CN115537242A - 柴油抗磨剂组合物、其制备方法及柴油组合物 - Google Patents
柴油抗磨剂组合物、其制备方法及柴油组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115537242A CN115537242A CN202110740397.8A CN202110740397A CN115537242A CN 115537242 A CN115537242 A CN 115537242A CN 202110740397 A CN202110740397 A CN 202110740397A CN 115537242 A CN115537242 A CN 115537242A
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- acid monoester
- acid
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Abstract
本发明涉及柴油抗磨剂组合物、其制备方法及柴油组合物,所述柴油抗磨剂组合物含有组分A和组分B,所述组分A为二羧酸单酯化合物,由二羧酸或者酸酐与C1~C18醇或者酚反应制得;所述组分B是C8~C24长链脂肪酸或C8~C24长链脂肪酸甘油酯。本发明提供的柴油抗磨剂效果极好,在柴油中用量很少,可大大降低柴油抗磨剂的使用成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及燃料领域,具体地,涉及一种柴油抗磨剂组合物及其 制备方法和柴油组合物。
背景技术
随着世界各国对环境问题的关注度日益升高,生产高质量的清洁 能源已成为现代炼油工业的发展方向,柴油的生产标准逐步提高。这 种清洁柴油具有芳烃含量低、十六烷值高、馏分轻、低硫、低氮的特 点。硫是增加大气中污染物含量的最有害的元素,因而需严格控制柴 油中含硫化合物的含量。目前生产的清洁柴油主要采用加氢的工艺生 产,这种方式在去除柴油中含硫化合物的同时,也降低了柴油中含氮 化合物和含氧化合物的含量。已知柴油的润滑性主要取决于柴油中抗 磨杂质的含量,多环芳烃、含氧杂质和含氮杂质是很有效的抗磨剂。 较低的氮化合物和氧化合物的含量引起柴油自身的润滑性能下降,导 致燃料泵出现磨损而失效。
由于低硫柴油润滑性较差,因此低硫柴油和超低硫柴油通常用润 滑性添加剂(抗磨剂)进行处理,改善其润滑性能。该方法具有成本 小、生产灵活、污染少等优点,在工业上受到广泛的重视。
柴油抗磨剂多为脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯、酰胺或盐的衍生物。 EP773279公开了用二聚酸与醇胺反应制备的羧酸酯作为柴油抗磨剂。 EP798364公开了用脂肪酸与脂肪胺反应制备的盐或酰胺作为柴油抗 磨剂。EP1209217公开了C6~C50饱和脂肪酸和二羧酸与短链油溶 性伯、仲、叔胺的反应产物作为柴油抗磨剂。WO9915607公开了二 聚脂肪酸与环氧化物的反应产物作为柴油抗磨剂。这些技术多数以脂 肪酸或者脂肪酸二聚物与醇胺、胺、环氧化物反应,其中有些反应原 料成本较高且抗磨效果一般,在柴油中的添加量较大。
现有的工业上使用的低硫柴油抗磨剂主要包括酸型和酯型两种 类型,酸型抗磨剂的主要成分是长链不饱和脂肪酸如油酸、亚油酸、 亚麻酸等,典型的产品来自于精制的妥尔油脂肪酸。酯型抗磨剂是上 述脂肪酸与多元醇的酯化反应产物。WO9417160A1公开了油酸单甘 油酯用作柴油润滑性添加剂的用途。
使用脂肪酸型抗磨剂解决柴油润滑性问题虽然成本相对较低,但 随着柴油排放标准的升级以及润滑性的变差面临用量偏大,造成柴油 酸度超标,腐蚀性风险增加等问题。使用脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂虽然用量 少,但也存在成本高,加剂柴油遇水发生乳化变浑的风险。
CN109576021A公开一种改善低硫柴油润滑性的改进剂及其制 备方法,是将不饱和二元羧酸酯(马来酸二酯)、阻聚剂在150~180℃ 混合,逐步加入桐油生物柴油,加完后在200~240℃继续反应一定时 间,反应后经减压蒸馏得到改进剂产品。该产品需要用到桐油生物柴 油,这种原料比较罕见且很不稳定,而且反应需要高温,较难制备, 最关键的是抗磨效果很一般,需要加入600mg/kg以上。
CN106929112A公开一种改善低硫柴油抗磨性的方法,由烯基琥 珀酸酐与一元脂肪醇酯化反应产物来改善柴油的润滑性,但这种产品 黏度大,对超低硫柴油(如达到国Ⅵ排放标准的车用柴油)改善润滑 性的效果一般。
G.Anastopoulos发表在Tribology International期刊上的文章 Influence ofaceto acetic esters and di-carboxylic acid esters on diesel fuel lubricity报道了将二元酸二酯例如己二酸二丁酯、己二酸二辛酯、 壬二酸二乙酯、壬二酸二丁酯、壬二酸二辛酯、癸二酸二乙酯等二元 羧酸二酯化合物加入低硫柴油对润滑性的改善,但是二酯化合物抗磨 效果很差,需要加入500mg/kg、甚至1000mg/kg以上。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足,提供一种柴油抗磨剂组合 物、其制备方法以及含有该抗磨剂的柴油组合物。
