CN115449003B - 低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀pvc树脂的制备方法 - Google Patents
低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀pvc树脂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及聚氯乙烯树脂技术领域,具体涉及一种低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法。所述的低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法,将氯乙烯、去离子水、引发剂、分散剂、表面活性剂、分散隔离剂混合,在50~60℃温度下反应4~10h,再加入终止剂,脱除未反应的氯乙烯单体,离心、干燥,得到PVC树脂。本发明的低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法,制备的PVC树脂皮膜覆盖率低、孔隙率高且内部孔隙均匀,残余单体脱除率高、后加工过程中增塑剂吸收均匀快速,制品鱼眼数少。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及聚氯乙烯树脂技术领域,具体涉及一种低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法。
背景技术
聚氯乙烯树脂(PVC)因价格低廉、性能优异、应用领域广泛而成为全球产量第二大的树脂,其可通过本体法、乳液法、悬浮法合成。悬浮法聚氯乙烯树脂是在分散剂的分散、保胶作用下,通过强力搅拌使单体均匀分散在连续的水相中,在一定温度范围内由过氧化物类或偶氮类引发剂引发聚合而成,相态上属典型的非均相沉淀聚合,聚合机理属自由基聚合。
PVC粉料粒子实际上是许多PVC微细粒子以物理方式粘结在一起的聚集体,在微细粒子聚集的过程中,微细粒子间受制备方法、工艺条件和聚合配方等因素影响而形成不同的孔隙状态。在PVC后加工过程中,为达到使用要求,往往需要加入多种添加剂,如增塑剂、稳定剂、填充剂、着色剂、发泡剂等,这些添加剂与PVC共混过程中受PVC颗粒性能(如粒度、孔隙率、孔隙均匀度等)及加工条件等因素影响,会表现出不同的混配性能和制品性能,如增塑剂吸收量、干混时间等性能方面的差异。尤其是在PVC软制品的加工过程中,颗粒内部孔隙均匀度是一个非常重要的指标,粉料增塑剂吸收均匀快速,可有效减少后加工过程中软制品中鱼眼的产生。
工业生产中一般通过调节分散体系来调节树脂孔隙状态。分散体系在聚合体系中起到分散单体、保护胶体稳定存在的作用,通常一种分散剂难以兼顾分散和保胶的作用,实际生产中往往是两种或多种分散剂复合使用,现今PVC分散体系多为聚乙烯醇、纤维素醚类分散剂形成的复合体系,其中聚乙烯醇以聚合度、醇解度的不同分类,纤维素醚以聚合度、取代基种类、取代度的不同分类。这些分散剂在起到分散、保胶作用的同时,会与氯乙烯单体接枝共聚而在PVC颗粒表面形成一层间断或连续的皮膜,且由于聚合后期的皮膜塌陷现象而进一步增厚增强,这层皮膜会对PVC的残单脱除和塑化加工造成不利影响,此外树脂内部残留分散剂无法去除,也对树脂的热稳定性、透明度及初期着色性能有不良影响。聚合时还需考虑聚乙烯醇、纤维素醚类分散剂的浊点、凝胶温度等因素,当浓度、聚合温度过高时,分散剂会失去分散、保胶的作用,产生粘釜甚至爆聚等现象。
此外,国内有大量专利和文献对分散体系各组分配比、功能助剂的复配等方面进行了探讨,但涉及调整树脂内部孔隙均匀性的较少。CN 103183759 A提供了一种活性可控自由基聚合制备活性聚氯乙烯的方法,利用单电子转移—活性自由基聚合(SET-LRP)法制备出了带有活性的PVC(L-PVC),进而合成以PVC为中间链段的ABA型嵌段共聚物或更高分子量的PVC。CN 102443085 A提供了一种氯化专用聚氯乙烯树脂的制备方法,通过水溶性较低的分散剂与油溶性表面活性剂共同作用,合成出疏松少皮且比表面积大的PVC树脂,但是无明显改善颗粒内部孔隙性能的效果。CN 108059780在改性聚氯乙烯板材用组合物制备过程中,采用甲苯、氢氧化钠、乙醇、硫酸氢乙酯混合溶液对木粉进行处理获得了乙基改性木粉,促进其与聚氯乙烯基体的相容性。但是以上技术方案均未涉及到如何调整树脂内部孔隙均匀性。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法,制备的PVC树脂皮膜覆盖率低、孔隙率高且内部孔隙均匀,残余单体脱除率高、后加工过程中增塑剂吸收均匀快速,制品鱼眼数少。
