CN115780490A - Regeneration method of large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold region - Google Patents
Regeneration method of large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold region Download PDFInfo
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- CN115780490A CN115780490A CN202310080093.2A CN202310080093A CN115780490A CN 115780490 A CN115780490 A CN 115780490A CN 202310080093 A CN202310080093 A CN 202310080093A CN 115780490 A CN115780490 A CN 115780490A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a regeneration method of large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in a cold area, which comprises the following steps: s1, monitoring heavy metal pollution; s2, dividing the repairing subareas, and dividing the pollution degree into light pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution according to a comprehensive pollution index method; s3, ploughing and crushing the soil, controlling the particle size to be below 5cm, then uniformly spraying the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material into the soil, deeply ploughing and uniformly mixing by using a rotary cultivator and stirring for 20-30cm, and determining whether to spray water according to the soil moisture condition in the field after ploughing to ensure that the water content of the soil is 65-75% of the maximum field water capacity; s4, performing plastic film covering maintenance on the soil obtained in the step 3, and standing for 7-10 days to enable the mixed material to fully react with the soil; s5, spray-seeding a base material; and S6, monitoring the repairing effect. The method is based on the site conditions of cold regions, has low cost, is environment-friendly and pollution-free, meets the requirements of ecological restoration of soil, and is suitable for large-area implementation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil remediation; in particular to a regeneration method of large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold regions.
Background
With the rapid development of global economy, pollutants containing heavy metals enter the soil environment in various forms, and the pollution is becoming serious. These waste soils contaminated with heavy metals seriously destroy the surrounding ecological environment and are directly or indirectly threatening the life health of surrounding residents through various ways. Through continuous exploration and development in recent years, the remediation technology for treating the heavy metal pollution of the soil mainly comprises physical remediation, chemical remediation and biological remediation, the methods can reduce the pollution degree of the heavy metal in the soil to a certain degree, but the method also has limitations, such as expensive investment of the physical remediation and chemical remediation technology, large destructiveness on soil properties, soil layer structures and biological diversity, and inapplicable to large-area polluted soil; the bioremediation technology is not thorough in repair and long in time-effect. Particularly in cold regions, due to the influence of climate, the existing repair technology has poor repair effect on heavy metal soil, and has the problems of heavy metal activation, overflow and the like. In recent years, a repairing mode combining a plurality of methods becomes a hotspot of research of people, has the advantages of obviously enhanced repairing effect, quick response and the like, and shows great application prospect in the field of heavy metal soil repairing. The biochar has good adsorption effect on heavy metal cations such as Cd, pb and Cu, and the adsorption capacity is superior to that of other agricultural and forestry wastes and activated carbon. However, in the actual application in cold regions, the adsorption effect is affected and the expected effect is difficult to achieve. Therefore, the carbon-based composite material which takes the modified biochar as the main body and loads the low-temperature microorganism bacteria is prepared, and the pellet spray-seeding technology is assisted, so that the adsorption rate of heavy metal pollutants such as Pb, cd and the like in the soil in the cold area can be improved, the biological effectiveness of the heavy metal pollutants is reduced, and the possibility is created for realizing species diversity and multi-level ecological functions. The method has the advantages of good restoration effect, convenient management and high social acceptance, and is suitable for being widely applied to large-area heavy metal contaminated soil treatment projects.
The publication No. CN109604330A provides a system and a method for remediating contaminated soil in cold regions by microorganisms in winter, the contaminated soil is remediated by microorganisms, a groove is arranged at the lower part of the contaminated soil, fermentation materials are added into the groove, and heat is transferred to the contaminated soil by a fan and an air pipe so as to maintain the growth temperature of the microorganisms in the contaminated soil and remediate the contaminated soil. The method is not suitable for large-area implementation and has long repair period.
The patent publication No. CN107115840A discloses a carbon-based composite material for arsenic-cadmium contaminated soil remediation, which is characterized in that according to the soil pollution degree and physicochemical properties, the carbon-based composite material is uniformly scattered on the surface of the composite contaminated soil according to the application amount of 22.5-67.5 t/hm < 2 >, and then the soil with the surface of 0-10cm is immediately ploughed, so that the carbon-based composite material and the surface soil are uniformly mixed to adsorb heavy metal pollutants such As As and Cd in the soil. The method does not take into account the effect of climate on the healing effect.
