CN115462447A - Method for preparing sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass - Google Patents
Method for preparing sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/33—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from molasses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/189—Enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
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- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
- A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/169—Plantarum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/41—Pediococcus
- A23V2400/427—Pentosaceus
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass. The method comprises the following steps: (1) cutting the air-dried sorghum straws to 2-3 cm; (2) Mixing sorghum straws and whole corn according to a dry matter basis weight ratio of 2:1, adding a hydrosolvent containing a lactobacillus agent, cellulase, molasses and calcium nitrate to adjust the water content, fully mixing uniformly to obtain a mixture, filling the mixture into a vacuum sealing bag, compacting layer by layer, vacuumizing, sealing, and performing anaerobic fermentation at 20-25 ℃ for 45-60 d to obtain the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage; the fresh weight basis contents of the lactobacillus agent, the cellulase and the molasses in the mixture are respectively 0.01g/kg, 1.0g/kg and 5.0g/kg, the dry matter basis content of the calcium nitrate in the mixture is 10.0g/kg, and the water content of the mixture is 60-65%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, relates to a method for utilizing agricultural resources and reducing methane emission, and particularly relates to a method for preparing sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass.
Background
The ruminant livestock breeding industry has huge demand on coarse fodder, high-quality coarse fodder resources in China are deficient, and the improvement of the feeding value of the existing coarse fodder resources and the development of unconventional fodder with high quality, low price and large quantity are urgently needed to ensure the rapid, stable and sustainable development of the animal husbandry. The straw resource feed is promoted to effectively relieve the shortage of feed raw materials in the animal husbandry, relieve the food competition between people and livestock, reduce the carbon emission in the animal husbandry to a certain extent and protect the ecological environment. Sorghum has the advantages of disease resistance, drought resistance, salt tolerance, small fertilizing amount and the like, is an important grain (feed) crop in many arid and semiarid regions, can generate a large amount of sorghum straws after being used for eating and brewing, has the yield of about 500 million tons per year in China, is usually used as firewood or directly thrown away, and causes resource waste and environmental pollution. The related technology is urgently needed to improve the feeding degree of sorghum straws and improve the palatability, the nutritional value and the utilization value of the sorghum straws.
In addition, the straw fiber content is high, so that rumen fermentation is easily changed to acetic acid type, and the methane generation amount is increased. Therefore, when the straw is used as a feed, the methane generation amount of the straw is reduced by a certain technical means. Nitrate is one of methane inhibitors, and can effectively and continuously reduce the methane production of ruminant livestock. Many researches promote the utilization of straws, wheat straws, sunflower straws, vegetable wastes and the like in feed through mixed storage and addition of microbial agents, and the nutritional value and the fermentation quality are effectively improved after sorghum straws, vinasse and tomato skin residues are mixed, stored and fermented. In the prior art, the fermented forage grass is prepared by fermenting the straws independently, but the fermented forage grass with good quality is not easy to prepare, the water consumption is large, and the quality of the fermented forage grass can be improved by mixing and storing the fermented forage grass with the corn straws. In addition, the prior art generally focuses on improving the utilization degree of the straw for feed, but ignores that the methane generation amount of ruminants can be increased when the straw is applied to production in large quantity, and the rumen methane generation amount of fermented forage can be effectively reduced by adding nitrate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for preparing sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the method for preparing the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass comprises the following steps:
(1) Cutting the air-dried sorghum straws to 2-3 cm;
(2) Mixing sorghum straws and whole corn according to the weight ratio of dry matter basis 2:1, adding a hydrosolvent containing a lactobacillus agent, cellulase, molasses and calcium nitrate to adjust the water content, fully and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture, filling the mixture into a vacuum sealing bag, compacting layer by layer, vacuumizing, sealing, and carrying out anaerobic fermentation for 45-60 days at the temperature of 20-25 ℃ to obtain the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage; the contents of the lactic acid bacteria agent, the cellulase and the molasses on the basis of fresh weight in the mixture are respectively 0.01g/kg, 1.0g/kg and 5.0g/kg, the content of the calcium nitrate on the basis of dry substances in the mixture is 10.0g/kg, and the water content of the mixture is 60-65%.
Preferably, the lactobacillus agent is lactobacillus plantarum and pediococcus pentosaceus in a mass ratio of 4:1, and a microbial inoculum prepared by mixing.
The invention is further illustrated below:
in the invention, the adding proportion of sorghum straws and whole corn is controlled to be 2:1, enough soluble sugar is provided, the defect of single nutrient substance of the sorghum straws is overcome, the using amount of water resources is reduced, and the utilization degree of the sorghum straws is promoted to the maximum extent.
