CN115536413B - 一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层及制备方法，采用三步法，首先采用热蒸发法在碳/碳(C/C)复合材料表面制备SiC@SiO2纳米线，然后利用溶胶凝胶法在纳米线表面包覆TiO2，最后在含SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料表面通过化学气相沉积工艺制备SiC涂层。通过纳米线的增韧作用减少涂层中裂纹数量并减小裂纹尺寸，避免涂层中贯穿性裂纹的生成；利用TiO2和SiO2的互扩散降低SiO2粘度，提高SiC涂层的自愈合效率，最终实现SiC涂层热防护性能的提升。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于材料制备技术领域，涉及一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层及制备方法。
背景技术
C/C复合材料是以碳纤维为增强体的碳基复合材料，具有低密度(理论密度约为2.2g/cm3)、低热膨胀系数(约为1.1×10-6/K)、高导热率、高比强、耐摩擦磨损、良好的抗高温热循环性能以及强度随温度的升高不降反升等优点，被广泛用作航空航天领域的热结构材料。然而，C/C复合材料强烈的氧化敏感性极大的限制了其在高温环境下的应用。目前，硅基陶瓷涂层可对C/C复合材料起到有效的防护作用。其中SiC涂层由于与C/C复合材料热膨胀系数相近，在高温下可生成具有自愈合能力的SiO2，而受到广泛关注。在众多制备方法中，化学气相沉积法制备的SiC涂层形貌和厚度可控，涂层纯度高，均匀性好，对基体损伤小，是理想的抗氧化涂层材料。
但化学气相沉积SiC涂层仍具有脆性大，与C/C基体易因热失配而产生裂纹导致涂层失效，以及自愈合效率低等问题。研究表明，通过向SiC涂层中引入低维材料和自愈合组元可有效改善涂层的脆性，提高涂层的自愈合效率。如文献1“J.Jing,Q.Fu,R.Yuan.Nanowire-toughened CVD-SiC coating for C/C composites with surfacepre-oxidation[J],Surface Engineering,2017,34(1):47-53.”中，通过向化学气相沉积SiC涂层中引入SiC纳米线，提高了涂层的韧性，减小了裂纹尺寸，其抗热震性能与无改性SiC涂层相比，提高了67％。但涂层中未发现明显的裂纹愈合现象，说明其自愈合效率仍较低。文献2“Y.Wei,L.Zhou,J.Zhang et al.Effect of TiB2 on the self-crack-healingability of SiC-Si coating at 1300℃[J],Surface Coating Technology,2021,425”中，通过向SiC涂层中引入TiB2，利用TiO2与SiO2的相互作用提高了涂层的自愈合效率，1300℃氧化1h后，TiB2-SiC涂层表面原始裂纹几乎完全愈合，而SiC涂层表面裂纹无明显愈合现象。然而裂纹愈合后的涂层在热震过程中又产生了较多大尺寸裂纹，说明涂层韧性仍需增强。
因此，为了进一步改善SiC涂层的热防护性能，需要同时提高涂层的韧性和自愈合效率，需要研究TiO2对涂层的自愈合效果提升的观察，需要涂层中仅存在TiO2。而在采用热蒸发法以SiO为原料，温度为1200℃制备SiC纳米线时，会出现SiC纳米线和Si纳米线共存。但是由于工艺局限性Si纳米线的含量目前无法精确控制。而Si的熔点是1400℃，Si纳米线的熔点会更低一些，是常用的提高涂层自愈合性能的物质。
作为研究TiO2对涂层自愈合性能和热震性能的影响时，如果涂层中存在Si，则会影响TiO2对涂层的自愈合效果提升的观察，并且Si的量目前不可控，因此，需要制备SiC纳米线且避免Si纳米线的生成。
发明内容
要解决的技术问题
为了避免现有技术的不足之处，本发明提出一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层及制备方法。
技术方案
一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层，其特征在于：涂层为三层核壳结构，基材表面为利用热蒸发法制备的SiC@SiO2纳米线，然后为溶胶凝胶法在SiC@SiO2纳米线外包覆TiO2，通过化学气相沉积工艺在TiO2外层制备碳SiC涂层；所述SiC@SiO2纳米线中的孔隙被填充碳化硅。
所述基材包括但不限于C/C复合材料、石墨、石墨纸、Al2O3、ZrO2或SiC。
所述SiC@SiO2纳米线直径为150nm，长度达数十微米。
一种制备所述多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积碳化物涂层的方法，其特征在于步骤如下：
步骤1、SiC@SiO2纳米线的制备：将SiO粉末均匀铺在坩埚底部，并将负载催化剂的基材悬挂于粉末上方，将坩埚置于管式炉恒温区；以Ar为保护气，在负压状态下，将炉内温度从室温升至1250～1500℃；然后构造封闭环境，保温1～3时间，获得表面生长SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料；
