的至少一个尺寸。
步骤8:素坯烧结
在烧结过程中,将素坯置于带盖的坩埚(例如,Pt、ZrO2、Al2O3和MgO坩埚)中 并使用实施例3的石榴石型埋粉(例如,LLZNO)来补偿LLZO烧结过程中的锂损失(例 如,每个LLZO素坯使用0.2g石榴石型埋粉)。可以使用两种类型的烧结方法:常规烧结和 快速烧结。在常规烧结中,升温速率在100℃/h至600℃/h的范围内(在空气环境、氩气 (Ar)或氮气(N2)气氛中)。在快速烧结中,升温速率在100℃/min到1000℃/min的范围 内(在空气环境中)。
步骤8可以在750℃至1500℃、或900℃至1400℃、或1000℃至1250℃(例如, 1130℃至1230℃)范围内的温度下实施,或其中公开的任意值或任意范围温度,保温时间 持续1分钟至300分钟,或5分钟至100分钟,或10分钟至50分钟(例如,30分钟),或 其中公开的任意值或任意范围内的时间以形成锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质。所获得锂石榴石复 合陶瓷电解质可以进一步切割、减薄或打磨成不同形状和厚度(薄膜、片状、块状或管状 等)。厚度可以具有范围从0.01-100mm的至少一个尺寸(例如800μm)。烧结期间的升温和冷却速率均为5℃/min。
实施例5-Li/LLZO-LWO/Li对称电池的组装
将所有电解质片用400目和1200目的SiC砂纸抛光,然后在两面溅射Au层5 min。在转移到充满氩气的手套箱中之后,在LLZO-LWO片中间贴附上锂金属片并在加热器 上,将其加热到250-300℃时,熔融的锂会散布在电解质片的表面。翻转样品,在LLZO- LZO样品另一个表面使用相同处理,贴附锂金属并加热。然后将Li/LLZO-LWO/Li对称电池 密封在CR2032纽扣电池中以进行性能表征和研究。
实施例6–表征技术
形貌和物相分析
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像和元素面映射分析分别通过扫描电子显微镜(Hitachi,S-3400N)及附带的能量色散光谱仪(EDS)进行表征。通过在10-80°的2θ范围 内X射线粉末衍射(Rigaku,Ultima IV,经镍过滤的Cu-Kα辐射,)获得X射线 粉末衍射(XRD)图谱。通过阿基米德法,以乙醇作为浸没介质来测量陶瓷样品的密度。所 有的测试均在室温(例如25℃)下进行。
电化学阻抗谱(EIS)
通过交流阻抗分析(Autolab,型号PGSTAT302 N),在0.1Hz至1MHz的频率范围 测量EIS。
电化学性能。
所有Li对称电池均在Neware电池测试系统(NEWARE CT-4008深圳,中国)上 测试。Li/LLZO-LWO/Li对称电池在0.1mA·cm-2的初始电流密度下以0.1mA·cm-2为增量进 行倍率循环测试,以确定LLZO-LWO的极限电流密度(CCD)。充电和放电持续时间设置为 30分钟。所有电池测试均在25℃下进行。
实施例7–样品制备
样品1
锂石榴石电解质LLZO和锂-钨复合氧化物LWO(Li2WO4,LWO)以100:1的质量 比(40gLLZO,0.4g LWO与120g异丙醇)混合。将LLZO粉末和LWO粉末以预定比例称 重并以250rpmmin-1湿磨12小时。粒度分布(D90)在1.2μm和1.7μm之间。将获得的混 合物在70℃下干燥12小时,然后通过200目的网筛。通过在100MPa的压力下单向加压形 成直径为18mm的素坯(1.25g)。之后,将素坯放置在铂坩埚中,并在1230℃下烧结30分 钟。每个LLZO素坯用0.2g石榴石型埋粉(Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12,LLZNO,Li过量 15%)烧结。LLZNO粉体的合成过程与上述LLZO粉体的制备过程类似,只是锂过量为 15%。烧结期间的升温和冷却速率均为5℃/min。