The addition of the lactobacillus agent, the cellulase and the molasses provides favorable guarantee for improving the mixed storage fermentation quality, the nutritional value and the like of the whole straw corn. The lactobacillus agent is a mixed agent of lactobacillus plantarum and pediococcus pentosaceus, can promote the rapid fermentation of soluble sugar to generate lactic acid, reduce the pH of the mixed storage forage grass, and achieve the purpose of effectively improving the fermentation quality. The addition amount of the calcium nitrate is controlled to be 10.0g/kg (dry matter basis), thereby avoiding the adverse effect of direct feeding of nitrate on ruminant livestock and reducing the rumen methane production amount of the straw feed to a certain extent.
The sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage feed has the characteristics of low pH, high lactic acid, low fiber and the like. The invention adopts the sorghum straws mixed with the whole corn which is fermented independently (the sorghum straws: the whole corn silage =2:1, the mass ratio is dry matter basis) as a control group, and adopts the whole sorghum straw corn mixed storage forage as a test group to evaluate the nutrition and the utilization value of the two. The test group effectively destroys the fiber structure of the sorghum straws, the contents of protein, neutral washing soluble matters and hemicellulose are obviously higher than those of a control group, and the contents of neutral washing fibers and acidic washing fibers are obviously reduced. The in vitro dry matter and neutral detergent fiber degradation rate of the test group is obviously higher than that of the control group, and the methane generation amount, the methane concentration and the hydrogen concentration rate are obviously lower than that of the control group.
In addition, the invention selects the sorghum straws, and has an important reason that the inventor tries the wheat straws and the rice straws, but the mixed storage does not damage the fiber structures of the wheat straws and the rice straws, and the aim of improving the nutrition and the utilization value of the mixed storage of the wheat straws and the rice straws is not achieved.
In a word, the mixed storage forage prepared by the method has obvious quality improvement effect, can promote the forage utilization of crop straw resources, and especially provides high-quality coarse fodder for winter and spring forage starvation seasons; meanwhile, the method has the advantages of simple operation, easily obtained raw materials, low cost and potential for industrial production. In addition, the increase of methane emission of the ruminant is easily caused by feeding crop straws, the generation of methane is effectively inhibited by adding the calcium nitrate, and a feasible technical scheme is provided for carbon reduction and efficiency improvement of the ruminant livestock breeding industry.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a drawing of a sorghum stalk whole-plant corn mixed-storage forage grass;
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the fiber structure of sorghum stalks in the control and test groups;
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the effects of in vitro methane production over time for the control group and the test group.
Detailed Description
The test methods used in the following examples are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified. In the quantitative tests in the following examples, three replicates were set up and the results averaged.
Example 1
The method for preparing the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass comprises the following steps:
(1) Cutting the air-dried sorghum straws to 2-3 cm;
(2) 580g of sorghum straws and 800g of whole corns are taken, 624g of water solvent is added to adjust the water content (the water solvent contains lactic acid bacteria, cellulose, molasses and calcium nitrate, the mixture is fully and evenly mixed to obtain a mixture (the amounts of the lactic acid bacteria agent, the cellulose and the molasses in the mixture are respectively 0.02g,2.0g and 10.0g, and the amount of the calcium nitrate is 8g < the dry matter weight of the mixture is 0.8kg >), the mixture is put into a vacuum self-sealing bag, is compacted, is vacuumized and sealed, is placed at 20-25 ℃, is subjected to anaerobic fermentation for 45-60 d, and is repeated for 4 times, wherein the water content of the mixture is 60-65% (namely, the water solvent is used for adjusting);
(3) And after the fermentation is finished, opening a vacuum bag to obtain the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass, and measuring the fermentation quality of the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass.
As can be seen from figure 1, the sorghum stalk whole plant corn is yellow green, has proper acid and fragrance, and has soft and loose texture after being mixed and fermented. As can be seen from Table 1, the fermentation quality of the whole sorghum straw and corn mixed forage after mixed storage is good, and mainly shows that the fermentation broth has low pH, ammoniacal nitrogen and butyric acid contents, and high lactic acid and acetic acid contents.
TABLE 1 fermentation index determination of sorghum straw whole-plant corn forage grass after mixed storage
Example 2
In order to better explore the influence of mixed storage on sorghum straws, sorghum straws and separately fermented whole corns (sorghum straws: whole corn silage =2:1 (mass ratio, dry matter basis)) are used as a control group, mixed storage forage grass of the whole sorghum straws and corns is used as a test group, the nutritional ingredients of the two groups are compared, and the fiber structures of the two groups are observed by using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) The whole corn production process comprises the following steps: taking 2kg of the whole plant of corn after cutting, respectively adding 0.02g,2.0g and 10.0g of lactobacillus agent, cellulase and molasses, fully and uniformly mixing, putting into a vacuum self-sealing bag, compacting, vacuumizing and sealing, placing at 20-25 ℃, performing anaerobic fermentation for 45-60 days, and repeating for 4 times; the water content of the obtained whole corn silage is 60-65%. Mixing sorghum straws and whole corn silage according to a mass ratio of 2:1 (dry matter basis) was mixed well and used as a control to better explore the effect of blending on sorghum stalks.