The patent of publication No. CN108251118A discloses a biochar and soil heavy metal stabilizing agent and a preparation method thereof, wherein a plurality of biomass raw materials are mixed and crushed, then the crushed biomass raw materials are placed in a vacuum tank, nitrogen is added for heating, and the mixture is pyrolyzed to obtain biochar so as to repair heavy metal polluted soil. The method has the problems of low repair efficiency and unstable effect.
The patent of publication No. CN1923720A is a method for solidifying heavy metal ions by microorganism, and is used for the expanded culture of strain. Inoculating a strain Paenibacillus pasteurii in a urea culture medium, carrying out shake culture, then adding the solution into soil containing heavy metal ions to generate a microorganism-heavy metal composite flocculating constituent, and further generating water-insoluble carbonate. The method has the problems that the selected strains are not suitable for the cold environment and have poor repairing effect in the cold environment.
Patent publication No. CN108672482A discloses a heavy metal fixing agent and a heavy metal contaminated soil solidifying method. The method comprises the steps of crushing the polluted soil by using a crusher, selecting modified expanded vermiculite as a pretreatment curing group, and selecting an excitation curing group comprising slaked lime, chitosan, water glass and fly ash for modifying and curing the polluted soil. Although the method has simple process and cheap and easily obtained materials, the curing technology is utilized, so the method has the defects of long-term monitoring after repair and manpower and material consumption.
The biochar-microorganism combined remediation method can realize the in-situ performance of the treatment process, is low in cost and permanent in effect, has the advantages of simplicity in post-treatment, environmental aesthetics compatibility and the like by matching with a pellet spray-seeding technology, is an excellent choice for treating heavy metal contaminated soil, and has wide application prospects, a plurality of advantages and remarkable environmental, economic and social benefits.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for regenerating large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in a cold area, which is based on the ground conditions of the cold area, has low cost, is environment-friendly and pollution-free, meets the requirements of ecological restoration of the soil, and is suitable for large-area implementation.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a regeneration method of large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold regions comprises the following steps:
s1, monitoring heavy metal pollution;
s2, dividing the repairing subareas, and dividing the pollution degree into light pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution according to a comprehensive pollution index method;
s3, turning and crushing the soil, controlling the particle size to be below 5cm, then uniformly spraying the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material into the soil, deeply ploughing and uniformly mixing by using a rotary cultivator, stirring for 20-30cm, and determining whether to spray water according to the soil moisture condition in the field after turning the soil so as to enable the water content of the soil to be 65-75% of the maximum field water capacity;
s4, performing plastic film covering maintenance on the soil obtained in the step S3, and standing for 7-10 days to enable the mixed material to fully react with the soil;
s5, spraying a base material, namely spraying a base material in the area to be repaired, wherein the base material comprises a nutrition layer and a seed layer, and the plant seeds in the seed layer are seeds with enrichment indexes and transport coefficients larger than 1;
s6, monitoring the repairing effect: collecting soil samples and plant samples at original sampling points, actually measuring the content of heavy metal in a laboratory, and monitoring the change conditions of the soil and vegetation heavy metal ions in a research area by using an inversion model.
Preferably, step S1 specifically includes the following steps: collecting a surface soil sample with the depth of 0-20 cm in a research area in a mode of uniformly distributing points by 50 × 50m, and recording the position information of a sampling point by using a high-precision GPS during sampling; pretreating a sample in a laboratory, and measuring the heavy metal content of the sample by using a portable surface feature spectrometer; carrying a hyperspectral sensor by using an unmanned aerial vehicle to obtain a field hyperspectral image, determining a characteristic waveband for inverting the content of heavy metal elements in soil by adopting correlation analysis and a stepwise regression algorithm on the basis of carrying out various transformations on original spectral data, establishing a hyperspectral estimation model for inverting the content of heavy metal in soil by using a partial least squares regression method, and calculating the content of heavy metal in a research area to be tested by using the inversion model;
the unmanned aerial vehicle adopts a DJI matrix 600 Pro unmanned aerial vehicle, and research time requires clear weather, no wind, no precipitation or artificial interference in nearly five days; the flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is 100m, and the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral image is 0.043m.
Preferably, the comprehensive pollution index method in the step S2 can reflect the pollution degree of various heavy metals to the area, and when the comprehensive pollution index is more than 1 and less than or equal to 2, the pollution is slight; when P is more than 2 and less than or equal to 3, the pollution is moderate; when P is more than 3, the pollution is severe.