本申请发明人意外地发现,二羧酸单酯化合物与长链脂肪酸或脂 肪酸甘油酯复合后,在低硫柴油中添加少量就能大大改善柴油的润滑 性,出现了意想不到的增效作用,比目前工业上常用的脂肪酸型或脂 肪酸甘油酯型抗磨剂好很多,抗磨添加剂的用量可以大大减小。
为了实现上述目的,第一方面,本发明提供了一种柴油抗磨剂组 合物,所述柴油抗磨剂组合物含有组分A和组分B,所述组分A为 二羧酸单酯化合物,所述组分B为C8~C24长链脂肪酸或C8~C24长 链脂肪酸甘油酯;
所述组分A选自结构式A1、A2或A3所示的二羧酸单酯化合物:
其中,n为2到6的整数,R是C1~C36的烃基;
其中,p是0到18的整数,R是C1~C36的烃基;
其中a是1到8的整数,m是0到3的整数,x是0到8的整数, y1、y2是0到2的整数,R是C1~C36的烃基。
所述抗磨剂组合物中组分A与组分B的质量比为1:0.01~100, 优选1:0.02~50,更优选1:0.1~10。
具体地,结构式A1、A2或A3中,R可以是脂肪烃基、脂环烃 基,也可以是芳烃基。所述脂肪烃可以是直链的,也可以是带有支链 的;可以是饱和脂肪烃,也可以是不饱和脂肪烃;不饱和脂肪烃可以 是含有至少一个碳碳双键(烯键)或至少一个碳碳三键(炔键)的脂肪烃。所述脂环烃可以是饱和脂环烃(环烷烃),也可以是不饱和脂 环烃。所述芳香烃可以是单环芳香烃,也可以是双环或多环芳香烃。 脂环烃和芳香烃的环上也可以带有各种取代的烃基。进一步地,R优 选C1-C24链状脂烃基,C4~C24环状脂烃基以及C7~C24芳基取代的烃基或烷基取代的烃基,优选C1-C12烷基。
R是饱和链状脂烃基时,R可以是正构烷基,也可以是异构烷基。 R是正构烷基时优选甲基、乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正戊基、正己基、 正庚基、正辛基、正壬基、正癸基、正十一烷基、单正十二烷基(月 桂酯基)、正十四烷基、正十六烷基、正十八烷基等。R是异构烷基 时优选异丙基、异丁基、仲丁基、异戊基、异己基、异庚基、异辛基 (尤其是2-乙基己基)、异壬基、异癸基,异十一烷基、异十三烷基、 异十五烷基、异十七烷基等。
R是不饱和链状脂烃基时,优选烯丙基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、 异戊烯基、3-己烯基、2-辛烯基、3-壬烯基、2-癸烯基、7-十二碳烯 基、1,5-己二烯基、2,4-壬二烯基、2,4-癸二烯基、9,11-十二碳二烯基、 9-十八烯基。
R是环状脂烃基时,优选环丁基、环戊基、环己基、3-环己烯基、 2-环己烯基等。R还可以是取代的芳基,例如苯基、甲基苯基、对壬 基苯基、对十二烷基苯基等。R还可以是带芳环的脂烃基,例如苄基 (苯甲基)、苯乙基等。
根据本发明,结构式A1所示的不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物是分子 中含有碳碳不饱和双键的C4~C8二元羧酸化合物中的任一个羧基被 酯化的单酯化物。
具体地,当n为2时,结构式A1所示的化合物是顺丁烯二酸单 酯(马来酸单酯)、反丁烯二酸单酯(富马酸单酯);当n为3时,结 构式A1所示的化合物是衣康酸单酯、柠康酸单酯(甲基马来酸单酯)、 甲基反丁烯二酸单酯(甲基富马酸单酯)、戊烯二酸单酯等;当n为 4时,结构式A1所示的化合物优选2,3-二甲基马来酸单酯、乙基马 来酸单酯、己烯二酸单酯等。
结构式A1所示的不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物优选顺丁烯二酸单酯 (马来酸单酯)、反丁烯二酸单酯(富马酸单酯)、衣康酸单酯、柠康 酸单酯(甲基马来酸酐)、甲基反丁烯二酸单酯(甲基富马酸单酯)、 2,3-二甲基马来酸单酯、戊烯二酸单酯等,进一步优选具有结构式 A1-1、结构式A1-2或结构式A1-3所示的顺丁烯二酸单酯(马来酸 单酯)和衣康酸单酯。
R是正构烷基时,结构式A1-1可以选自马来酸单甲酯、马来酸 单乙酯、马来酸单正丙酯、马来酸单正丁酯、马来酸单正戊酯、马来 酸单正己酯、马来酸单正庚酯、马来酸单正辛酯、马来酸单正壬酯、 马来酸单正癸酯、马来酸单正十一酯、马来酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、 马来酸单正十四酯、马来酸单正十六酯、马来酸单正十八酯等,优选 马来酸单甲酯、马来酸单乙酯、马来酸单正丙酯、马来酸单正丁酯、 马来酸单正辛酯、马来酸单正壬酯、马来酸单正癸酯、马来酸单正十 二酯等。结构式A1-2和A1-3所述的化合物可以选自衣康酸单甲酯、 衣康酸单乙酯、衣康酸单正丙酯、衣康酸单正丁酯、衣康酸单正戊酯、 衣康酸单正己酯、衣康酸单正庚酯、衣康酸单正辛酯、衣康酸单正壬 酯、衣康酸单正癸酯、衣康酸单正十一酯、衣康酸单正十二酯(月桂 酯)、衣康酸单正十四酯、衣康酸单正十六酯、衣康酸单正十八酯等, 优选衣康酸单甲酯、衣康酸单乙酯、衣康酸单正丙酯、衣康酸单正丁 酯、衣康酸单正辛酯、衣康酸单正癸酯、衣康酸单正十二酯(月桂酯) 等。
