CN115518972A - Application method of microbial organic fertilizer for repairing soil - Google Patents
Application method of microbial organic fertilizer for repairing soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN115518972A CN115518972A CN202210813641.3A CN202210813641A CN115518972A CN 115518972 A CN115518972 A CN 115518972A CN 202210813641 A CN202210813641 A CN 202210813641A CN 115518972 A CN115518972 A CN 115518972A
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- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 23
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- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
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- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for using microbial organic fertilizer to restore soil, which adopts tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the soil in a polluted land, wherein the tubular products do not need to be drawn out, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated and controlled to be within the range of 1-5m, the same distance between the tubular products in all directions is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in a range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is distributed according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products in proportion, a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured through a pipe orifice, the organic fertilizer contains a proper amount of nutrients such as N, P and the like, and the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria. Organic matters and beneficial microorganisms contained in the biological organic fertilizer have strong adsorption and chelation effects on heavy metal ions, so that the effectiveness of heavy metals in soil can be partially reduced, and the absorption of crops on the heavy metals is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil remediation, in particular to a method for using a microbial organic fertilizer to remediate soil.
Background
In the use in farmland, receive to plant required in the planting work of carrying on crops, the pesticide is the commodity for control insect pest, long-time use to lead to the damage of soil property, the transform of soil property and, heavy metal content's increase, thereby influence the planting effect of soil, consequently all the control work of soil also becomes very important.
The soil remediation in the prior art has the following defects:
the high heavy metal content in the soil is not beneficial to the planting work of crops, so the treatment work of heavy metal elements in the soil is very important, the microbial organic fertilizer is commonly used for repairing and improving the soil, but the repairing effect on the soil is not enough due to the problem of the using mode of the existing microbial organic fertilizer when the existing microbial organic fertilizer is used.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a using method of a microbial organic fertilizer for soil remediation, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme, and the application method of the microbial organic fertilizer for repairing soil comprises the following steps:
(1) Adopting tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the polluted soil, wherein the tubular products can be taken out without drawing, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated and controlled to be within the range of 1-5m, the same distance between the tubular products in the front, back, left and right is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in the range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is distributed according to the proportion according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products, a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured through a pipe orifice, wherein the organic fertilizer contains a proper amount of nutrient substances such as N, P and the like, and the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria;
(2) After a proper amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is scattered on the small-area soil among the tubular products, and the proportion of the organic fertilizer is controlled, so that the direct ratio between the size of each area and the amount of the fertilizer to be put is kept, the coverage rate of the organic fertilizer can be controlled between 60% and 90%, the larger the area is, the spreading amount of the organic fertilizer can be increased, but the coverage rate is still controlled;
(3) The method comprises the following steps of (1) stirring and crushing the farmland vegetation crops such as straws and rice straws after being dried, uniformly spreading crushed slag on the surface of the polluted soil, processing a proper amount of corn crops into powder, mixing the powder with water, spraying the mixture by using a motorized spraying device to cover the outer surface of the vegetation crushed slag, and covering the outer surface of the polluted soil on the basis of the crushed slag;
(4) The outer surface of the metal tubular product can be provided with a connecting structure for the sunshade net and a proper illumination environment, a proper production environment is provided for the growth of microorganisms in soil, the multiplication of bacteria is accelerated, and the sunshade net and the metal tubular product in the area with the reduced pollution value are dismantled according to the data of soil monitoring after the metal tubular product is spliced for 20-23 days.
Preferably, the metabolic activity of indigenous microorganisms or specific functional microorganisms in the soil is promoted and pollutants are degraded by directly adding nutrients such as N and P and supplying oxygen to the polluted soil.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria which have a strong degradation effect on organic pollutants, and the rhizosphere bacteria not only directly use own metabolic activity to degrade the organic pollutants, but also can take root exudates and organic matters in the rhizosphere as co-metabolic substances to degrade the organic pollutants.
Preferably, after the scraps of the vegetation such as the straws, the straws and the like are spread on the surface of the soil, the sun-shading net is arranged in a matched mode, the soil surface is kept warm, meanwhile, the mixing between water drops and the soil is slowed down when the irrigation work is carried out, and the scraps of the vegetation such as the straws, the straws and the like are decomposed for a certain time to play a role of composting materials.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. organic matters and beneficial microorganisms contained in the biological organic fertilizer have strong adsorption and chelation effects on heavy metal ions, so that the effectiveness of heavy metals in soil can be partially reduced, and the absorption of crops on the heavy metals is reduced.