Preferably, the amount of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material in the step S3 is 5t/hm in a slightly polluted area 2 10t/hm in moderate pollution area 2 20t/hm in heavily polluted area 2 。
Preferably, the thickness of the nutrient layer in the step S5 is 2cm; the nutrient layer comprises plowing soil, turfy soil, coconut fiber, rice fiber, organic fertilizer, rice husk, slow release fertilizer, water-retaining agent, adhesive and soil regulator; ploughing and planting soil: peat soil: and (3) coconut fiber: rice fiber: organic fertilizer: the volume ratio of the rice husk is 1:0.1:0.1:0.15:0.4:0.1; slow release fertilizer: water-retaining agent: adhesive: the mass ratio of the soil conditioner is 4.1; the mass of the slow release fertilizer used by the cultivation soil of each 1 cubic meter of the nutrition layer is 4kg.
Preferably, the thickness of the seed layer in the step S5 is 3cm; comprises plowing soil, turfy soil, organic fertilizer, rice fiber, rice hull, quick-acting fertilizer, water-retaining agent, adhesive and soil conditioner; ploughing and planting soil: peat soil: organic fertilizer: rice fiber: the volume ratio of the rice husks is 1; quick-acting fertilizer: water-retaining agent: adhesive: the mass of the soil conditioner is 6; the mass of the quick-acting fertilizer used for each 1 cubic meter of the plowing and planting soil of the seed layer is 6kg.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer in the step S5 is a biological organic fertilizer containing organic matters;
the slow release fertilizer comprises a special compound fertilizer and calcium superphosphate; the special compound fertilizer is a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, wherein the weight ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is 12:9:9; the weight ratio of the special compound fertilizer to the calcium superphosphate is 1;
the water-retaining agent is a polyacrylamide water-retaining agent;
the adhesive is polyacrylate;
the soil regulator comprises 40-50 parts of sepiolite powder, 15-25 parts of straw, 2-5 parts of microbial agent, 5-10 parts of biochar, 2-5 parts of chlorine element, 1-4 parts of potassium element, 0.3-0.7 part of copper element and 35-50 parts of water in parts by weight; the bacterial strain contained in the microbial agent is bacillus subtilis;
the quick-acting fertilizer is diammonium phosphate.
Preferably, the seeds of the seed layer are shrub and grass flower mixed seeds, the seed type and mass ratio are that the weight ratio of amorpha fruticosa to alfalfa to ryegrass to golden flower and golden chrysanthemum to rape is 3.5.
Preferably, the preparation method of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material in the step S3 comprises the following steps:
s31, air-drying the corn straws, removing impurities, crushing by a crusher, and screening by a 2 mm sieve for later use;
s32, placing the air-dried and sieved corn straws into a crucible, compacting the corn straws, placing the compacted corn straws into a muffle furnace, raising the temperature to 600 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃ min < -1 > under an anoxic condition, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and naturally cooling the corn straws and taking out the corn straws;
s33, soaking the biochar, washing the biochar for 3-5 times by using water until no obvious ash can be seen in a cleaning water body, and cleaning the biochar for 10 minutes by using an ultrasonic cleaning machine; the biochar after being cleaned is dried by a 70 ℃ oven to constant weight to obtain biochar;
s34 placing the obtained biochar in CaCl 2 Stirring the solution evenly, soaking the solution for 24 hours, and then placing the solution in an oven for drying to obtain a solid mixture;
s35 placing the solid mixture obtained in the step S34 in 20% of H 2 O 2 Carrying out suction filtration after fully reacting in the solution for 2h, washing the solution with ionized water for multiple times, then placing the solution in an oven at 70 ℃ for drying, and naturally cooling the solution to obtain modified biochar;
s36, mixing the modified biochar material prepared in the step S35 and the low-temperature microbial liquid according to the ratio of 0.5-1 g: inoculating 50-100 mL of the modified biochar in a mass-volume ratio, and then performing shake culture in a shaking table at the temperature of 35 ℃ and at the speed of 180r/min for 24 hours to complete the fixation of the modified biochar on the microorganisms;
s37, separating the modified biochar in the step S36 to obtain the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum composite material.