R是异构烷基时,结构式A1-1所述的化合物可以选自马来酸单 异丙酯、马来酸单异丁酯、马来酸单仲丁酯、马来酸单叔丁酯、马来 酸单异戊酯、马来酸单异己酯、马来酸单异辛酯(马来酸单2-乙基己 酯)、马来酸单异壬酯、马来酸单异癸酯、马来酸单异十一酯、马来 酸单异十二酯、马来酸单异十三酯、马来酸单异十四酯、马来酸单异 十五酯、马来酸单异十七酯等,优选马来酸单异丙酯、马来酸单异丁 酯、马来酸单仲丁酯、马来酸单异辛酯、马来酸单异壬酯、马来酸单 异癸酯,马来酸单异十一酯、马来酸单异十三酯等。结构式A1-2和 A1-3所述的化合物可以选自衣康酸单异丙酯、衣康酸单异丁酯、衣 康酸单仲丁酯、衣康酸单叔丁酯、衣康酸单异戊酯、衣康酸单异己酯、 衣康酸单异辛酯(衣康酸单2-乙基己酯)、衣康酸单异壬酯、衣康酸 单异癸酯,衣康酸单异十一酯、衣康酸单异十三酯等,优选衣康酸单 异丙酯、衣康酸单异丁酯、衣康酸单异辛酯(衣康酸单2-乙基己酯)、 衣康酸单异壬酯、衣康酸单异癸酯,衣康酸单异十一酯等。
R是不饱和链状脂烃基时,结构式A1-1所述的化合物可以选自 马来酸单烯丙酯、马来酸单3-丁烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单异戊烯醇酯、 马来酸单3-己烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单1-庚烯-3-醇酯、马来酸单甲基庚 烯醇酯、马来酸单2-辛烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单3-壬烯-1-醇酯、马来酸 单2-癸烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单7-十二碳烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单1,5-己二 烯醇酯、马来酸单2,4-壬二烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单2,4-癸二烯-1-醇酯、 马来酸单9,11-十二碳二烯醇酯、马来酸单油醇酯等,优选马来酸单 烯丙酯、马来酸单3-丁烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单异戊烯醇酯、马来酸单 3-己烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单1-庚烯-3-醇酯、马来酸单甲基庚烯醇酯、 马来酸单3-壬烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单2,4-癸二烯-1-醇酯、马来酸单油 醇酯等。结构式A1-2和A1-3所述的化合物可以选自衣康酸单烯丙酯、 衣康酸单2-丁烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单3-丁烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单异戊烯 醇酯、衣康酸单3-己烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单1-庚烯-3-醇酯、衣康酸单甲基庚烯醇酯、衣康酸单2-辛烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单3-壬烯-1-醇酯、 衣康酸单2-癸烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单7-十二碳烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单1,5- 己二烯醇酯、衣康酸单2,4-壬二烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单2,4-癸二烯-1- 醇酯、衣康酸单9,11-十二碳二烯醇酯、衣康酸单油醇酯等,优选衣 康酸单烯丙酯、衣康酸单3-丁烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单异戊烯醇酯、衣 康酸单3-己烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单3-壬烯-1-醇酯、衣康酸单油醇酯等。
R是环状脂烃基时,结构式A1优选的化合物是马来酸单环丁酯、 马来酸单环戊酯、马来酸单环己酯、马来酸单3-环己烯-1-甲酯、马 来酸单2-环己烯酯、衣康酸单环己酯、衣康酸单2-环己烯酯等。
R也可以是取代的芳基,结构式A1优选的化合物是马来酸单对 壬基苯酯、马来酸单对十二烷基苯酯、衣康酸单对壬基苯酯、衣康酸 单对十二烷基苯酯。
R还可以是带芳环的脂烃基,结构式A1优选的化合物是马来酸 单苄酯、马来酸单苯乙醇酯、马来酸单苯丙醇酯、衣康酸单苄酯、衣 康酸单苯乙醇酯、衣康酸单苯丙醇酯等。
根据本发明,组分A也可以是含有结构式A2所示的无取代基的 C2~C20饱和二元羧酸单酯化合物:
其中,p是0到18的整数,R是C1~C36的烃基。优选p是2 到8的整数,R是C3~C8烃基,或C9~C24烃基。
本发明所述无取代基的饱和二元羧酸单酯化合物是指结构式A2 中,两个羰基之间的CH2基团上没有支链取代基的结构。
