CN115702088A - 用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器、机动交通载具和用于运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法 - Google Patents

用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器、机动交通载具和用于运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115702088A
CN115702088A CN202180043431.4A CN202180043431A CN115702088A CN 115702088 A CN115702088 A CN 115702088A CN 202180043431 A CN202180043431 A CN 202180043431A CN 115702088 A CN115702088 A CN 115702088A
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China
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shaft
hybrid drive
parallel hybrid
epicyclic gear
combustion engine
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CN202180043431.4A
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English (en)
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P·扬森
J·安德特
M·恩格斯
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Rheinisch Westlische Technische Hochschuke RWTH
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Rheinisch Westlische Technische Hochschuke RWTH
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    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62M—RIDER PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OR SLEDGES; POWERED PROPULSION OF SLEDGES OR SINGLE-TRACK CYCLES; TRANSMISSIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SUCH VEHICLES
    • B62M11/00—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels
    • B62M11/04—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels of changeable ratio
    • B62M11/14—Transmissions characterised by the use of interengaging toothed wheels or frictionally-engaging wheels of changeable ratio with planetary gears
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60W10/08—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B62M23/02—Transmissions characterised by use of other elements; Other transmissions characterised by the use of two or more dissimilar sources of power, e.g. transmissions for hybrid motorcycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B60K2006/4816—Electric machine connected or connectable to gearbox internal shaft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2300/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of vehicle
    • B60W2300/36—Cycles; Motorcycles; Scooters