本发明所述的低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法,将氯乙烯、去离子水、引发剂、分散剂、表面活性剂、分散隔离剂混合,在50~60℃温度下反应4~10h,再加入终止剂,脱除未反应的氯乙烯单体,离心、干燥,得到PVC树脂。
以质量分数计,原料用量如下:
去离子水电导率为1~5μS/cm。
引发剂为过氧化新癸酸异丙苯酯、过氧化二碳酸二-(2-乙基己基)酯、过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯、过氧化特戊酸叔戊酯、偶氮二异庚腈中的一种或多种。
引发剂在加入反应体系时,可以是溶剂型,也可以加入乳化剂进行预处理制成固含量为5~40%的均匀乳液;其中乳化剂优选聚合度在800~2000、醇解度在70~90%之间的聚乙烯醇,更优选聚合度在1000~1600、醇解度在75%~80%之间的聚乙烯醇。
分散剂为聚乙烯醇、纤维素醚中的一种或两种;优选为聚乙烯醇和纤维素醚的混合物。
聚乙烯醇的聚合度为800~2000,醇解度为70~90%;优选地,聚乙烯醇的聚合度为1500~2000、醇解度为78%~82%。
纤维素醚为羟丙基甲基纤维素,其甲基取代度为1.6~2.0、含量为19~30%,羟丙基取代度为0.1~0.3、含量为4.0~12.0%;优选地,其甲基取代度为1.8~2.0、含量为28~30%,羟丙基取代度为0.2~0.3、含量为7.0~12.0%。
表面活性剂为多元醇型非离子表面活性剂。优选地,表面活性剂为失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(山梨糖酐脂肪酸酯),如山梨醇酐单月桂酸酯(Span20)、山梨醇酐棕榈酸酯(Span40)、失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(Span60)、山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯(Span65)、失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)中的一种或多种。更优选地,表面活性剂为失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(Span60)。
表面活性剂的加入量过少会导致减少皮膜含量作用较弱,加入量过多则易产生粗PVC粒子。
分散隔离剂为硫酸氢乙酯、烷基苯磺酸钠、聚甲基丙烯酸纳、聚丙烯酸钠中的一种或多种。优选地,分散隔离剂为硫酸氢乙酯。
分散隔离剂加入量过少则协助分散与保胶作用较弱,加入量过多易使聚合体系不稳定。
终止剂为二乙基羟胺或丙酮缩氨基硫脲。优选地,终止剂为二乙基羟胺。
本发明在主分散剂的基础上加入非离子表面活性剂,一方面进一步降低了界面张力,使分散相液滴更小;另一方面由于“竞争吸附”(原理如图1所示),非离子表面活性剂优先吸附于油/水界面,使液滴界面上分散剂的吸附量减少,保胶能力下降,皮膜含量减少。分散隔离剂硫酸氢乙酯与主分散剂同样存在“竞争吸附”关系,同时与非离子表面活性剂之间有很好的协同作用,可有效降低油水界面张力,同时防止粒子间粘连、聚并,提高颗粒内部孔隙均匀性。
研究发现,与甘油脂肪酸酯、吐温等其它非离子表面活性剂相比,多元醇型非离子表面活性剂表面活性变化范围更大,降低界面张力的能力更强,与主分散剂聚乙烯醇、纤维素醚复配效果更好。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)本发明提供了一种表面活性剂、分散隔离剂与分散体系协同作用的聚合体系,有效降低了颗粒表面高分子量分散剂的吸附量,防止粒子间粘连、聚并,达到提高孔隙率且产品中孔隙均匀、同时皮膜减少的效果;
(2)本发明制备的PVC树脂皮膜覆盖率低、孔隙率高且内部孔隙均匀,残余单体脱除率高、后加工过程中增塑剂吸收均匀快速,制品鱼眼数少。
附图说明
图1为本发明分散剂与功能助剂在油/水界面吸附模型;
图中:分散剂1对应聚乙烯醇分散剂;分散剂2对应纤维素醚类分散剂;功能助剂对应表面活性剂和分散隔离剂;
图2为本发明实施例1制备的PVC树脂内部微观形貌图;
图3为本发明实施例1制备的PVC树脂内部微观形貌图;
图4为本发明对比例5制备的PVC树脂内部微观形貌图;
图5为本发明对比例5制备的PVC树脂内部微观形貌图。
具体实施方式
以下将对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细描述。为了避免过多不必要的细节,在以下实施例中对属于公知的结构或功能将不进行详细描述。以下实施例中所使用的近似性语言可用于定量表述,表明在不改变基本功能的情况下可允许数量有一定的变动。除有定义外,以下实施例中所用的技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属领域技术人员普遍理解的相同含义。
实施例1-5