样品2
除了锂石榴石电解质LLZO和锂-钨复合氧化物LWO质量比为100:2混合外,制备 过程与样品1相同。
样品3
除了锂石榴石电解质LLZO和锂-钨复合氧化物LWO质量比为100:4混合外,制备 过程与样品1相同。
样品4
除了将素坯置于铂坩埚中并在1210℃下烧结30分钟外,制备过程与样品1相同。
样品5
除了将素坯置于铂坩埚中并在1190℃下烧结30分钟外,制备过程与样品1相同。
样品6
除了将素坯置于铂坩埚中并在1170℃下烧结30分钟外,制备过程与样品1相同。
样品7
除了将素坯置于铂坩埚中并在1150℃下烧结30分钟外,制备过程与样品1相同。
样品8
除了将素坯置于铂坩埚中并在1130℃下烧结30分钟外,制备过程与样品1相同。
对照样品1
锂石榴石电解质LLZO粉末在250rpm min-1下研磨12小时。粒度分布D90介于1.2 μm和1.7μm之间。所得混合物在70℃下干燥12小时,然后通过200目网筛。通过在 100MPa的压力下单轴压制形成直径为18mm的素坯。一个素坯片重1.25g。此后,将素坯 放入铂坩埚中并在1170℃下烧结30分钟。每个LLZO素坯用0.2g石榴石型埋粉 (Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12,LLZNO,Li过量15%)烧结。LLZNO粉体的合成过程与上述LLZO粉体的制备过程类似,锂过量为15%。烧结期间的升温和冷却速率均为5℃/min。
对比样品2
制备过程与对比样品1中的相同,不同之处在于将素坯置于铂坩埚中并在1230℃下 烧结30分钟。
图1为锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质样品1-3的X射线衍射(XRD)图。XRD结果表明 所获得XRD峰与立方锂石榴石电解质标准卡片(PDF#45-0109)匹配良好说明添加LWO 作为第二相不会影响LLZO立方相结构,后者在结构完整性方面得以保留。
图2为对比样品1的断面扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像,从图中可以看到,对比样 品1晶粒间晶界不清晰(即没有清晰的结晶轮廓),内部存在孔隙,表明LLZO尚未完全烧 结,这主要是因为烧结温度(对比样品1为1170℃)太低而无法达到LLZO致密化温度。 相反,在较高温度(例如1230℃)下烧结的样品具有更致密的结构和生长良好的晶粒,具 有光滑的晶面和清晰的晶粒轮廓(例如,样品2)。
图3中A和3中B示出了样品2的断面SEM图像。当添加LWO时,复合电解质具 有光滑的晶面、清晰的晶粒轮廓、晶粒生长良好且紧密结合,显示出致密结构。相对致密度 和离子电导率也可用于量化比较样品1和样品2之间的差异(见表1)。
表1列出了样品1-8和对比样品和2的制备条件和性能总结:
所有样品1-8都具有超过0.4mS·cm-1的离子电导率、超过97%的相对致密度和超过 0.7mA·cm-2的极限电流密度(CCD)。这确保固态电解质(例如,LLZO)在固态锂金属电 池的Li+传输能力和耐大电流充放电的能力。此外,添加一定量LWO的样品1-8的相对致密 度和CCD获得了有效的提高。相比之下,对比样品1和2具有低相对致密度(<96%)和 低CCD(<0.5mA cm-2),这是因为常压烧结很难获得大于96%的相对致密度,但是,添 加LWO(例如,2wt.%)可以显着提高LLZO的相对致密度(例如,>98%)。
LLZO的固有特性是决定锂枝晶抑制能力的一个因素。由于LLZO中的孔隙和缺 陷,锂枝晶可能会在孔隙和缺陷位置形成并在LLZO内部传播生长,这在给固体电解质在固 态锂金属电池的应用带来了巨大挑战。高密度LLZO导致更紧密的晶粒接触和更少的孔隙 率。相对密度与CCD有关,高相对密度是获得高CCD的基本要求之一。在与不添加LWO 的LLZO相比,添加LWO(例如2wt.%)在相同的烧结条件下获得的LLZO的CCD在 1230℃(0.5→0.9mA·cm-2)和1170℃(0.3→1.0mA·cm-2)下烧结时增加了80%和233%。