    • B60W2300/365—Scooters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H2200/00—Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/0013—Transmissions for multiple ratios specially adapted for rear-wheel-driven vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H2200/00—Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/20—Transmissions using gears with orbital motion
    • F16H2200/2002—Transmissions using gears with orbital motion characterised by the number of sets of orbital gears
    • F16H2200/2005—Transmissions using gears with orbital motion characterised by the number of sets of orbital gears with one sets of orbital gears
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H2200/00—Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/20—Transmissions using gears with orbital motion
    • F16H2200/2079—Transmissions using gears with orbital motion using freewheel type mechanisms, e.g. freewheel clutches
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器、一种机动交通载具、一种用于在全电模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法、一种用于在直接驱动模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法以及一种用于在CVT模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法。根据本发明的用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)包括a)能够作为马达和发电机运行的电机(2)，b)内燃机(3)，c)驱动轴(4)，d)行星传动(5)，包括‑第一轴(6)，其连接到电机(2)，‑第二轴(7)，其连接到内燃机(3)，以及‑第三轴(8)，其与驱动轴(4)连接，e)变换元件(9)，其被构造成将行星传动(5)的至少两个轴彼此固定地连接，以及f)第一制动元件(10)，其被构造成防止内燃机(3)沿一个旋转方向旋转。

Description

用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器、机动交通载具 和用于运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于机动交通载具的并联式(parallel)混合动力驱动器、一种机动交通载具、一种用于在全电模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法、一种用于在直接驱动模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法以及一种用于在具有无级控制范围的无级变速传动(Continuously Variable Transmission，CVT)模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法。
背景技术
由DE10049514B4已知一种混合动力驱动器，其包括行星齿轮(planetary gear)、内燃机、电动原动机和两个离合器。
发明内容
根据本发明的用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器包括
a)可作(operable)为马达和发电机运行的电机，
b)内燃机，
c)驱动轴，
d)周转齿轮(epicyclic gear)，包括
-第一轴，其连接到电机，
-第二轴，其连接到内燃机，以及
-第三轴，其连接到驱动轴，
e)离合器元件，其被构造成将周转齿轮的至少两个轴彼此牢固地连接，以及
f)第一制动元件，其被构造成防止内燃机在一个旋转方向上旋转。
由于第一制动元件被构造成防止内燃机在一个旋转方向上的旋转，所以驱动轴可以借助于电机独立于内燃机被驱动。这使得能够实现机动交通载具的全电推进。