以质量份数计,实施例1-5的原料组分及用量如表1所示,其中聚乙烯醇的聚合度为1500~2000、醇解度为78~82%;羟丙基甲基纤维素中甲基取代度为1.8~2.0、含量为28~30%,羟丙基取代度为0.2~0.3、含量为7.0~12.0%。
表1实施例1-5的原料组分及用量
制备方法如下:
将聚合釜冲洗干净,涂覆防粘釜剂,抽真空至-0.09MPa后,按照聚合配方加入除终止剂外的所有原料,同时启动夹套水浴循环,控制聚合釜内体系温度稳步达到设定值(58±0.5)℃时,反应开始计时;聚合体系压力降△P达到0.20MPa时加入终止剂,搅拌5min后回收未反应单体,排空出料,浆料离心,沸腾床干燥,即得PVC树脂。
实施例6
本实施例与实施例1的不同点仅在于分散剂采用聚合度为800~1500,醇解度为70~90%的聚乙烯醇;羟丙基甲基纤维素中甲基取代度为1.6~2.0、含量为19~30%,羟丙基取代度为0.1~0.3、含量为4.0~12.0%;二者比例2:1,总量为0.05份;
实施例7
本实施例与实施例1的不同点仅在于引发剂采用过氧化二碳酸二-(2-乙基己基)酯、偶氮二异庚腈,二者比例为1:1,总量为0.04份。
实施例8
本实施例与实施例1的不同点仅在于表面活性剂采用山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯,用量为0.06份。
实施例9
本实施例与实施例1的不同点仅在于分散隔离剂采用十二烷基苯磺酸钠,用量为0.1份。
实施例10
本实施例与实施例1的不同点仅在于终止剂采用丙酮缩氨基硫脲,总量为0.015份。
对比例1-5
以质量份数计,对比例1-5的原料组分及用量如表2所示,其中聚乙烯醇的聚合度为1500~2000、醇解度为78~82%;羟丙基甲基纤维素中甲基取代度为1.8~2.0、含量为28~30%,羟丙基取代度为0.2~0.3、含量为7.0~12.0%。制备方法与实施例相同。
表2对比例1-5的原料组分及用量
对比例6
本对比例与实施例1的不同点仅在于表面活性剂采用甘油脂肪酸酯,用量为0.06份。
将实施例1-10和对比例1-6制备的PVC树脂进行性能测试,其中增塑剂(DOP)吸收量按照GB/T 3400-2002所示的测定方法进行测定;算数平均粒径采用日本日立H-7000透射电子显微镜检测;颗粒内部微观形貌采用日本日立H-7000透射电子显微镜附带H-7110扫描附件对树脂颗粒形态进行表征;孔隙率和比表面积按照GB/T 21650.3-2011所示的测定方法进行测定。“鱼眼”数按照GB/T 4611-2008所示的测定方法进行测定。
测试结果如表3和图2-5所示。
表3实施例1-10和对比例1-6制备的PVC树脂性能测试结果
从表3中可以看出,表面活性剂失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(Span60)用量减少,树脂粒径增大,100g树脂增塑剂吸收量、孔隙率、比表面积减小,制品鱼眼数增加,对比例2中Span60用量0.08份,产品中有少量粗粒子;分散隔离剂硫酸氢乙酯的加入量减少,树脂粒径增大,100g树脂增塑剂吸收量、孔隙率、比表面积减小,制品鱼眼数增加,对比例4中硫酸氢乙酯用量0.12份,产品中同样有少量粗粒子。
从图2-5中可以看出,表面活性剂失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(Span60)、分散隔离剂硫酸氢乙酯的加入有助于降低树脂皮膜含量,得到孔隙小且均匀的PVC树脂,在后加工过程中增塑剂吸收均匀快速,制品鱼眼数减少。
Claims (1)
1.一种低皮膜含量和孔隙均匀PVC树脂的制备方法,其特征在于:将氯乙烯、去离子水、引发剂、分散剂、表面活性剂、分散隔离剂混合,在50~60℃温度下反应4~10h,再加入终止剂,脱除未反应的氯乙烯单体,离心、干燥,得到PVC树脂;
以质量分数计,原料用量如下:
氯乙烯 100份,
去离子水 110~200份,
引发剂 0.02~0.06份,
分散剂 0.01~0.05份,
表面活性剂 0.02~0.06份,
分散隔离剂 0.02~0.1份,
终止剂 0.01~0.05份;
所述引发剂为过氧化新癸酸异丙苯酯;
所述分散剂为聚乙烯醇和羟丙基甲基纤维素的混合物,聚乙烯醇:羟丙基甲基纤维素=2:1;其中聚乙烯醇的聚合度为800~2000,醇解度为70~90%;羟丙基甲基纤维素,其甲基取代度为1.6~2.0、含量为19~30%,羟丙基取代度为0.1~0.3、含量为4.0~12.0%;
所述表面活性剂为失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯;
所述分散隔离剂为硫酸氢乙酯;
所述终止剂为二乙基羟胺。
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