具体地,结构式A2所示的饱和二元羧酸单酯化合物可以选自乙 二酸(草酸)单酯、丙二酸单酯、丁二酸(琥珀酸)单酯、戊二酸单 酯、己二酸单酯、庚二酸单酯、辛二酸单酯、壬二酸单酯、癸二酸单 酯、十一碳二酸单酯、十二碳二酸单酯、十三碳二酸单酯、十四碳二 酸单酯、十六碳二酸单酯、十八碳二酸单酯等。
结构式A2所示的无取代基的饱和二元羧酸单酯类型化合物进一 步优选乙二酸单酯、丙二酸单酯、丁二酸单酯、戊二酸单酯、己二酸 单酯、壬二酸单酯和癸二酸单酯。
在一种优选乙二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选乙二酸单甲酯、 乙二酸单乙酯、乙二酸单丙酯、乙二酸单正丁酯、乙二酸单异丁酯、 乙二酸单叔丁酯、乙二酸单异辛酯、乙二酸单异壬酯、乙二酸单异癸 酯,乙二酸单异十一酯、乙二酸单月桂酯、乙二酸单异十三酯、乙二 酸单油醇酯(乙二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、乙二酸单环己酯、乙二酸单 -3-环己烯-1-甲酯、乙二酸单对壬基苯酯、乙二酸单苄酯等。
在一种优选丙二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选丙二酸单甲酯、 丙二酸单乙酯、丙二酸单丙酯、丙二酸单正丁酯、丙二酸单正己酯、 丙二酸单正辛酯、丙二酸单正癸酯、丙二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、 丙二酸单异丁酯、丙二酸单叔丁酯、丙二酸单异辛酯、丙二酸单异壬 酯、丙二酸单异癸酯,丙二酸单异十一酯、丙二酸单异十三酯、丙二 酸单油醇酯(丙二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、丙二酸单环己酯、丙二酸单 -3-环己烯-1-甲酯、丙二酸单对壬基苯酯、丙二酸单苄酯等。
在一种优选丁二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选丁二酸单正丁酯、 丁二酸单仲丁酯、丁二酸单正己酯、丁二酸单正辛酯、丁二酸单正癸 酯、丁二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、丁二酸单异丁酯、丁二酸单叔丁 酯、丁二酸单异戊酯、丁二酸单异己酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单 异壬酯、丁二酸单异癸酯,丁二酸单异十一酯、丁二酸单异十三酯、 丁二酸单油醇酯(丁二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、丁二酸单环己酯、丁二 酸单3-环己烯-1-甲酯、丁二酸单对壬基苯酯、丁二酸单苄酯等。
在一种优选戊二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选戊二酸单甲酯、 戊二酸单乙酯、戊二酸单丙酯、戊二酸单正丁酯、戊二酸单正己酯、 戊二酸单正辛酯、戊二酸单正癸酯、戊二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、 戊二酸单异丁酯、戊二酸单叔丁酯、戊二酸单异辛酯、戊二酸单异壬 酯、戊二酸单异癸酯,戊二酸单异十一酯、戊二酸单异十三酯、戊二 酸单油醇酯(戊二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、戊二酸单环己酯、戊二酸单 -3-环己烯-1-甲酯、戊二酸单对壬基苯酯、戊二酸单苄酯等。
在一种优选己二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选己二酸单甲酯、 己二酸单乙酯、己二酸单正丁酯、己二酸单正己酯、己二酸单正辛酯、 己二酸单正癸酯、己二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、己二酸单丙酯、己 二酸单异丁酯、己二酸单异辛酯、己二酸单异壬酯、己二酸单异癸酯, 己二酸单异十一酯、己二酸单异十三酯、己二酸单油醇酯(己二酸单 -9-十八烯醇酯)、己二酸单环己酯、己二酸单-3-环己烯-1-甲酯、己二 酸单对壬基苯酯、己二酸单苄酯等。
在一种优选壬二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选壬二酸单甲酯、 壬二酸单乙酯、壬二酸单丙酯、壬二酸单正丁酯、壬二酸单正己酯、 壬二酸单正辛酯、壬二酸单正癸酯、壬二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、 壬二酸单异丁酯、壬二酸单异辛酯、壬二酸单异壬酯、壬二酸单异癸 酯,壬二酸单异十一酯、壬二酸单异十三酯、壬二酸单油醇酯(壬二 酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、壬二酸单环己酯、壬二酸单-3-环己烯-1-甲酯、 壬二酸单对壬基苯酯、壬二酸单苄酯等。