第一制动元件可以被构造成，例如，阻止内燃机在向后方向上的旋转。第一制动元件可以被构造成将内燃机的输出轴固定到混合动力驱动器的壳体。第一制动元件例如可以设计用于以摩擦接合或正向锁合(positive-locking)的方式工作。第一制动元件可以被构造成通过其致动以旋转固定的方式将输出轴连接到壳体。例如，第一制动元件可以通过致动而闭合。旋转固定连接可引起两个连接的部件的相等的旋转运动。由于有意或无意的滑动，旋转速度可能存在差异，但是旋转运动仍然被认为是相等的。
第一制动元件可以，例如，构造成自动地切换。这意味着第一制动元件可以自动地闭合和打开。与可主动切换的制动元件不同，这意味着不需要相应的致动器来致动第一制动元件，并且由于混合动力驱动器的运行，例如，基于电机和内燃机的相应状态，致动被自动地执行。因此，混合动力驱动器可以是紧凑的和成本有效的。此外，不需要手动致动制动元件。这简化了机动交通载具的运行。
第一制动元件可以被构造为基于内燃机的第一旋转方向自动地锁定内燃机的输出轴。第一制动元件可以被构造成基于内燃机的与其相反的第二旋转方向自动地释放内燃机的输出轴。第一制动元件，例如，可以设计为自由轮(freewheel)，尤其是滚子自由轮。滚子自由轮的一个例子是滚珠轴承，该滚珠轴承被构造成阻止安装在其上的轴沿第一旋转方向旋转，并阻止其沿相反的第二旋转方向旋转。
第一制动元件可以替代地或额外地构造成主动切换。为此，混合动力驱动器可以包括制动致动元件。与纯自动切换的制动元件相比，纯主动切换的制动元件可以更简单且更便宜，因为其可以没有旋转部件或至少具有更少的旋转部件。可主动切换的第一制动元件能够在混合动力驱动器的更多状态中实现由电机的回收。例如，可主动切换的第一制动元件也可以锁定第二轴。可主动切换的第一制动元件可以被构造成防止内燃机在两个旋转方向上的旋转。
内燃机的输出轴可以与第二轴相对转动地固定连接。例如，内燃机的输出轴和周转齿轮的第二轴可以形成为一个部件或者焊接在一起或螺纹连接在一起。因此，例如，第一制动元件不用于断开或建立内燃机与周转齿轮的第二轴之间的连接。
周转齿轮例如可以被配置为行星齿轮。行星齿轮可以仅包括单个行星齿轮组。行星齿轮组可以例如被构造为负行星齿轮组或正行星齿轮组。行星齿轮组可以包括太阳齿轮轴、承载架轴和环形齿轮轴(ring gear shaft)。一组行星齿轮可以可旋转地安装在承载架轴上。每个行星齿轮可以与例如太阳齿轮轴和环形齿轮轴啮合。混合动力驱动器可以没有除了在本文描述的那些制动元件之外的制动元件和另外的离合器元件。
优选地，周转齿轮的第一轴被构造为环形齿轮轴，周转齿轮的第二轴被构造为太阳齿轮轴，并且周转齿轮的第三轴被配置为承载架轴。这可以产生有利的传动比，尤其是因为电机通常在较高的转速下最有效地运行，而内燃机相对地在较低的转速下最有效地运行。
优选地，并联式混合动力驱动器包括节气阀控制器(throttle valve control)，该节气阀控制器被构造为在预定转速将内燃机的扭矩设定。借助于电动马达确定运行转速。特别优选地，节气阀控制器构造成直接机械式的。
直接机械式节气阀控制器可例如通过鲍登线缆(Bowden cable)来提供。节气阀控制器可以包括致动元件。致动元件可以直接机械地连接到内燃机的节气阀以调节节气阀。例如，致动元件可以被构造成包括混合动力驱动器的小型摩托车的把手的旋转把手。致动元件可以被构造成例如通过控制到内燃机的空气供应来调节由内燃机产生的扭矩。为此，在直接机械地构造的节气阀控制器的情况下，致动元件可以借助于鲍登线缆与节气阀连接。例如，由内燃机产生的扭矩可以由驾驶员通过致动致动元件来调节。
因此，与电控节气阀相比，可以简化或甚至完全省去信号监测。此外，对于节气阀控制器不需要冗余性和合理性(plausibility)检查以便满足功能安全要求。
电机可以，例如，被构造成转速受控。电机可以包括逆变器，通过该逆变器可以调节电机的转速和/或扭矩输出。
电机也可以借助于致动元件来控制。例如，致动元件可以包括传感器，该传感器被配置成检测致动元件的位置。该位置可以被传送到逆变器。逆变器可以被配置为基于逆变器的检测位置来控制电机。
如果节气阀控制器的致动元件也被构造用于控制电机，则混合动力驱动器可以是特别简单的和成本低廉的。例如，通过小型摩托车的旋转把手，节气阀位置可以与旋转把手的旋转位置成比例地调节，并且可以产生用于电机的控制信号。因此，电机的电气控制也可以是简单的。
优选地，并联式混合动力驱动器包括能量存储装置和第二制动元件，该能量存储装置构造成向电机供应电能并且由电机充电，该第二制动元件构造成在能量存储装置的静止充电运行期间阻挡驱动轴。优选地，第二制动元件是轮制动器。第二制动元件可以形成机动交通载具的驱动制动器。因此，制动元件的数量可以是较少的，并且可以被限制为例如两个或三个制动元件。在三个制动元件的情况下，第三制动元件可以被配置成制动机动交通载具的非驱动轴，该非驱动轴被构造成，例如，前轴。在驱动期间，第二制动元件和可选的第三制动元件可以使机动交通载具的行驶速度减速。为此，第二制动元件和可选的第三制动元件可由机动交通载具的驾驶员致动。第二制动元件和第三制动元件的致动可以彼此联接，从而总是仅能实现一次联合致动(joint actuation)。在驱动轴被制动的情况下内燃机的运行能够实现能量存储装置的静态充电。此外，通过驱动轴被制动的电机的运行，内燃机可以从静止状态起动。为此，第二制动元件可以被构造成通过致动持续地调节到闭合状态。例如，第二制动元件可以被构造成以手动制动器的方式持续地闭合。