图4中A-F分别示出了样品2和4-8的全固态锂对称电池的极限电流密度(CCD) 测试。不同烧结温度下所得复合陶瓷的CCD均在0.8~1.0mA·cm-2范围内,表明可以在较宽 的温度范围内获得性能稳定的复合陶瓷电解质。应当说明,较宽的温度范围是相对于比较样品而言的。对于对比样品,烧结温度范围很窄,在1230℃烧结的原始LLZO(例如对比样品 2)具有最好的综合性能。然而,当烧结温度降低到1170℃时(例如对比样品1),原始 LLZO性能显著降低(见表1:相对密度从96.07%降低到92.2%;CCD从0.5mA·cm-2降低 到0.3mA·cm-2)。通过加入LWO(例如2wt.%),不同烧结温度下得到的复合陶瓷的CCD 均在0.8~1.0mA·cm-2范围内,样品2和4-8均具有相对的致密度超过98%,表明可以在很 宽的温度范围内获得性能稳定的电解质。对于样品6(LWO与LLZO的质量比为2/100并在 1170℃下烧结)复合电解质的CCD为1.0mA·cm-2。复合石榴石电解质具有比原始石榴石更 高的CCD,因为通过在晶粒之间(即LLZO晶粒之间)添加第二相(在这种情况下, LWO)实现更紧密的结合,这有效地阻止了锂枝晶的生长。
与对比样品1(在1170℃烧结)和对比样品2(在1230℃烧结)相比,具有LWO 添加剂的样品(样品1-8)的相对致密度增加。LWO提供的原位Li2O气氛有助于促进 LLZO致密化。同时,LWO的熔点(742℃)比LLZO的烧结温度低,这意味着当在超过 LWO熔点的温度下进行烧结时(例如,如实施例4中的步骤8),形成的液相LWO可以帮 助LLZO物质传输,LLZO可以在较低的烧结温度下致密化。
图5为样品1-3和对比样品1的拉曼光谱。当添加LWO时,拉曼光谱在793cm-1附 近的谱带中出现新峰(对比样品1-3与对比样品1)。该峰可能归因于W掺杂的LLZO中的 W-O键(而Li2WO4(LWO)中W-O的振动峰是在800cm-1处附近),表明钨(W)进入 了LLZO的Zr位点。然而,在拉曼光谱中无法检测到LWO相中的W-O峰。这可能是由于 LLZO-LWO样品中LWO的含量低于拉曼测量的最低检测限。
图6中A-D为样品3的断面形貌和元素分析,包括断面SEM图像(图6中A),锆 (Zr)(图6中B)、钨(W)(图6中C)和镧(La)(图6中D)能量色散谱(EDS)分 析。图6中A中的区域1和区域2是LLZO复合材料样品3中的第二相。EDS结果表明, 对应区域中Zr(图6中B)和W(图6中C)富集,而这两个区域缺乏La(图6中D),表 明成分主要是Li2WO4以及反应产物Li2ZrO3。详细地,图中较暗的区域(圆圈)是缺少元素 的地方,而在图6中C中,在相应的区域(图6中B和6中D中的较暗区域)中有许多W 元素信号,明Li2WO4聚集在该区域中。进一步比较图6中B和6中D,Zr(图6中B)的 含量比La(图6中D)的含量多这是因为在富含Li2WO4的区域发生了以下反应,产生了 Li2ZrO3的替代产物:Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12+xLi2WO4→Li6.5-2xLa3Zr1.5- xWxTa0.5O12+xLi2ZrO3+ xLi2O。LLZO晶粒之间存在的第二相物质阻碍了LLZO晶粒之间的传质,抑制了它们的异 常生长,并使的LLZO可以在更宽的温度范围内烧结。
因此,如本文所呈现的,本公开涉及用于在固态锂金属电池应用中增强锂石榴石电 解质的晶界结合的改进的锂石榴石复合陶瓷电解质。