在一种优选癸二酸单酯实施方案中,进一步优选癸二酸单甲酯、 癸二酸单乙酯、癸二酸单丙酯、癸二酸单正丁酯、癸二酸单正己酯、 癸二酸单正辛酯、癸二酸单正癸酯、癸二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、 癸二酸单异丁酯、癸二酸单异辛酯、癸二酸单异壬酯、癸二酸单异癸 酯,癸二酸单异十一酯、癸二酸单异十三酯、癸二酸单油醇酯(癸二 酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、癸二酸单环己酯、癸二酸单-3-环己烯-1-甲酯、 癸二酸单对壬基苯酯、癸二酸单苄酯等。
根据本发明,结构式A3所示的环状二羧酸单酯化合物中,优选 a是1到6的整数,m是0到1的整数,x是0到6的整数,y1、y2 是0到2的整数,R是C1~C18的烃基。更优选a是4或5,m是0, x是0到6的整数,y1、y2是0到1的整数,R是C4~C12的烃基。
当a为4、x为0、y1、y2为1、m为0时,结构式A3是1,2-环 己烷二甲酸单酯。
当a为4、x为2、y1、y2为1、m为0时,结构式A3是4-环己 烯-1,2-二甲酸单酯(四氢临苯二甲酸单酯)。
当a为4、x为4、y1、y2为0、m为0时,结构式A3是邻苯二 甲酸单酯。
当a为4、x为6、y1、y2为1、m为0时,结构式A3是对苯二 甲酸单酯。
当a为5、x为0、y1、y2为1、m为0时,结构式A3是3-甲基 -1,2-环己二甲酸单酯(3-甲基六氢苯二甲酸单酯)、4-甲基-1,2-环己二 甲酸单酯(4-甲基六氢苯二甲酸单酯)、甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单酯等。
当a为5、x为2、y1、y2为1、m为0时,结构式A3是甲基四 氢苯二甲酸单酯、4-甲基-4-环己烯-1,2-二甲酸单酯、3-甲基-4-环己烯 -1,2-二甲酸单酯等。
所述的环状二元羧酸单酯化合物优选1,2-环己二甲酸单酯、四氢 临苯二甲酸单酯、邻苯二甲酸单酯、甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单酯、甲基 四氢临苯二甲酸单酯,例如1,2-环己二甲酸单丁酯、1,2-环己二甲酸 单辛酯、1,2-环己二甲酸单异辛酯、1,2-环己二甲酸单异壬酯、四氢 临苯二甲酸单丁酯、四氢临苯二甲酸单辛酯、四氢临苯二甲酸单异辛 酯、四氢临苯二甲酸单异壬酯、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯、邻苯二甲酸单辛 酯、邻苯二甲酸单异辛酯、邻苯二甲酸单异壬酯、甲基六氢临苯二甲 酸单丁酯、甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单丁酯、甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单辛酯、 甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单异辛酯、甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单异壬酯、甲基 六氢临苯二甲酸单月桂酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲酸单丁酯、甲基四氢临 苯二甲酸单辛酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲酸单异辛酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲 酸单异壬酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲酸单月桂酯等。
所述组分A最优选马来酸单丁酯、马来酸单异辛酯、马来酸单 异壬酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、邻苯二甲酸单己酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲酸 单异辛酯、柠康酸单异辛酯、丙二酸单叔丁酯。
本发明组分(A)可以通过使饱和二羧酸、不饱和二羧酸、环状 二羧酸或苯二羧酸及其酸酐与C1-18醇或者酚反应得到。
所述反应的条件包括:使二羧酸或者酸酐与C1-18醇或者酚按照 摩尔比1:0.5至1:1.5进行反应,反应温度为50-250℃,反应时间为 0.1-10hr,反应压力可以是常压,也可以在一定压力下进行。
组分B
所述组分B是C8~C24长链脂肪酸或C8~C24长链脂肪酸多元醇 酯,优选C12~C20不饱和脂肪酸或C12~C20不饱和脂肪酸多元醇酯。
所述C8~C24长链脂肪酸选自辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸(十二酸)、 肉豆蔻酸(十四酸)、棕榈酸(十六酸)、棕榈油酸(十六烯酸)、硬 脂酸(十八酸)、油酸(十八烯酸)、亚油酸(十八二烯酸)、亚麻酸 (十八三烯酸)、蓖麻酸(羟基十八烯酸)、花生酸(二十酸)、花生 烯酸(二十烯酸)、山萮酸(二十二酸)、芥酸(二十二烯酸)等及其 混合物。所述C12~C20不饱和脂肪酸,尤其优选油酸、亚油酸、亚 麻酸、蓖麻酸或以油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、蓖麻酸为主要成分的脂肪 酸混合物。