因此，混合动力驱动器可以被构造成用于通过用内燃机驱动电机来给能量存储装置充电。替代地或额外地，混合动力驱动器也可以被构造成用于通过利用电机使机动交通载具减速来给能量存储装置充电。能量存储装置可以经由逆变器电连接到电机。
混合动力驱动器可以包括充电控制器。充电控制器可以形成为电机的一部分。充电控制器可以由逆变器形成或包括逆变器。充电控制器可以被配置为基于能量存储装置的充电状态来控制电机。例如，充电控制系统可以在机动交通载具的驱动期间自动地引起能量存储装置的充电，或者如果充电状态降到阈值以下则减小电动马达的旋转速度和/或功率输出。充电控制器可以被构造为根据能量存储装置的充电状态基于致动器的位置修改电机的控制。例如，充电控制器可以，具体是通过换挡，来改变电机的特性曲线，该特性曲线确定了电机的转速相对于致动元件的位置。结果是，混合驱动控制器非常简单、可靠且复杂性低。在低充电状态下，与高充电状态相比，混合动力驱动器的总扭矩可以减小。然而，驾驶员可以通过调节的致动直观且容易地对此进行补偿。例如，驾驶员可进一步将小型摩托车的旋转把手朝向更高的驱动输出旋转，以便即使在低充电状态下也能实现期望的动力输出。与高充电状态相比，内燃机提供了更大比例的功率。例如，不需要为此目的提供复杂的反馈控制系统；相反，直接机械式节气阀控制器允许驾驶员通过他的监督来相应地补偿。由此，也能够确保，例如，即使在驱动结束之后也剩余足够的剩余电量，以便能够借助电机再次起动内燃机。此外，能量存储装置也可用于向机动交通载具的其它系统供电，而不会拥有由于能量存储装置被电机完全耗尽而导致它们故障的风险。
混合动力驱动器可以包括充电装置，该充电装置被配置为利用交通载具外部的能量源对能量存储装置进行充电。例如，充电装置可通过将其连接到国家电网来实现能量存储装置的充电。
通过借助于离合器元件连接周转齿轮的至少两个轴，周转齿轮可以被锁定。锁定周转齿轮的太阳齿轮轴、承载架轴和环形齿轮轴以相同的速度旋转。因此，周转齿轮不再以其花键在太阳齿轮轴和环形齿轮轴上滚动，使得周转齿轮在锁定状态下具有非常高的效率。优选地，离合器元件被构造为将周转齿轮的第三轴连接到周转齿轮的第一轴或第二轴。
离合器元件例如可以构造成自动地切换。与可主动切换的离合器元件相比，因此不需要致动器来运行离合器元件。因此，混合动力驱动器可以是紧凑的和成本有效的。此外，离合器元件的手动致动不是必需的。这简化了机动交通载具的运行。
离合器元件可以被配置为基于周转齿轮的第三轴的旋转速度进行切换。为此，离合器元件例如可以在一侧与第三轴连接。在换档时，行星齿轮装置的两个轴之间的连接可以建立或断开。周转齿轮的第三轴的转速可以对应于驱动轴的转速，并因此对应于交通载具的驱动速度。离合器元件可以被构造为当周转齿轮的第三轴的速度超过阈值旋转速度时将周转齿轮的至少两个轴彼此连接。因此，混合动力驱动器可以从确定的行驶速度出发自动地转换到锁止状态中并且因此在高速时特别有效地运行。此外，通过在周转齿轮中增加驱动力可以实现特别高的性能，这可以实现特别高的驱动速度。由于周转齿轮中的高效动力传输，与具有相同马达的常规驱动器相比，混合动力驱动器可以潜在地向相应的从动轴提供更多的动力。
自动离合器元件例如可以构造为离心式离合器。离合器元件例如构造为摩擦离合器。离合器元件可以被构造成通过离合器元件的致动以旋转固定的方式将至少两个轴连接到彼此。
优选地，第一制动元件和离合器元件均被构造成自动地换档。这意味着机动交通载具的驾驶员不需要使变速器换档，从而使得机动交通载具非常易于运行。例如，驾驶员只需要通过共用的致动元件转向、控制来自两个发动机的动力输出并且制动——如果需要的话。例如，不需要进一步的动作来控制在其整个可能的速度范围内的驱动，特别是用于驱动机动交通载具。
根据本发明的机动交通载具被构造为摩托车。它包括根据本发明的并联式混合动力驱动器和由该混合动力驱动器驱动的后轮。摩托车的一个例子是小型摩托车。由于其紧凑且成本有效的设计，混合动力驱动器也非常适合于其它小型车辆，例如雪地汽车、四轮车或童车。与借助于皮带的动力传递相反，混合动力驱动器可以，例如，节省高达25％的燃料和/或必要时提供更高的驱动功率。并联式混合动力驱动器也可以被构造为泵驱动器。
内燃机例如可以设计为二冲程发动机或四冲程发动机。电机可以被配置为将电力转换为机械动力。电机例如可以被配置为AC电动马达。
根据本发明的用于以直接驱动模式运行具有周转齿轮的并联式混合动力驱动器的方法包括以下步骤：
A1:利用电机驱动周转齿轮的第一轴；
A2:利用内燃机驱动周转齿轮的第二轴；
A3:将第一轴和第二轴的运动传递到周转齿轮的第三轴，其中周转齿轮的至少两个轴借助于闭合的离合器元件固定地连接到彼此。
由于周转齿轮的至少两个轴彼此牢固地连接，所以可以避免周转齿轮中的转换损失。在这种模式下，电机和内燃机的扭矩相加。如上所描述，该模式特别适合于高驱动速度。
根据本发明的用于在全电模式下运行具有周转齿轮的并联式混合动力驱动器的方法包括以下步骤：
B1:利用电机驱动周转齿轮的第一轴；
B2:通过第一制动元件防止连接到周转齿轮的第二轴的内燃机的向后(backward)旋转；
B3:将第一轴的运动传递到周转齿轮的第三轴。
因此，例如，可以在早晨开车而不唤醒本地居民。内燃机可以被配置为当超过速度阈值时自动起动。例如，当超过住宅街道的速度时，内燃机可以自动地接通，以便随后能够提供更多的功率和甚至更高的行驶速度。在离合器元件自动切换的情况下，内燃机在超过切换转速时例如由于混合动力驱动器的惯性而自动起动。