(2) A portion of the samples from the control and test groups were dried, crushed and sieved for determination of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude ash content, respectively. Hemicellulose content = neutral detergent fiber-acid detergent fiber.
(3) Respectively picking sorghum straw fragments at the same parts of a control group and a test group, drying at 65 ℃, picking the surface, spraying gold, and observing the structure under a field emission scanning electron microscope.
As can be seen from Table 2, the contents of crude protein and neutral detergent soluble substances in the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed forage after mixed storage are obviously improved, and the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acidic detergent fiber are obviously reduced, namely, the mixed storage efficiency improves the nutritional value of the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed forage. It can be seen from fig. 2 that the commingling and storage effectively destroys the fibrous structure of the sorghum stalks: the sorghum straw has smooth surface and compact fiber structure arrangement before being untreated, and after mixed storage and fermentation treatment, the structure is obviously damaged, the compact fiber structure is broken, a plurality of gaps are formed, and a plurality of microorganisms are attached to the straw fibers.
TABLE 2 Effect of mixed storage on sorghum straw Whole plant corn mixed forage grass nutrient composition
Example 3
In-vitro rumen fermentation simulation test: sorghum straws and separately fermented whole corns (sorghum straws: whole corn silage =2:1 (mass ratio, dry matter basis)) are taken as a control group, and sorghum straw whole corn mixed storage forage grass is taken as a test group.
Test step 1: selecting 3 adult Liuyang black goats with good body conditions, close body weight and permanent rumen fistula as rumen fluid donor animals, and collecting fresh rumen fluid before morning feeding until the animals are filled with CO 2 In the thermos flask, 4 layers of degreasing cotton gauze are filtered, and the buffer solution which is preheated in advance and filled with carbon dioxide is mixed according to the proportion of 1:4, mixing them uniformly to prepare artificial rumen fluid, introducing CO in the whole process 2 To maintain an anaerobic environment and maintain the temperature at 39.5 ℃. Weighing 1.0g of dried and crushed forage grass of a control group and a test group respectively in 150mL anaerobic fermentation bottles, adding 3 groups of the dried and crushed forage grass in parallel into 60mL artificial rumen fluid respectively, fermenting for 72h by using full-automatic in-vitro simulated rumen fermentation equipment, and repeating for 3 batches.
Test step 2: the exhaust pressure of the automatic in-vitro rumen fermentation simulation equipment is set to be 10.0kPa, and the released gas automatically enters a gas chromatograph for CH 4 And H 2 And (3) measuring the concentration, and monitoring the total gas yield in real time in the fermentation process.
Test step 3: after the fermentation is finished, the fermentation liquor is filtered and filtered to measure the degradation rate of the nutrient substances.
Test results (see fig. 3 and table 3): compared with the control group, the in vitro dry matter degradation rate of the test group is improved by 16.2 percent (P < 0.05), the neutral detergent fiber degradation rate is improved by 19.8 percent (P < 0.05), the methane generation amount is reduced by 11.7 percent (P < 0.05), and the final fermentation concentration of methane and hydrogen is obviously reduced (P < 0.05).
The in vitro rumen fermentation simulation test shows that the mixed storage effectively improves the rumen degradation rate of sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed forage grass dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, reduces the rumen methane generation amount, and has the potential of becoming a high-quality feed resource for ruminant livestock.
TABLE 3 influence of mixed storage on in vitro gas production and nutrient disappearance rate of whole sorghum straw corn mixed forage
Claims (2)
1. A method for preparing sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Cutting the air-dried sorghum straws to 2-3 cm;
(2) Mixing sorghum straws and whole corn according to a dry matter basis weight ratio of 2:1, adding a hydrosolvent containing a lactobacillus agent, cellulase, molasses and calcium nitrate to adjust the water content, fully mixing uniformly to obtain a mixture, filling the mixture into a vacuum sealing bag, compacting layer by layer, vacuumizing, sealing, and performing anaerobic fermentation at 20-25 ℃ for 45-60 d to obtain the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage; the fresh weight basis contents of the lactobacillus agent, the cellulase and the molasses in the mixture are respectively 0.01g/kg, 1.0g/kg and 5.0g/kg, the dry matter basis content of the calcium nitrate in the mixture is 10.0g/kg, and the water content of the mixture is 60-65%.
2. The method for preparing the sorghum straw whole-plant corn mixed storage forage grass according to claim 1, wherein the lactobacillus agent is lactobacillus plantarum and pediococcus pentosaceus in a mass ratio of 4:1, and a microbial inoculum prepared by mixing.
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