Preferably, the particle size of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material in the step S3 is 30-100 meshes;
CaCl in step S34 2 The concentration of the solution is 0.25mol/L, and the biochar and CaCl are 2 The mass-to-volume ratio of the solution is 1g: 25-30 mL;
step S35 of modifying the biochar with H 2 O 2 The mass-to-volume ratio of the solution is 1g:10mL;
the low-temperature microbial liquid in the step S36 is glutamic acid corynebacterium liquid, and OD is added 600 The value was 0.4,2X 10 7 The bacterial material of CFU/mL is inoculated into 1000mL of liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 2 percent and is subjected to shake cultivation 48 under the conditions of 10 ℃ and 160r/minObtaining strain fermentation liquor after hours;
the liquid culture medium comprises 3g of beef extract, 5g of peptone and 5g of NaCl5, the volume is fixed to 900ml by using deionized water, the beef extract is placed into an autoclave and sterilized at 121 ℃ for 25min, 100ml of urea solution with the concentration of 150g/L is added after the culture medium is recovered to the room temperature after sterilization, the urea solution is filtered through a 0.45 mu m filter membrane, and the pH value of the culture medium is adjusted to 7 by using NaOH solution;
the method for separating the modified biochar in the step S37 comprises the following steps: and (5) standing the solution obtained in the step (6), and removing the supernatant after the biochar is precipitated.
The existing physical and chemical remediation technology is expensive in investment, is not suitable for large-area implementation, has large destructiveness on soil properties, soil layer structures and biological diversity, and is easy to generate secondary pollution.
The existing repair technology has poor pertinence, and the problems of heavy metal overflow and the like caused by weather conditions are not concerned. The invention is based on the conditions of the ground in the cold area, adopts the repair material and the repair method which are suitable for the local environment, and obviously improves the repair effect.
Changes in the soil environment can adversely affect plant growth, and conventional bioremediation techniques are not concerned about this. The pellet spray-seeding technology adopted by the invention reduces the influence of climate on the soil remediation effect by establishing the protection system above the polluted soil, and provides good site conditions for plant growth.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, the technical problems of unstable remediation effect and easy activation and overflow of heavy metal contaminated soil in a cold environment are solved by adding modified biochar, low-temperature microbial bacteria and establishing a protection system by multilayer spray seeding on the contaminated soil; the high spectrum technology of the unmanned aerial vehicle is utilized to realize large-area in-situ monitoring, the heavy metal pollution of the soil can be monitored in real time, rapidly and actively, and the degree, type and depth of the heavy metal pollution of the large-area soil are mastered, so that the large-area heavy metal pollution can be discovered and treated early. And the problem that the existing repair technology is extensive and has no pertinence is solved by performing partition repair according to the monitoring result. The modified biochar-low-temperature microbial bacterium-granule spray-seeding combined restoration technology is environment-friendly, pollution-free, economical and convenient, and solves the problems of high investment and secondary pollution in the prior art.
In particular to the following points:
(1) The traditional detection method is complex in flow and cannot achieve large-area monitoring, the hyperspectral remote sensing technology can achieve large-area in-situ monitoring, soil heavy metal pollution can be monitored rapidly and actively in real time, and the degree, type and depth of the large-area soil heavy metal pollution can be mastered. So as to discover and treat early.
(2) In cold areas, the heavy metals fixed by the biochar can be dissolved out due to the freezing and thawing effect and the reduction of the pH value of the soil. Aiming at the soil type and climate characteristics of cold regions, the modified biochar-low-temperature microbial bacterium composite material adopted by the invention has stable performance, can well cope with cold climate, reduces the dissolution of heavy metal ions, and effectively improves the heavy metal pollution of soil.
(3) Compared with the traditional single remediation method, the combined remediation method can be used for efficiently remedying the polluted soil. The biochar functional groups can interact with heavy metal ions to reduce soil toxicity, microorganisms planted in the biochar can further degrade and adsorb inorganic pollutants, and the microorganisms and the biochar can promote root growth and activity, so that the plants can absorb the pollutants.
(4) The method carefully selects and repairs the vegetation according to the types of pollutants, reasonably matches and combines the vegetation, fully exerts the repair mechanism of the vegetation, not only meets the ecological repair of soil, effectively maintains water and soil, but also creates the possibility for realizing species diversity and multi-level ecological function.