步骤2、SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的制备：将带有SiC@SiO2纳米线的基材浸泡于氨水和无水乙醇混合溶液中，并进行水浴加热，然后加入钛酸四丁酯，继续水浴加热，反应结束后用无水乙醇清洗并干燥；将干燥后的材料于Ar/空气气氛中进行热处理，得到表面生长有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的基材；
所述热处理温度为400～500℃，热处理时间为1～3h；
步骤3、SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧碳化物涂层的制备：将带有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的基材悬挂于等温化学气相沉积炉中；以三氯甲基硅烷MTS为原料，H2为反应气，Ar为稀释气，于负压状态下进行SiC涂层的沉积，获得SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧碳化物涂层。
所述负载催化剂的基材的制备：将基材放入含有催化剂的乙醇溶液中浸泡10～30min后取出，放于40～50℃烘箱中进行干燥处理；所述催化剂的乙醇溶液浓度为0.02～0.2mol/L。
所述步骤1负载催化剂的C/C复合材料悬挂于粉末上方1～4cm位置处。
所述催化剂包括但不限于硝酸镍、硫酸亚铁、氯化镍或氯化亚铁。
所述步骤2中氨水和钛酸四丁酯的体积比为1:1～1:3，氨水和无水乙醇的体积比为1:50～1:200。
所述步骤3的MTS、H2和Ar的流量分别为0.05～0.3g/min，700～1300mL/min和200～600mL/min，沉积温度为1100～1300℃，沉积压力为4～10kPa。
所述负压状态为4～10kPa。
有益效果
本发明提出的一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层及制备方法，采用三步法，首先采用热蒸发法在C/C复合材料表面制备SiC@SiO2纳米线层，然后利用溶胶凝胶法在SiC@SiO2纳米线表面包覆TiO2层，最后采用化学气相沉积法制备SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层。所制备的SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线为三层核壳结构，纳米线最外层为TiO2层，中间层为SiO2层，核心为SiC。多层核壳结构纳米线直径约为150nm，长度达数十微米。SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层经30次1500℃-室温热震测试后，失重率仅为1.23％，抗热震性能优于未改性SiC涂层(经30次1500℃-室温热震测试后，失重率约11.73％)。1500℃氧化5min后，SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层内裂纹的愈合效果同样优于SiC涂层。因此，SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的引入不仅可以有效减小涂层表面裂纹尺寸，偏转裂纹，提高SiC涂层的抗热震性能，还可以有效提高SiC涂层的自愈合效率。对纳米线进行改性，为沉积制备多相涂层，同时提高涂层韧性和自愈合效率提供了思路。
附图说明
图1SiC@SiO2纳米线的SEM和TEM照片。可以看出纳米线为核壳结构纳米线，长度为数十微米，直径约为120nm，SiO2层厚度约为30nm。
图2SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的SEM、TEM照片及Ti能谱结果。可以看出，包覆后的纳米线为三层核壳结构，纳米线表面粗糙，直径约为150nm，TiO2层厚度约为20nm。
图3SiC涂层和SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层的表面及截面SEM照片。可以看出，SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层表面裂纹尺寸小于SiC涂层。两种涂层均匀致密，厚度均为120μm左右。在SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层截面中可以观察到纳米线。
图4SiC涂层和SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层1500℃-室温热震测试后质量变化曲线。可以看出，30次热震后，SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层失重百分数约为1.23％，小于纯SiC涂层(约11.73％)。
图5SiC涂层和SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层1500℃-室温热震测试后表面及截面SEM照片。可以看出，热震后SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层表面裂纹尺寸小于SiC涂层，且在截面照片中可以观察到明显的裂纹偏转终止现象。