根据本发明的用于在CVT模式中运行具有周转齿轮的并联式混合动力驱动器的方法包括以下步骤：
C1:利用电机驱动周转齿轮的第一轴；
C2:利用内燃机驱动周转齿轮的第二轴；
C3:将第一轴和第二轴的运动传递至周转齿轮的第三轴，其中，周转齿轮的所有轴相对于彼此可旋转。
内燃机的运行转速可以取决于电机在该模式中的给定转速下的转速。这使得能够通过电机控制内燃机的转速。
从属权利要求描述了本发明的进一步有利的实施例。
附图说明
参考以下附图更详细地解释优选实施例。在此示出了：
图1是根据本发明的用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器的示例，
图2是根据本发明的用于以直接驱动模式运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法的示例，
图3是根据本发明的用于以全电模式运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法的示例，以及
图4是根据本发明的用于在CVT模式下运行并联式混合动力驱动器的方法的示例。
具体实施方式
图1所示的并联式混合动力驱动器1是小型摩托车(未示出)的一部分，并且被构造成驱动小型摩托车的后轮。为此，混合动力驱动器1包括电机2和内燃机3。电机是电动马达2，该电动马达2也可以作为发电机运行。内燃机是四冲程往复式发动机3。
此外，混合动力驱动器1包括牵引用电池12，该牵引用电池12被构造用于向电动马达2供应电能并且由该电动马达2充电。
电动马达2和内燃机3通过周转齿轮5彼此连接。周转齿轮5包括构造为环形齿轮轴的第一轴6、构造为太阳轮轴的第二轴7和构造为承载架轴的第三轴8。在该示例性实施例中，第一轴6连接到电动马达2，第二轴7连接到内燃机3。周转齿轮5的第三轴8通过链条11连接到小型摩托车的驱动轴4。在其它实施例中，第三轴8也可以直接或通过正齿轮驱动(spurdrive)连接到驱动轴4。
此外，混合动力驱动器1包括离合器元件9。在该示例性实施例中，离合器元件被构造为离心式离合器9，其在小型摩托车的速度低于30km/h时打开。当离心式离合器9打开时，内燃机3的转速能够由电动马达2通过两个电马达2、马达3之间经由周转齿轮5的连接来控制。因此内燃机3的转速能够在小型摩托车的较低速度范围内连续地变化。
此外，混合动力驱动器1包括节气阀控制器(未示出)，该节气阀控制器被构造为将内燃机3的扭矩设定在由电动机2规定的转速。在示例性实施例中使用的节气阀控制器能够在没有电子部件的情况下对内燃机3进行纯机械的负载控制。
在小型摩托车速度超过30km/h时，离心式离合器9闭合并牢固地连接第一轴6和第三轴8。当离心式离合器9闭合时，周转齿轮5的所有的轴——轴6、轴7、轴8以相同的速度旋转。这使得内燃机3由电动马达2支撑。轴之间的固定连接使得能够直接驱动而在周转齿轮中没有转换损失。
此外，混合动力驱动器1包括第一制动元件10。在示例性实施例中，第一制动元件是滚子自由轮10，其布置在内燃机3和第二轴7之间。自由轮10构造成防止内燃机3的向后旋转。结果是，用于驱动小型摩托车的扭矩可以由电动马达2控制，并且当离心式离合器9打开时，可以独立于内燃机3传递到驱动轴4。这使得踏板车能够纯电动运行。
此外，混合动力驱动器1包括第二制动元件13，其被构造用于制动驱动轴4。在该示例性实施例中，第二制动元件是轮制动器13。通过运行内燃机3并且同时通过轮制动器13阻止驱动轴4，机械能从内燃机3经由周转齿轮5传递到电动马达2。电动马达2在工作机械运行中将机械能转换成电能。这允许牵引用电池12以静止的方式独立于外部电源进行充电。此外，这种布置使得内燃机3能够借助于电动马达2从静止状态起动。为了从静止状态起动内燃机3，起动所需的扭矩由电动马达2提供并且在轮制动器13处被提供。
下面解释并联式混合动力驱动器的不同运行模式。
图2示出了根据本发明的用于以直接驱动模式运行并联式混合动力驱动器1的方法的实施例。在该模式中，离心式离合器9是闭合的。周转齿轮的所有轴都彼此固定。在方法A1的第一步骤中，周转齿轮箱5的第一轴6由电动马达2驱动。在第二步骤A2中，周转齿轮5的第二轴7由内燃机3驱动。在第三步骤A3中，第一轴6和第二轴7的运动被传递到周转齿轮5的第三轴8。这使得电动马达2、电动马达3的扭矩相加，从而产生高的轮子扭矩。由于周转齿轮5的所有轮通过闭合的离心式离合器9牢固地彼此连接，所以在周转齿轮5中不会出现显著的转换损失。与具有摩擦损失齿轮的传统驱动器相比，处于直接驱动模式的并联式混合驱动装置1表现出较高的总体效率。因此，在交通载具运行期间可以节省燃料。步骤A1至A3在所描述的方法中同时进行。
此外，并联式混合动力驱动器1可以以全电运行方式借助根据本发明的方法运行。图3示出了该方法的一个实施例。在该模式中，离心式离合器9是打开的。在方法B1的第一步骤中，周转齿轮5的第一轴6由电动马达2驱动。在第二步骤B2中，通过自由轮10防止内燃机3的向后旋转。在方法B3的第三步骤中，第一轴6的运动被传递到周转齿轮5的第三轴8。在示例性实施例中，这导致小型摩托车的后轮的纯电力驱动。步骤B1至B3在所描述的方法中同时进行。