(5) The spray seeding technology has the advantages of low planting cost, good repairing effect, convenient management and high social acceptance, and is suitable for being widely applied to large-area heavy metal contaminated soil treatment projects.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of steps S3-S5;
in the figure, 1-modified biochar-low temperature microbial liquid-planting soil mixture, 2-nutrition layer, 3-seed layer, 4-shrub and 5-grass flower.
Detailed description of the preferred embodiments
As shown in fig. 1, embodiments of the present invention will be explained below, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
S1, restoring soil of a heavy metal mining area in Zhang Jiakou Chong and present district, selecting clear and windless weather before restoration, acquiring a field hyperspectral image by using DJI matrix 600 Pro, and simultaneously sampling soil in a sample of 50 × 50m divided in a polluted region, wherein the sampling depth is 0-20 cm of the soil surface layer. Removing plant rhizome residues, brick tiles and other invaders in the soil sample, naturally drying and grinding the invaders indoors, sieving the invaders through a 1 mm hole sieve, and sampling and analyzing the heavy metal components and the content of the soil by using a portable surface feature spectrometer. Preprocessing the image by using GIS software, establishing a hyperspectral estimation model for inverting the heavy metal content of the soil by using a partial least squares regression method, and calculating the heavy metal content and the distribution condition of the research area to be detected. The flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is 100m, and the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral image is 0.043m.
Investigation finds that the average content of Cd, pb and Zn in the soil is obviously higher than the risk screening value of the soil, and respectively reaches Pb265.74mg/kg, zn394.25mg/kg and C184.36mg/kg, and the heavy metal soil is jointly repaired by utilizing the modified biochar-low-temperature microbial bacterium-granule spray-seeding technology, and the steps are as follows:
and S2, dividing the repairing subareas, and dividing the pollution degree into light pollution, severe pollution and severe pollution according to a comprehensive pollution index method. The comprehensive pollution index method can reflect the pollution degree of various heavy metals to the area, and when the comprehensive pollution index is more than 1 and less than or equal to 2, the area is slightly polluted; when P is more than 2 and less than or equal to 3, the pollution is moderate; when P is more than 3, the pollution is severe.
S3, soil is ploughed and crushed, the particle size is controlled to be less than 5cm, then the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material is uniformly sprayed into the soil, and a rotary cultivator is used for deep ploughing, uniformly mixing and stirring for 20-30cm. The dosage of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material is as follows: the concentration of the water is 5t/hm < 2 > in a slightly polluted area, 10t/hm < 2 > in a moderately polluted area and 20t/hm < 2 > in a heavily polluted area. And (3) sprinkling water on the soil to ensure that the water content of the soil is 65-75% of the maximum field capacity.
The particle size of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material is 30-100 meshes;
the preparation method of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material comprises the following steps:
s31, air-drying the corn straws, removing impurities, crushing by a crusher, and screening by a 2 mm sieve for later use;
s32, placing the air-dried and sieved corn straws into a crucible, compacting the crucible, placing the crucible into a muffle furnace, raising the temperature to 600 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃ min < -1 > under an anoxic condition, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and naturally cooling the crucible and taking out the corn straws;
s33, soaking the biochar, washing the biochar for 3-5 times by using water until no obvious ash can be seen in a cleaning water body, and cleaning the biochar for 10 minutes by using an ultrasonic cleaning machine; drying the cleaned biochar to constant weight by using a 70 ℃ oven to obtain biochar;
s34 placing the obtained biochar in CaCl 2 Uniformly stirring the solution, soaking the solution for 24 hours, and then placing the solution in an oven for drying to obtain a solid mixture; the CaCl 2 The concentration of the solution is 0.25mol/L, and the biochar and CaCl are mixed 2 The mass-to-volume ratio of the solution is 1g: 25-30 mL;
s35 placing the solid mixture obtained in the step S34 in 20% of H 2 O 2 Carrying out suction filtration after fully reacting in the solution for 2h, washing the solution with ionized water for multiple times, then placing the solution in an oven at 70 ℃ for drying, and naturally cooling the solution to obtain modified biochar; the modified biochar and H 2 O 2 The mass-to-volume ratio of the solution is 1g:10mL;
s36, mixing the modified biochar material prepared in the step S35 and the low-temperature microbial liquid according to the ratio of 0.5-1 g: inoculating 50-100 mL of the modified biochar in a mass-volume ratio, and then performing shake culture in a shaking table at the temperature of 35 ℃ and at the speed of 180r/min for 24 hours to complete the fixation of the modified biochar on the microorganisms; the low-temperature microbial liquid is glutamic acid corynebacterium liquid, and OD is added 600 Value of 0.4,210 7 Inoculating the bacterial material CFU/mL into 1000mL of liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 2%, and performing shake culture for 48 hours at the temperature of 10 ℃ and under the condition of 160r/min to obtain strain fermentation liquor;
the liquid culture medium comprises 3g of beef extract, 5g of peptone and 5g of NaCl5, the volume is fixed to 900ml by using deionized water, the beef extract is placed into an autoclave and sterilized at 121 ℃ for 25min, 100ml of urea solution with the concentration of 150g/L is added after the culture medium is recovered to the room temperature after sterilization, the urea solution is filtered through a 0.45 mu m filter membrane, and the pH value of the culture medium is adjusted to 7 by using NaOH solution;
s37, separating the modified biochar in the step S36 to obtain the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum composite material. The method for separating the modified biochar comprises the following steps: and (5) standing the solution obtained in the step (6), and removing the supernatant after the biochar is precipitated.