具体实施方式
现结合实施例、附图对本发明作进一步描述：
实施例1：
将C/C复合材料用无水乙醇清洗干净，于0.05mol/L的硝酸镍溶液中浸泡约10min，然后于50℃烘箱中烘干。称取3g SiO粉末，将其铺于坩埚底部，并将负载有催化剂的C/C复合材料悬挂于粉末上方约1cm的位置，然后将坩埚置于管式炉恒温区。于负压下，以5℃/min的升温速率升温至1300℃。到温后构造封闭环境保温1h。保温结束后，关闭加热电源样品随炉冷却，即可得到表面生长有SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料。
将带有SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料置于50mL无水乙醇中，加入0.7mL氨水，45℃水浴加热1h后，加入1.4mL钛酸四丁酯，继续水浴加热36h，反应结束后使用无水乙醇洗涤三次并干燥。将上述样品于450℃Ar气氛中保温2h，即可得到带有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料。
将上述样品悬挂于等温化学气相沉积炉恒温区，以Ar为保护气和稀释气，于负压下以6℃/min的升温速率将炉内温度升至1150℃。然后通入MTS和H2，控制Ar、MTS和H2的流量分别为300mL/min，0.08g/min和1000mL/min。沉积结束后停止通入MTS和H2，关闭加热电源炉体自然降温，期间保持Ar流量不变。冷却至室温后，将试样取出，即可获得SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层。
实施例2：
将C/C复合材料用无水乙醇清洗干净，于0.05mol/L的硝酸镍溶液中浸泡约10min，然后于50℃烘箱中烘干。称取6g SiO粉末，将其铺于坩埚底部，并将负载有催化剂的C/C复合材料悬挂于粉末上方约2cm的位置，然后将坩埚置于管式炉恒温区。于负压下，以7℃/min的升温速率升温至1200℃。到温后构造封闭环境保温2h。保温结束后，关闭加热电源样品随炉冷却，即可得到表面生长有SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料。
将带有SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料置于50mL无水乙醇中，加入1mL氨水，45℃水浴加热1h后，加入2mL钛酸四丁酯，继续水浴加热24h，反应结束后使用无水乙醇洗涤三次并干燥。将上述样品于450℃Ar气氛中保温2h，即可得到带有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料。
将上述样品悬挂于等温化学气相沉积炉恒温区，以Ar为保护气和稀释气，于负压下以7℃/min的升温速率将炉内温度升至1200℃。然后通入MTS和H2，控制Ar、MTS和H2的流量分别为400mL/min，0.1g/min和1000mL/min。沉积结束后停止通入MTS和H2，关闭加热电源炉体自然降温，期间保持Ar流量不变。冷却至室温后，将试样取出，即可获得SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧SiC涂层。
对比例3：
将C/C复合材料用无水乙醇清洗干净，于0.1mol/L的硝酸镍溶液中浸泡约10min，然后于50℃烘箱中烘干。称取4g SiO粉末，将其铺于坩埚底部，并将负载有催化剂的C/C复合材料悬挂于粉末上方约1cm的位置，然后将坩埚置于管式炉恒温区。于负压下，以7℃/min的升温速率升温至1300℃。到温后构造封闭环境保温1h。保温结束后，关闭加热电源样品随炉冷却，即可得到表面生长有SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料。
将带有SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料置于50mL无水乙醇中，加入0.7mL氨水，45℃水浴加热1h后，加入1.4mL钛酸四丁酯，继续水浴加热50h，反应结束后使用无水乙醇洗涤三次并干燥。将上述样品于450℃Ar气氛中保温2h，得到的纳米线包覆效果较差，其中含有较多TiO2颗粒。
将上述样品悬挂于等温化学气相沉积炉恒温区，以Ar为保护气和稀释气，于负压下以6℃/min的升温速率将炉内温度升至1200℃。然后通入MTS和H2，控制Ar、MTS和H2的流量分别为300mL/min，0.4g/min和800mL/min。沉积结束后停止通入MTS和H2，关闭加热电源炉体自然降温，期间保持Ar流量不变。冷却至室温后，将试样取出，得到的涂层结壳现象明显，涂层疏松多孔。
Claims (10)
1.一种多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层，其特征在于：涂层为三层核壳结构，基材表面为利用热蒸发法制备的SiC@SiO2纳米线，然后为溶胶凝胶法在SiC@SiO2纳米线外包覆TiO2，通过化学气相沉积工艺在TiO2外层制备SiC涂层；所述SiC@SiO2纳米线中的孔隙被填充碳化硅；