天然油脂或废弃油脂经水解可生产各种脂肪酸的混合物,经蒸馏 或尿素包合、低温冷冻结晶可得到以不饱和脂肪酸为主的产物,生物 柴油经过蒸馏或尿素包合、低温冷冻结晶后在水解也可以生产不饱和 脂肪酸。来源于造纸工业的妥尔油脂肪酸含有大量不饱和脂肪酸。这 些产品都是优选的组分B。以妥尔油、棉籽油、棉籽酸化油、大豆油、 大豆酸化油等为原料水解精制而成的不饱和脂肪酸混合物也是优选 的组分B,例如江苏创新石化有限公司生产的不饱和脂肪酸JC2006S、 新疆大森化工有限公司不饱和脂肪酸KMJ-031、江西西林科股份有限 公司生产的不饱和脂肪酸R90等。
所述长链脂肪酸多元醇酯是上述长链脂肪酸与多元醇进行酯化 反应生成的各种酯化产物,包括甘油单酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯及其 混合物。多元醇包括但不限于乙二醇、甘油(丙三醇)、1,2-丙二醇、 1,3-丙二醇、失水山梨醇、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷等,优选甘油。 甘油酯优选甘油单酯和甘油二酯,进一步优选不饱和脂肪酸的单甘油 酯,最优选油酸单甘油酯、亚油酸单甘油酯、亚麻酸单甘油酯、蓖麻 酸单甘油酯。优选用不饱和脂肪酸与甘油进行酯化反应生成的甘油酯 作为组分B,例如江苏创新石化有限公司JC-2017Z等。
本发明柴油抗磨剂组合物中可以含有适量柴油和/或有机溶剂, 以及少量未反应的原料,也不可避免地含有一些反应副产物,如不饱 和二羧酸双酯类型化合物。
第二方面,本发明提供了上述柴油抗磨剂组合物的制备方法,所 述抗磨剂组合物包括组分A和组分B。所述组分A为上述二羧酸单 酯化合物,所述组分B脂肪酸型或脂肪酸甘油酯型。制备方法包括 组分A与组分B以质量比为1:0.01~100,优选1:0.02~50,更优选1:0.1~10混合均匀。
第三方面,本发明提供了一种改善柴油润滑性的方法,该方法包 括,以柴油质量为100%计,将本发明组合物以10~400ppm,优选 50~200ppm的用量添加到低硫柴油中。
第四方面,本发明提供了一种柴油组合物,其中包括低硫柴油, 以及本发明组合物,以柴油质量为100%计,本发明组合物含量为 10~400ppm,优选50~200ppm。
本发明所述柴油包括各种低硫柴油机燃料。例如,可以是原油(石 油)经炼油厂的各种炼制工艺如常减压、催化裂化、催化重整、焦化、 加氢精制、加氢裂化等装置处理后的馏程在160~380℃之间的馏分, 并经过调配而成的满足车用柴油国家标准GB/T 19147的压燃式内燃 机用燃料。
所述柴油也可以是第二代生物柴油,第二代生物柴油衍生自可再 生资源,如植物油和动物脂,并通常在精炼厂中通常使用加氢处理法, 对植物油氢化处理,通过氢化产生异构化或非异构化的长链烃,第二 代生物柴油在性质和品质上可能类似于石油基燃料油。
所述柴油还可以是第三代生物柴油,第三代生物柴油是高纤维素 含量的非油脂类生物质如木屑、农作物秸秆和固体废弃物等和微生物 油脂采用气化和费托技术处理而得。
所述柴油还还可以是煤液化柴油(CTL),指煤经费托合成而获 得的柴油机燃料,或煤直接液化而获得的柴油机燃料。也可以是石油 基柴油中加入含氧柴油调合组分的混合柴油,其中含氧柴油调合组分 是指可与各种柴油机燃料调配成符合一定规范要求的含氧化合物或 含氧化合物的混合物,通常是醇类和醚类或其混合物,例如乙醇、聚 甲氧基二甲醚(Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,简称PODEn、 DMMn或OME)等。
根据使用需要,本发明柴油组合物中,还可以含有其它添加剂, 如酚型抗氧剂、高分子胺型无灰分散剂、流动改进剂、十六烷值改进 剂、金属钝化剂、抗静电剂、防腐剂、防锈剂、破乳剂中的一种或多 种。
本发明的柴油抗磨剂原料易得、生产简便,效果出人意料地优于 传统脂肪酸型或者脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂,可显著改善低硫柴油的润滑性, 添加量会大大减少,使用成本会进一步降低。
本发明抗磨剂组合物在汽油和喷气燃料中也具有抗磨作用。
具体实施方式
以下将通过实施例对本发明进行详细描述。应理解的是本发明能 够在不同的实施方式上具有各种的变化,其皆不脱离本发明的范围, 且其中的说明在本质上是当作说明之用,而非用以限制本发明。
制备例1
马来酸单异壬酯的制备:
在一2000mL装有电动搅拌器、温度计的反应器中,加入490g 马来酸酐(顺丁烯二酸酐,质量分数为99.5%,淄博齐翔腾达化工股 份有限公司生产)和720g异构壬醇(ExxalTM9s,质量分数为99.5%, Exxon-Mobil公司生产),马来酸酐与异构壬醇的摩尔比约为1:1,加 热搅拌升温至85℃,反应5小时后升温并减压蒸馏除去未反应的异 壬醇和马来酸酐,得到1006g马来酸单异壬酯。
制备例2
丁二酸单异辛酯的制备:
在一2000mL装有电动搅拌器、温度计、回流冷凝管的反应器中, 加入490g丁二酸酐(琥珀酸酐,质量分数为99%,上海申人精细化 工有限公司生产)和700g异辛醇(2-乙基己醇,质量分数为99.9%, 中国石油化工股份有限公司齐鲁石化分公司生产),丁二酸酐与异辛 醇的摩尔比约为1:1.1,加热搅拌升温至110℃,反应4小时后升温并 减压蒸馏除去未反应的异辛醇,得到1109g丁二酸单异辛酯。