And S4, performing plastic film covering maintenance on the uniformly mixed soil, and standing for 7-10 days to enable the mixed material to fully react with the soil.
S5, spray-seeding a base material, and spray-seeding a base material, a nutrition layer and a seed layer in the area to be repaired. The thickness of the nutrient layer is 2cm, and the materials used per 100 square meters are as follows: carrying out 3m high-yield cultivation in soil, carrying out 0.3m high-yield cultivation in turfy soil and carrying out 0.3m high-yield cultivation in coconut fiber; carrying out rice fiber 0.45m high-speed plantation; harvesting folium et cacumen Adianti, semen Brassicae Junceae 0.3m, slow release fertilizer 12kg, water retaining agent 0.3kg, binder 0.15kg, and soil conditioner 0.15kg. The seed layer has the thickness of 3cm, and the materials used per 100 square meters are as follows: carrying out flowering under 4m by ploughing and planting soil, carrying out flowering under 1.6m by turfy soil, carrying out flowering under 0.4m by organic fertilizer, carrying out flowering under 1.2m by rice fiber, carrying out flowering under 0.8m by rice husk, carrying out quick-acting fertilizer 24kg, water-retaining agent 0.8kg, adhesive 0.08kg and soil conditioner 0.04kg; the sustained release agent is a potassium permanganate sustained release agent; the soil regulator comprises 40-50 parts of sepiolite powder, 15-25 parts of straw, 2-5 parts of biological agent, 5-10 parts of biochar, 2-5 parts of chlorine element, 1-4 parts of potassium element, 0.3-0.7 part of copper element and 35-50 parts of water; the quick-acting fertilizer is diammonium phosphate; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic fertilizer containing functional bacteria and organic matters.
The slow release fertilizer is a special compound fertilizer and calcium superphosphate with the weight ratio of 1; the special compound fertilizer is a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, wherein the weight ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is 12:9:9; the water-retaining agent is a polyacrylamide water-retaining agent and has the advantages of long service cycle, good stability and good salt tolerance; the adhesive is polyacrylate; the seeds in the surface layer are shrub and grass mixed seeds, the plant species and the mass ratio are that the weight ratio of the amorpha fruticosa to the alfalfa, the ryegrass to the callicarpa davidii, the rape to the rape =3: 2.
S6, monitoring the repairing effect: collecting a soil sample and a plant sample at an original sampling point, actually measuring the content of heavy metal in a laboratory, and monitoring the change condition of heavy metal ions in soil and vegetation in a research area by using an inversion model.
Through the combined restoration of modified charcoal, low-temperature microbial bacteria and granule spray seeding for three years, the contents of Cd, pb and Zn in the effective state of the soil are effectively reduced, wherein the contents of Cd in the effective state are reduced to 23%, 68% and 85%, pb in the effective state are reduced to 17.3%, 27.8% and 54.1%, and Zn in the effective state is reduced to 35%, 59% and 78%. In addition, the use of the modified biochar and the low-temperature microbial bacteria effectively improves the survival rate of spray-sowed vegetation and promotes the enrichment of heavy metals by plants, wherein the absorption capacity of roots, stems and leaves of the leaf lettuce to the heavy metal Cd is respectively increased by 53.75 percent, 180.24 percent and 78.34 percent.