所述多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层是按照以下步骤制得：
步骤1、SiC@SiO2纳米线的制备：将SiO粉末均匀铺在坩埚底部，并将负载催化剂的基材悬挂于粉末上方，将坩埚置于管式炉恒温区；以Ar为保护气，在负压状态下，将炉内温度从室温升至1250~1500 ℃；然后构造封闭环境，保温1~3h，获得表面生长SiC@SiO2纳米线的基材；
步骤2、SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的制备：将带有SiC@SiO2纳米线的基材浸泡于氨水和无水乙醇混合溶液中，并进行水浴加热，然后加入钛酸四丁酯，继续水浴加热，反应结束后用无水乙醇清洗并干燥；将干燥后的材料于Ar/空气气氛中进行热处理，得到表面生长有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的基材；
所述热处理温度为400~500 ℃，热处理时间为1~3h；
步骤3、SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧碳化物涂层的制备：将带有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的基材悬挂于等温化学气相沉积炉中；以三氯甲基硅烷MTS为原料，H2为反应气，Ar为稀释气，于负压状态下进行SiC涂层的沉积，获得SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧碳化物涂层。
2.根据权利要求1所述多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层，其特征在于：所述基材包括C/C复合材料、石墨、石墨纸、Al2O3、ZrO2或SiC。
3. 根据权利要求1所述多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层，其特征在于：所述SiC@SiO2纳米线直径为150 nm，长度达数十微米。
4.一种制备权利要求1~3任一项所述多层核壳结构纳米线增韧化学气相沉积SiC涂层的方法，其特征在于步骤如下：
步骤1、SiC@SiO2纳米线的制备：将SiO粉末均匀铺在坩埚底部，并将负载催化剂的基材悬挂于粉末上方，将坩埚置于管式炉恒温区；以Ar为保护气，在负压状态下，将炉内温度从室温升至1250~1500 ℃；然后构造封闭环境，保温1~3h，获得表面生长SiC@SiO2纳米线的C/C复合材料；
步骤2、SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的制备：将带有SiC@SiO2纳米线的基材浸泡于氨水和无水乙醇混合溶液中，并进行水浴加热，然后加入钛酸四丁酯，继续水浴加热，反应结束后用无水乙醇清洗并干燥；将干燥后的材料于Ar/空气气氛中进行热处理，得到表面生长有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的基材；
所述热处理温度为400~500 ℃，热处理时间为1~3 h；
步骤3、SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧碳化物涂层的制备：将带有SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线的基材悬挂于等温化学气相沉积炉中；以三氯甲基硅烷MTS为原料，H2为反应气，Ar为稀释气，于负压状态下进行SiC涂层的沉积，获得SiC@SiO2@TiO2纳米线增韧碳化物涂层。
5. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于：所述负载催化剂的基材的制备：将基材放入含有催化剂的乙醇溶液中浸泡10~30 min后取出，放于40~50 ℃烘箱中进行干燥处理；所述催化剂的乙醇溶液浓度为0.02~0.2 mol/L。
6. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤1负载催化剂的C/C复合材料悬挂于粉末上方1~4 cm位置处。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于：所述催化剂包括硝酸镍、硫酸亚铁、氯化镍或氯化亚铁。
8.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤2中氨水和钛酸四丁酯的体积比为1:1~1:3，氨水和无水乙醇的体积比为1:50~1:200。
9. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于：所述步骤3的MTS、H2和Ar的流量分别为0.05~0.3 g/min，700~1300 mL/min和200~600 mL/min，沉积温度为1100~1300 ℃，沉积压力为4~10 kPa。
10. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于：所述负压状态为4~10 kPa。
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