此外，并联式混合动力驱动器1可以使用根据本发明的方法在CVT模式下运行。图4示出了该方法的一个示例性实施例。在该模式中，离心式离合器9是打开的。周转齿轮5的所有轮都可彼此相对旋转。在方法C1的第一步骤中，周转齿轮5的第一轴6由电动马达2驱动。在第二步骤C2中，周转齿轮5的第二轴7由内燃机3驱动。在第三步骤C3中，第一轴6和第二轴7的运动被传递到周转齿轮5的第三轴8。步骤C1至C3在所描述的方法中同时进行。在该方法中，通过控制电动马达2的转速，可以调节内燃机3的转速。这使得能够实现无级运行，在无级运行中，从电池12获取的或向其供应的功率可以与其充电状态相适应。可以省去使用起动元件，例如摩擦离合器或转换器。与具有启动元件的传统驱动器相比，这减少了启动过程期间的损耗。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于机动交通载具的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，包括
a)能够作为马达和发电机运行的电机(2)，
b)内燃机(3)，
c)驱动轴(4)，
d)周转齿轮(5)，其包括
-第一轴(6)，其连接到所述电机(2)，
-第二轴(7)，其连接到所述内燃机(3)，以及
-第三轴(8)，其连接到所述驱动轴(4)，
e)离合器元件(9)，其被构造成将所述周转齿轮(5)的至少两个轴彼此牢固地连接，以及
f)第一制动元件(10)，其被设计成防止所述内燃机(3)在一个旋转方向上的旋转。
2.根据权利要求1所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述第一离合器元件(9)被构造成自动切换。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述第一离合器元件(9)被构造成基于所述周转齿轮的第三轴(8)的转速进行切换。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述第一离合器元件(9)构造为离心式离合器(9)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述第一制动元件(10)被构造成自动切换，特别地，其中所述第一制动元件(10)被构造成自由轮。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述第一轴(6)是环形齿轮轴，所述第二轴(7)是太阳齿轮轴，并且所述第三轴(8)是承载架轴。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述电机(2)被构造成当所述离合器元件(9)打开时控制所述内燃机(3)的转速。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，包括节气阀控制器，所述节气阀控制器被构造成在由所述电机(2)指定的速度下调节所述内燃机(3)的扭矩。
9.根据权利要求8所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述节气阀控制器被构造为直接机械式的。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，包括能量存储装置(12)和第二制动元件(13)，所述能量存储装置(12)被构造成向所述电机(2)供应电能并且由所述电机(2)充电，所述第二制动元件(13)被构造成在所述能量存储装置(12)的静止充电运行期间阻止所述驱动轴(4)。
11.根据权利要求10所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)，其中，所述电机(2)被构造成当所述驱动轴(4)被阻止时从静止状态起动所述内燃机(3)。
12.一种构造成摩托车的机动交通载具，包括根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)以及能够由所述并联式混合动力驱动器(1)驱动的后轮。
13.一种用于以直接驱动模式运行具有周转齿轮(5)的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)的方法，包括以下步骤：
A1:用电机(2)驱动所述周转齿轮(5)的第一轴(6)；
A2:用内燃机(3)驱动所述周转齿轮(5)的第二轴(7)；
A3:将所述第一轴(6)和所述第二轴(7)的运动传递到所述周转齿轮(5)的第三轴(8)，其中，所述周转齿轮(5)的至少两个轴借助于闭合的离合器元件(9)固定地彼此连接。
14.一种用于在全电模式下运行具有周转齿轮(5)的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)的方法，包括以下步骤：
B1:用电机(2)驱动所述周转齿轮(5)的第一轴(6)；
B2:借助于第一制动元件(10)防止连接至所述周转齿轮(5)的第二轴(7)的内燃机(3)的向后旋转；
B3:将所述第一轴(6)的运动传递到所述周转齿轮(5)的第三轴(8)。
15.一种用于在CVT模式中运行具有周转齿轮(5)的并联式混合动力驱动器(1)的方法，包括以下步骤：
C1:用电机(2)驱动所述周转齿轮(5)的第一轴(6)；
C2:用内燃机(3)驱动所述周转齿轮(5)的第二轴(7)；
C3:将所述第一轴(6)和所述第二轴(7)的运动传递到所述周转齿轮(5)的第三轴(8)，其中，所述周转齿轮(5)的所有轴能够相对于彼此旋转。
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