具体而言,本申请公开了包含锂石榴石立方主相(例如,LLZO,如上定义)和锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相(例如,SA,如上定义)的锂石榴石复合陶瓷。在一些示例中,主相 LLZO中可以掺杂有In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、Ta、Al、Ga、 Fe、Bi、Y、Mg和Ca至少一种或其组合。通过在LLZO(掺杂或不掺杂各种元素)粉末中 加入第二种添加剂氧化物(例如,钨酸锂复合氧化物,LixWO(x+6)/2,1/3≤x≤6,LWO))制 备复合材料然后烧结。因此,复合陶瓷包括主相LLZO和第二相(Li2WO4和Li2ZrO3)。锂 钨复合氧化物的加入可以降低LLZO的烧结温度,拓宽LLZO的烧结温度范围。复合电解质性能获得提高,锂石榴石复合电解质的极限电流密度(CCD)高于1.0mA·cm-2,锂石榴石 复合电解质的相对密度高于97%。
优点包括:(A)更高的极限电流密度(CCD,1mA·cm-2)(石榴石复合电解质具有 高CCD,因为通过添加LWO产生的晶粒之间的紧密结合可以有效地阻挡锂枝晶生长); (B)更高的相对致密度(>97%)(石榴石复合电解质具有较高的相对密度,因为LWO提 供的原位Li2O气氛促进了LLZO致密化,而W取代Zr促进了气孔排出);(C)更低的烧结 温度(例如1130℃)(LWO的熔点低于LLZO的烧结温度;因此液相有助于在较低的烧结 温度下使LLZO致密);(D)更宽的烧结温度范围(如1130℃至1230℃)(LLZO晶粒之间 存在的第二相物质阻碍了LLZO晶粒之间的传质,抑制了它们的异常生长,并使LLZO在 更宽的范围内烧结温度范围)。
对于本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是,根据本发明的上述内容做出的一些非本质 的改进和调整均属于本发明的保护范围。因此,除非根据所附权利要求及其等同物,否则所 要求保护的主题不受限制。
Claims (8)
1. 一种烧结复合陶瓷,其特征在于,包括:
锂石榴石主相;和
锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相;
其中,所述锂石榴石主相包括以下组分中至少一种:
(i) Li7-3aLa3Zr2LaO12,其中L = Al、Ga、或Fe,且 0<a<0.33;
(ii) Li7La3-bZr2MbO12,其中M = Bi、或Y,且0<b<1;
(iii) Li7-cLa3(Zr2-c,Nc)O12,其中N = In、Si、Ge、Sn、Sb、Sc、Ti、Hf、V、W、Te、Nb、Ta、Al、Ga、Fe、Bi、Y、Mg、或Ca中的至少一种,且0<c<1;
所述锂枝晶生长抑制剂次要相包含钨酸锂,所述钨酸锂的分子式为LixWO(x+6)/2,其中1/3≤x≤6;
制备烧结复合陶瓷的方法包括:将钨酸锂和锂石榴石组分在1130℃至1230℃的温度范围内烧结5分钟至100分钟形成烧结复合陶瓷;其中,钨酸锂和锂石榴石组分的质量比为(1-4):100。
2.根据权利要求1所述的烧结复合陶瓷,其特征在于,所述钨酸锂包括以下中的至少一种:Li2WO4、Li4WO5、Li6WO6、Li2W2O7、Li2W4O13、Li2W6O15。
3.根据权利要求1所述的烧结复合陶瓷,其特征在于,在烧结步骤之前,混合钨酸锂和锂石榴石组分,使得锂与钨的摩尔比在1/3≤x≤6的范围内。
4.根据权利要求1所述的烧结复合陶瓷,其特征在于,所述烧结步骤中还包括添加石榴石型埋粉。
5. 一种电池,其特征在于,包括:
至少一个锂电极;和
与至少一个锂电极接触的电解质,
其中所述电解质为包含权利要求1所述烧结复合陶瓷的锂石榴石复合电解质。
6. 根据权利要求5所述的电池,其特征在于,离子电导率至少为0.4 mS·cm-1。
7.根据权利要求5所述的电池,其特征在于,相对致密度至少为97%。
8. 根据权利要求5所述的电池,其特征在于,极限电流密度CCD至少为0.7 mA·cm-2。
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