制备例3
甲基四氢临苯二甲酸单异辛酯的制备:
在一500mL装有电动搅拌器、温度计的反应器中,加入166g甲 基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(质量分数为98%,山东佑晟化工有限公司生产) 和143g异辛醇(质量分数为99.5%,中国石油化工股份有限公司齐 鲁分公司生产),甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐与异辛醇的摩尔比约为1:1.1, 加热搅拌升温至110℃,反应3.5小时后升温并减压蒸馏除去未反应 的异辛醇,得到甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸单异辛酯为主的产品。
制备例4
柠康酸酸单异辛酯的制备:
在一500mL装有电动搅拌器、温度计、回流冷凝管的反应器中, 加入112g甲基马来酸酐(柠康酸酐,分析纯试剂,上海阿拉丁生化 科技股份有限公司生产)和143g异辛醇(2-乙基己醇,质量分数为 99.9%,中国石油化工股份有限公司齐鲁石化分公司生产),甲基马来 酸酐与异辛醇的摩尔比约为1:1.1,加热搅拌升温至90℃,反应4小 时后升温并减压蒸馏除去未反应的异辛醇,得到245g柠康酸酸单异 辛酯为主的产品。
制备例5
十二烯基琥珀酸单异辛酯的制备:
在一500mL装有电动搅拌器、温度计、回流冷凝管的反应器中, 加入200g十二烯基琥珀酸酐(分析纯试剂,购自北京伊诺凯科技有 限公司)和117g异辛醇(2-乙基己醇,质量分数为99.9%,中国石油 化工股份有限公司齐鲁石化分公司生产),十二烯基琥珀酸酐与异辛 醇的摩尔比约为1:1.2,加热搅拌升温至100℃,反应3小时后升温并 减压蒸馏除去未反应的异辛醇,得到303g以十二烯基琥珀酸单异辛 酯为主的产品。
实施例
实施例1-10用于说明本发明抗磨剂组合物的组成。将组分A和 组分B按照表1所示的质量比混合。
表1
表1中,妥尔油脂肪酸2LT是美国Arizonal公司生产的商品妥尔 油脂肪酸,由妥尔油提纯得到的以亚油酸和油酸等不饱和脂肪酸为主 的脂肪酸混合物。不饱和脂肪酸KMJ-031、JC-2006S、R90主要成分 是亚油酸和油酸;JC-2017Z主要成分是亚油酸和油酸与甘油酯化生 成的单甘油酯和二甘油酯。
对比例1
以马来酸二异辛酯与亚油酸以质量比7:3复合作为抗磨剂(对比 实施例2)。
对比例2
以马来酸二异辛酯与JC-2017Z以质量比5:5复合作为抗磨剂(对 比实施例6)。
对比例3
以十二烯基琥珀酸单异辛酯(制备例5)与JC-2017Z以质量比 5:5复合作为抗磨剂(对比实施例6)。
测试例1
本测试例为实施例和对比例中的柴油抗磨剂在柴油中的使用效 果(将抗磨剂分别与柴油A和柴油B混合,柴油A来源于中石化燕 山分公司,柴油B来源于中石化高桥分公司,柴油A和柴油B的理 化性能见表2)。
表2
柴油的润滑性按照SH/T 0765方法在高频往复试验机 (High-FrequencyReciprocating Rig,HFRR,英国PCS仪器公司)上 测定60℃时的磨痕直径(Wear ScarDiameter,WSD),通过对温度和 湿度的影响进行校正得报告结果WS1.4。
加剂前后柴油的磨斑直径WS1.4见表3和表4。其中,磨痕直径 越小则柴油润滑性越好。目前世界上多数柴油标准例如欧洲标准EN 590、中国车用柴油标准GB 19147、车用柴油北京市地方标准DB 11/239都以磨痕直径小于460μm(60℃)为柴油润滑性合格的依据。
表3
表4
由表3和表4可以看出,组分A二羧酸单酯化合物对柴油的润 滑性就有很好改善作用,组分B脂肪酸或脂肪酸甘油酯对柴油润滑 性也有很好的改善作用,但是,本发明所述的组分A和组分B以一 定比例复合后,令人惊异地出现了协同作用,对柴油润滑性的改善作用大大提高,比使用单一组分效果要好很多,抗磨剂的添加量可以大 大减少,降低了加入添加剂的成本,同时也降低了加入添加剂后副作 用出现的风险。
对于表3所示的低硫柴油,本发明所述的二羧酸单酯化合物和脂 肪酸或脂肪酸甘油酯复合后在极少的添加量时也能大大改善柴油的 润滑性。以实施例2为例,当单独使用100mg/kg的马来酸单异辛酯 时能够将柴油A的润滑性磨斑直径从564微米降低到324微米;当 单独使用100mg/kg的亚油酸时能够将柴油A的润滑性磨斑直径从 564微米降低到458微米,而使用实施例2所示100mg/kg的马来酸 单异辛酯和亚油酸以质量比7:3复合的添加剂后,能够将柴油A的润 滑性磨斑直径从564微米降低到226微米,这一结果是令人惊奇的,复合添加剂的剂量进一步降低到70mg/kg,也能够将柴油A的润滑性 磨斑直径从564微米降低到305微米,说明本发明的抗磨剂组合物具 有优异的抗磨作用,可大大降低柴油抗磨剂的使用量。对比例1使用 马来酸二异辛酯与亚油酸同样质量比复合却没有增效作用,同时抗磨 效果很差。