Claims (10)
1. A regeneration method of large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold regions is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, monitoring heavy metal pollution;
s2, dividing the repairing subareas, and dividing the pollution degree into light pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution according to a comprehensive pollution index method;
s3, ploughing and crushing the soil, controlling the particle size to be below 5cm, then uniformly spraying the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material into the soil, deeply ploughing and uniformly mixing by using a rotary cultivator and stirring for 20-30cm, and determining whether to spray water according to the soil moisture condition in the field after ploughing to ensure that the water content of the soil is 65-75% of the maximum field water capacity;
s4, performing plastic film covering maintenance on the soil obtained in the step S3, and standing for 7-10 days to enable the mixed material to fully react with the soil;
s5, spraying a base material, namely spraying a base material in the area to be repaired, wherein the base material comprises a nutrition layer and a seed layer, and the plant seeds in the seed layer are seeds with enrichment indexes and transport coefficients larger than 1;
s6, monitoring the repairing effect: collecting soil samples and plant samples at original sampling points, actually measuring the content of heavy metal in a laboratory, and monitoring the change conditions of the soil and vegetation heavy metal ions in a research area by using an inversion model.
2. The method for regenerating the large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in the cold regions according to claim 1, wherein the step S1 specifically comprises the following steps: collecting a surface soil sample with the depth of 0-20 cm in a research area in a 50 × 50m uniform point distribution mode, and recording the position information of a sampling point by using a high-precision GPS during sampling; pretreating a sample in a laboratory, and measuring the heavy metal content of the sample by using a portable surface spectrograph; carrying a hyperspectral sensor by using an unmanned aerial vehicle to obtain a hyperspectral image of a field, determining a characteristic waveband for inverting the content of heavy metal elements in soil by adopting correlation analysis and a stepwise regression algorithm on the basis of carrying out various transformations on original spectral data, establishing a hyperspectral estimation model for inverting the content of the heavy metal elements in the soil by using a partial least squares regression method, and calculating the content of the heavy metal in a research area to be tested by using the inversion model;
the unmanned aerial vehicle adopts a DJI matrix 600 Pro unmanned aerial vehicle, and research time requires clear weather, no wind, no precipitation or artificial interference in nearly five days; the flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is 100m, and the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral image is 0.043m.
3. The method for regenerating the large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in the cold area according to claim 1, wherein the comprehensive pollution index method in the step S2 can reflect the pollution degree of various heavy metals to the area, and when the comprehensive pollution index is more than 1 and less than or equal to 2, the area is slightly polluted; when P is more than 2 and less than or equal to 3, the pollution is moderate; when P is more than 3, the pollution is severe.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of the modified biochar-Corynebacterium glutamicum mixture used in step S3 is mildPolluted area 5t/hm 2 10t/hm in moderate pollution areas 2 20t/hm in heavily polluted area 2 。
5. The method for regenerating the heavy metal contaminated soil with the large area in the cold area according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the nutrient layer in the step S5 is 2cm; the nutrient layer comprises plowing soil, turfy soil, coconut fiber, rice fiber, organic fertilizer, rice husk, slow release fertilizer, water-retaining agent, adhesive and soil regulator; ploughing and planting soil: turfy soil: and (3) coconut fiber: rice fiber: organic fertilizer: the volume ratio of the rice husk is 1:0.1:0.1:0.15:0.4:0.1; slow release fertilizer: water-retaining agent: adhesive: the mass ratio of the soil conditioner is 4; the mass of the slow release fertilizer used by the cultivation soil of each 1 cubic meter of the nutrition layer is 4kg.
6. The method for regenerating large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold regions according to claim 5, wherein the thickness of the seed layer in step S5 is 3cm; comprises plowing soil, turfy soil, organic fertilizer, rice fiber, rice hull, quick-acting fertilizer, water-retaining agent, adhesive and soil regulator; ploughing and planting soil: turfy soil: organic fertilizer: rice fiber: the volume ratio of the rice husks is 1; quick-acting fertilizer: water-retaining agent: adhesive: the mass of the soil conditioner is 6; the mass of the quick-acting fertilizer used for each 1 cubic meter of the plowing and planting soil of the seed layer is 6kg.