2. The microorganism restoration technology has low application cost, has small negative influence on the soil fertility and the metabolic activity, and can avoid the influence on human health and environment caused by pollutant transfer.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the working process of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Please refer to fig. 1, which is a method for using microbial organic fertilizer to restore soil;
the using method comprises the following steps:
(1) Adopting tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the polluted soil, wherein the tubular products can be taken out without drawing, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated and controlled to be within the range of 1-5m, the same distance between the tubular products in the front, back, left and right is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in the range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is distributed according to the proportion according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products, a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured through a pipe orifice, wherein the organic fertilizer contains a proper amount of nutrient substances such as N, P and the like, and the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria;
n, P and other nutrients and oxygen supply are directly put into the polluted soil, so that the metabolic activity of indigenous microorganisms or specific functional microorganisms in the soil is promoted, the pollutants are degraded, rhizosphere bacteria are contained in the organic fertilizer, the rhizosphere bacteria have a strong degradation effect on the organic pollutants, and the organic pollutants are degraded by directly using the metabolic activity of the rhizosphere bacteria, and also by using organic matters in root exudates and rhizosphere as co-metabolites;
(2) After a proper amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is scattered on the small-area soil among the tubular products, and the proportion of the organic fertilizer is controlled, so that the direct ratio between the size of each area and the amount of the fertilizer to be put is kept, the coverage rate of the organic fertilizer can be controlled between 60% and 90%, the larger the area is, the spreading amount of the organic fertilizer can be increased, but the coverage rate is still controlled;
(3) The method comprises the following steps of stirring and crushing the vegetation crops in the farmland, such as the air-dried straws, rice straws and the like, uniformly spreading crushed slag on the surface of the polluted soil, processing a proper amount of corn crops into powder, mixing the powder with water, spraying the mixture by using a motorized spraying device to cover the mixture on the outer surface of the vegetation crushed slag, and covering the outer surface of the polluted soil on the basis of the crushed slag;
after the fragments of vegetation such as straws, rice straws and the like are spread on the surface of the soil, the arrangement of the sunshade net is matched, the heat preservation is realized on the surface of the soil, meanwhile, the mixing between water drops and the soil is slowed down when the irrigation work is carried out, and the fragments of vegetation such as straws, rice straws and the like are decayed for a certain time to play a role of composting materials;
(4) The outer surface of the metal tubular product can be provided with a connecting structure for the sunshade net and a proper illumination environment to provide a proper production environment for the growth of microorganisms in soil and accelerate the multiplication of bacteria, and the sunshade net and the metal tubular product in the area with the reduced pollution value are dismantled according to the data of soil monitoring after the metal tubular product is spliced for 20-23 days;
the first embodiment is as follows:
(1) Adopting tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the polluted soil, wherein the tubular products can be taken out without drawing, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated and controlled to be within the range of 2m, the same distance between the tubular products in all directions is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in a range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is distributed according to the proportion according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products, and a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products through the pipe orifices;
(2) After a proper amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is scattered on the soil of small areas among the tubular products, and the proportion of the organic fertilizer is controlled, so that the proportion of the area size to the amount of the fertilizer to be put is kept in direct proportion, and the coverage rate of the organic fertilizer can be controlled to be about 60 percent;
(3) The method comprises the following steps of stirring and crushing the vegetation crops in the farmland, such as the air-dried straws, rice straws and the like, uniformly spreading crushed slag on the surface of the polluted soil, processing a proper amount of corn crops into powder, mixing the powder with water, spraying the mixture by using a motorized spraying device to cover the mixture on the outer surface of the vegetation crushed slag, and covering the outer surface of the polluted soil on the basis of the crushed slag;
(4) The outer surface of the metal tubular product can be provided with a connecting structure for the sunshade net and a proper illumination environment, a proper production environment is provided for the growth of microorganisms in soil, the multiplication of bacteria is accelerated, and the sunshade net and the metal tubular product in an area with a reduced pollution value are dismantled according to data monitored by soil after the metal tubular product is inserted for 22 days;
through directly throwing nutrients such as N, P and the like and oxygen supply into contaminated soil, the metabolic activity of indigenous microorganisms or specific functional microorganisms in the soil is promoted, pollutants are degraded, rhizosphere ring bacteria are contained in the organic fertilizer, the rhizosphere ring bacteria have a strong degradation effect on the organic pollutants, the organic pollutants are degraded by directly using the metabolic activity of the organic fertilizer, organic matters in the rhizosphere ring and root secretion can be used as co-metabolites to degrade the organic pollutants, and after being paved on the surface of the soil, fragments of vegetation such as straws and straws are matched with the arrangement of a sunshade net, so that the mixture between water drops and the soil is slowed down when the soil is irrigated, the heat preservation effect is realized on the surface of the soil, and then the change of the soil is detected and recorded.