对于表4所示的超低硫柴油,本发明所述的二羧酸单酯化合物和 脂肪酸或脂肪酸甘油酯复合后在极少的添加量时就令人惊奇地改善 了柴油的润滑性,效果比这两者单独使用都好很多。例如实施例6在 添加量为100mg/kg时能够将柴油B的润滑性磨斑直径从651微米降 低到305微米,而单独使用实施例6中的一个组分200mg/kg时分别 将柴油B的润滑性磨斑直径从651微米降低到466微米和459微米, 这一结果是出人意料的。对比例2与实施例6相比,换用马来酸二异 辛酯代替马来酸单异辛酯,没有出现协同效应,对柴油润滑性的改善 作用很差。同样地,对比例3与实施例6相比,换用十二烯基丁二酸 单异辛酯代替马来酸单异辛酯,没有出现协同效应,对柴油润滑性的 改善作用较差。
Claims (20)
1.一种柴油抗磨剂组合物,其中含有组分A和组分B,所述组分A为二羧酸单酯化合物,所述组分B为C8~C24长链脂肪酸或C8~C24长链脂肪酸甘油酯,组分A与组分B的质量比为1:0.01~100。
5.按照权利要求1所述的组合物,其中组分A与组分B的质量比为1:0.02~50,更优选1:0.1~10。
6.按照权利要求1、2-4之一所述的组合物,其中结构式A1、A2或A3中,R选自C1-C24链状脂烃基,C4~C24环状脂烃基以及C7~C24芳基取代的烃基或烷基取代的烃基,优选C1-C12烷基。
7.按照权利要求2所述的组合物,其中,结构式A1所示的不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物是分子中含有碳碳不饱和双键的C4~C8二元羧酸化合物中的任一个羧基被酯化的单酯化物。
8.按照权利要求2所述的组合物,其中,结构式A1所示的不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物选自马来酸单酯、富马酸单酯、衣康酸单酯、柠康酸单酯、甲基富马酸单酯、2,3-二甲基马来酸单酯、戊烯二酸单酯。
9.按照权利要求3所述的组合物,其中,结构式A2所示的无取代基的饱和二元羧酸单酯化合物中,p是2到8的整数,R是C3~C8烃基,或C9~C24烃基。
10.按照权利要求3所述的组合物,其中,结构式A2所示的无取代基的饱和二元羧酸单酯化合物选自乙二酸单酯、丙二酸单酯、丁二酸单酯、戊二酸单酯、己二酸单酯、壬二酸单酯和癸二酸单酯。
11.按照权利要求4所述的组合物,其中,结构式A3所示的环状二羧酸单酯化合物中,a是1到6的整数,m是0到1的整数,x是0到6的整数,y1、y2是0到2的整数,R是C1~C18的烃基。
12.按照权利要求4所述的组合物,其中,结构式A3所示的环状二羧酸单酯化合物中,a是4或5,m是0,x是0到6的整数,y1、y2是0到1的整数,R是C4~C12的烃基。
13.按照权利要求4所述的组合物,其中,结构式A3所示的环状二羧酸单酯化合物选自1,2-环己二甲酸单酯、四氢临苯二甲酸单酯、邻苯二甲酸单酯、甲基六氢临苯二甲酸单酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲酸单酯。
14.按照权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,组分A选自马来酸单丁酯、马来酸单异辛酯、马来酸单异壬酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、邻苯二甲酸单己酯、甲基四氢临苯二甲酸单异辛酯、柠康酸单异辛酯、丙二酸单叔丁酯。
15.按照权利要求1所述的组合物,其中,所述组分B选自C12~C20不饱和脂肪酸或C12~C20不饱和脂肪酸多元醇酯。
16.按照权利要求15所述的组合物,其中,所述不饱和脂肪酸选自油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、蓖麻酸或以油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、蓖麻酸为主要成分的脂肪酸混合物。
17.按照权利要求15所述的组合物,其中,所述多元醇选自乙二醇、甘油、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、失水山梨醇、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷。
18.权利要求1~17之一所述柴油抗磨剂组合物的制备方法,包括;使组分A与组分B以质量比为1:0.01~100,优选1:0.02~50,更优选1:0.1~10混合均匀。
19.一种改善柴油润滑性的方法,该方法包括:以柴油质量为100%计,将权利要求1~17之一所述抗磨剂组合物以10~400ppm,优选50~200ppm的用量添加到低硫柴油中。
20.一种柴油组合物,其中包括低硫柴油,以及权利要求1~17之一所述抗磨剂组合物,以柴油质量为100%计,抗磨剂组合物含量为10~400ppm,优选50~200ppm。
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PCT/CN2022/102570 WO2023274335A1 (zh) | 2021-06-30 | 2022-06-30 | 燃油润滑性改进剂组合物及其应用 |
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