7. The method for regenerating large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold regions according to claim 6, wherein the organic fertilizer of step S5 is a biological organic fertilizer containing organic matters;
the slow release fertilizer comprises a special compound fertilizer and calcium superphosphate; the special compound fertilizer is a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, wherein the weight ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to potassium is 12:9:9; the weight ratio of the special compound fertilizer to the calcium superphosphate is 1;
the water-retaining agent is a polyacrylamide water-retaining agent;
the adhesive is polyacrylate;
the soil regulator comprises 40-50 parts of sepiolite powder, 15-25 parts of straw, 2-5 parts of microbial agent, 5-10 parts of biochar, 2-5 parts of chlorine element, 1-4 parts of potassium element, 0.3-0.7 part of copper element and 35-50 parts of water in parts by weight;
the quick-acting fertilizer is diammonium phosphate.
8. The regeneration method of the large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in the cold areas is characterized in that seeds of the seed layer are shrub and grass flower mixed seeds, the seed types and the mass ratio are that the seed types are amorpha fruticosa, the alfalfa, the ryegrass, the large flower golden chicken chrysanthemum, the rape = 3.5.
9. The method for regenerating large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in cold regions as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material in step S3 is as follows:
s31, air-drying the corn straws, removing impurities, crushing by a crusher, and screening by a 2 mm sieve for later use;
s32, placing the air-dried and sieved corn straws into a crucible, compacting the corn straws, placing the compacted corn straws into a muffle furnace, raising the temperature to 600 ℃ at a speed of 10 ℃ min < -1 > under an anoxic condition, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and naturally cooling the corn straws and taking out the corn straws;
s33, soaking the biochar, washing the biochar with water for 3-5 times until ash cannot be seen in a cleaning water body, and cleaning the biochar for 10 minutes by using an ultrasonic cleaning machine; drying the cleaned biochar to constant weight by using a 70 ℃ oven to obtain biochar;
s34 placing the obtained biochar in CaCl 2 Uniformly stirring the solution, soaking the solution for 24 hours, and then placing the solution in an oven for drying to obtain a solid mixture;
s35 placing the solid mixture obtained in the step S34 in 20% of H 2 O 2 Carrying out suction filtration after fully reacting in the solution for 2h, washing the solution with ionized water for multiple times, then placing the solution in an oven at 70 ℃ for drying, and naturally cooling the solution to obtain modified biochar;
s36, mixing the modified biochar material prepared in the step S35 and the low-temperature microbial liquid according to the ratio of 0.5-1 g: inoculating 50-100 mL of the modified biochar in a mass-volume ratio, and then performing shake culture in a shaking table at the temperature of 35 ℃ and at the speed of 180r/min for 24 hours to complete the fixation of the modified biochar on the microorganisms;
s37, separating the modified biochar in the step S36 to obtain the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum composite material.
10. The method for regenerating the large-area heavy metal contaminated soil in the cold area as claimed in claim 9, wherein the particle size of the modified biochar-corynebacterium glutamicum mixed material in the step S3 is 30-100 mesh;
CaCl in step S34 2 The concentration of the solution is 0.25mol/L, and the biochar and CaCl are 2 The mass-to-volume ratio of the solution is 1g: 25-30 mL;
step S35 of modifying the biochar with H 2 O 2 The mass-to-volume ratio of the solution is 1g:10mL;
the low-temperature microbial liquid in the step S36 is glutamic acid corynebacterium liquid, and OD is added 600 The value was 0.4,2X 10 7 Inoculating the bacterial material CFU/mL into 1000mL of liquid culture medium according to the proportion of 2%, and performing shake culture for 48 hours at the temperature of 10 ℃ and under the condition of 160r/min to obtain strain fermentation liquor;
the liquid culture medium comprises 3g of beef extract, 5g of peptone and 5g of NaCl5g, the volume is fixed to 900ml by using deionized water, the beef extract is placed into a high-pressure sterilization pot and sterilized at 121 ℃ for 25min, 100ml of urea solution with the concentration of 150g/L is added when the culture medium is returned to the room temperature after sterilization, the urea solution is filtered by a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and the pH value of the culture medium is adjusted to 7 by using NaOH solution;
the method for separating the modified biochar in the step S37 comprises the following steps: and (5) standing the solution obtained in the step (6), and removing the supernatant after the biochar is precipitated.
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