Example two:
(1) Adopting tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the polluted soil, wherein the tubular products can be taken out without drawing, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated and controlled to be within a range of 3m, the same distance between the tubular products in all directions is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in a range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is distributed according to the proportion according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products, and a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products through the pipe orifices;
(2) After a proper amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is scattered on the soil of small areas among the tubular products, and the proportion of the organic fertilizer is controlled, so that the proportion of the area size to the amount of the fertilizer to be put is kept in direct proportion, and the coverage rate of the organic fertilizer can be controlled to be about 70%;
(3) The method comprises the following steps of (1) stirring and crushing vegetation crops such as straws and rice straws in an air-dried farmland, uniformly spreading crushed slag on the surface of a polluted soil, processing a proper amount of crops such as corn grains into powder, mixing the powder with water, spraying the mixture by using a motorized spraying device to enable the mixture to cover the outer surface of the vegetation crushed slag, and covering the outer surface of the polluted soil on the basis of the crushed slag;
(4) The outer surface of the metal tubular product can be provided with a connecting structure for the sunshade net and a proper illumination environment to provide a proper production environment for the growth of microorganisms in soil, so that the multiplication of bacteria is accelerated, and after the metal tubular product is spliced for 21 days, the sunshade net and the metal tubular product in the area with the reduced pollution value are dismantled according to the data of soil monitoring;
through directly throwing nutrients such as N and P and oxygen supply into the contaminated soil, the metabolic activity of indigenous microorganisms or specific functional microorganisms in the soil is promoted, pollutants are degraded, rhizosphere ring bacteria are contained in the organic fertilizer, the rhizosphere ring bacteria have a strong degradation effect on the organic pollutants, the organic pollutants are degraded by directly using the metabolic activity of the rhizosphere ring bacteria, the organic pollutants can also be degraded by using organic matters in root exudates and the rhizosphere ring as co-metabolic substances, and after the fragments of vegetation such as straws and straws are paved on the surface of the soil, the surface of the soil is insulated by matching with the arrangement of the sunshade net, the mixing between water drops and the soil is slowed down when the irrigation work is carried out, the surface of the soil is insulated, and then the soil is detected and recorded for changing.
Example three:
(1) Adopting tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the polluted soil, wherein the tubular products can be taken out without drawing, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated to be within the range of 5m, the same distance between the tubular products in the front, back, left and right is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in the range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is distributed according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products, a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured through a pipe orifice, wherein the organic fertilizer contains a proper amount of nutrient substances such as N, P and the like, and the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria;
(2) After a proper amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is scattered on the small-area soil among the tubular products, and the proportion of the organic fertilizer is controlled, so that the direct ratio of the size of each area to the amount of the fertilizer to be put is kept, the coverage rate of the organic fertilizer can be controlled to be 80 percent, the larger the area is, the spreading amount of the organic fertilizer can be increased, but the coverage rate is still controlled;
(3) The method comprises the following steps of (1) stirring and crushing vegetation crops such as straws and rice straws in an air-dried farmland, uniformly spreading crushed slag on the surface of a polluted soil, processing a proper amount of crops such as corn grains into powder, mixing the powder with water, spraying the mixture by using a motorized spraying device to enable the mixture to cover the outer surface of the vegetation crushed slag, and covering the outer surface of the polluted soil on the basis of the crushed slag;
(4) The outer surface of the metal tubular product can be provided with a connecting structure for the sunshade net and a proper illumination environment, a proper production environment is provided for the growth of microorganisms in soil, the multiplication of bacteria is accelerated, and the sunshade net and the metal tubular product in the area with the reduced pollution value are dismantled according to the data of soil monitoring after the metal tubular product is spliced for 23 days.
Through directly throwing nutrients such as N, P and the like and oxygen supply to contaminated soil, the metabolic activity of indigenous microorganisms or specific functional microorganisms in the soil is promoted, pollutants are degraded, rhizosphere ring bacteria are contained in the organic fertilizer, the rhizosphere ring bacteria have a strong degradation effect on the organic pollutants, the organic pollutants are degraded by directly using the metabolic activity of the organic fertilizer, organic matters in the rhizosphere ring and rhizosphere ring can be used as co-metabolites to degrade the organic pollutants, and after the fragments of vegetation such as straws and straws are paved on the surface of the soil, the sun-shading net is matched to be arranged, the heat preservation effect is achieved on the surface of the soil, and then the change of the soil is detected and recorded.
According to the working principle, through the addition of the bio-organic fertilizer, organic matters and beneficial microorganisms contained in the bio-organic fertilizer have strong adsorption and chelation effects on heavy metal ions, the effectiveness of heavy metals in soil can be partially reduced, the absorption of crops on the heavy metals is reduced, the bio-organic fertilizer contains rich organic matters, and functional groups of the organic matters can influence the migration and transformation of the heavy metals in the soil through various action modes such as adsorption, integration, complexation and the like; even in a soil environment with very low pH, the addition of the bio-organic fertilizer can still reduce the migration capacity of Cu and Pb in the soil. The biological organic fertilizer can reduce the absorption of plant roots to heavy metals, the content of heavy metals in soil is higher, the effect of reducing the heavy metals absorbed by the roots by the biological organic fertilizer is more obvious, beneficial microorganisms in the bacterial fertilizer of the biological organic fertilizer can generate saccharides which account for 0.1 percent of organic matters in the soil and are combined with plant mucilage, mineral embryo bodies and organic colloid together, the granular structure of the soil can be improved, the physical performance of the soil is enhanced, the loss of soil particles is reduced, and the bacterial fertilizer can participate in the formation of humus under certain conditions, so the physical properties of the soil can be improved by using the bacterial fertilizer of the biological organic fertilizer, the soil fertility is improved, bacteria have strong adsorption capacity to the heavy metals, the ecological restoration is well acted, the biological effectiveness of the heavy metals can be reduced, and the damage to plants is reduced. However, the bacteria are too small in size and difficult to remove from the soil, and after the bacteria die away, the heavy metals can return to the original shape from the beginning to form pollution again, so that the restoration of the heavy metals by the bacteria is not the primary path for restoring the polluted soil, the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria, the rhizosphere bacteria have a strong degradation effect on organic pollutants, and the rhizosphere bacteria can directly use the metabolic activity of the bacteria to degrade the organic pollutants and can also use organic matters in root exudates and rhizosphere as co-metabolic substances to degrade the organic pollutants.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Claims (4)
1. A use method of microbial organic fertilizer for soil remediation is characterized in that: the using method comprises the following steps: (1) Adopting tubular metal products to carry out equidistant hole opening work on the polluted soil, wherein the tubular products can be taken out without drawing, the distance between the tubular products can be regulated and controlled to be within the range of 1-5m, the same distance between the tubular products in front, back, left and right is ensured, after the tubular products are inserted and installed in a range, the organic fertilizer is preheated, the heated organic fertilizer is proportionally distributed according to the aperture size of the metal tubular products, a certain amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the pipe orifice, wherein the organic fertilizer contains a proper amount of nutrient substances such as N, P and the like, and the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria; (2) After a proper amount of organic fertilizer is poured into the tubular products, a proper amount of organic fertilizer is scattered on the small-area soil among the tubular products, and the proportion of the organic fertilizer is controlled, so that the proportion of the area size to the fertilizer amount is kept to be in direct proportion, the coverage rate of the organic fertilizer can be controlled to be between 60 and 90 percent, the larger the area is, the spreading amount of the organic fertilizer can be increased, but the coverage rate is still controlled; (3) The method comprises the following steps of (1) stirring and crushing vegetation crops such as straws and rice straws after being dried in the air, uniformly spreading crushed slag on the surface of the polluted soil, processing a proper amount of corn crops into powder, mixing the powder with water, and spraying the mixture by using a motorized spraying device to cover the outer surface of the vegetation crushed slag and cover the outer surface of the polluted soil on the basis of the crushed slag; (4) The outer surface of the metal tubular product can be provided with a connecting structure for the sunshade net and a proper illumination environment, a proper production environment is provided for the growth of microorganisms in soil, the multiplication of bacteria is accelerated, and the sunshade net and the metal tubular product in the area with the reduced pollution value are dismantled according to the data of soil monitoring after the metal tubular product is spliced for 20-23 days.
2. The use method of the microbial organic fertilizer for repairing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method promotes the metabolic activity of indigenous microorganisms or specific functional microorganisms in the soil and degrades pollutants by directly feeding nutrients such as N and P and supplying oxygen to the polluted soil.
3. The use method of the microbial organic fertilizer for repairing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the organic fertilizer contains rhizosphere bacteria, the rhizosphere bacteria have a strong degradation effect on organic pollutants, and the organic pollutants can be degraded by directly using own metabolic activities and also by using organic matters in rhizosphere and rhizosphere as co-metabolic substances.
4. The use method of the microbial organic fertilizer for repairing soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: after the fragments of vegetation such as straw and rice straw are spread on the surface of soil, the setting of cooperation sunshade net plays the heat preservation to the surface of soil, when watering the during operation and slow down the mixture between water droplet and the soil, and the bits of vegetation such as straw and rice straw play the effect of compost material through the corruption of certain time.
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