CN115403767B - 一种阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法及对高铼酸根的吸附应用 - Google Patents
一种阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法及对高铼酸根的吸附应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法及对高铼酸根的吸附应用,属于环境保护技术领域。本发明合成了一种含有丰富甲基的咪唑基阳离子有机聚合物,该聚合物骨架含有大量正电荷,可实现对高铼酸根离子的高效吸附。而且,咪唑基团附近的烷基还可阻止氢氧根对咪唑基团的亲核进攻,改善了聚合物的耐碱性;疏水性空腔使得聚合物在强酸性条件下也可有效吸附高铼酸根离子。本发明阳离子有机聚合物的合成方法简单且结构稳定,对强酸/强碱环境下高铼酸根离子的吸附效率高、选择性好,可作为高铼酸根离子的良好吸附剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于环境保护技术领域,具体涉及一种阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法及对高铼酸根的吸附应用。
背景技术
随着核技术发展,放射性废物处理及污染修复面临巨大挑战。其中,99Tc是一种发射β射线的长寿命放射性核素,是最难处理的放射性核素之一。99Tc主要存在形式为稳定的TcO4 -,在0-14的pH范围内高度水溶(11.3mol/L),无络合特性导致其在环境中快速迁移并容易进入食物链。因此,开发安全高效的TcO4 -吸附剂对环境保护和社会发展至关重要。然而,传统的吸附材料如阴离子交换树脂、层状双氢氧化物、金属有机框架等的稳定性相对较弱并且选择性较差,难以实现复杂环境中TcO4 -的高效去除(D.Banerjee,D.Kim,M.J.Schweiger,A.A.Kruger,P.K.Thallapally,Removal of TcO4 -ions from solution:materials and future outlook,Chem.Soc.Rev.2016,45,10,2724-2739)。
共价有机聚合物具有合成简单、优异的辐射稳定性以及功能可调节等优点,是非常有前景的新一代多孔材料,广泛应用于环境保护等领域(Q.Sun,B.Aguila,S.Ma,Opportunities of porous organic polymers for radionuclide sequestration,Trends in Chem.2019,1,292-303)。咪唑官能团对高铼酸根离子(ReO4 -,没有放射性的ReO4 -常用于替代放射性的99TcO4 -进行研究)具有较高的亲和力,可显著提高对ReO4 -的选择性(J.Li,X.Dai,L.Zhu,C.Xu,D.Zhang,M.A.Silver,P.Li,L.Chen,Y.Li,D.Zuo,H.Zhang,C.Xiao,J.Chen,J.Diwu,O.K.Farha,T.E.Albrecht-Schmitt,Z.Chai,S.Wang,99TcO4 -remediation by a cationic polymeric network,Nat.Commun.2018,9,3007)。但是在碱性条件下,氢氧根离子对咪唑单元的亲核进攻导致咪唑基团极易水解,极大限制了咪唑基材料在碱性条件下的应用;此外,由于强酸性条件下竞争离子(如硫酸根、硝酸根)的浓度远远大于ReO4 -的浓度,使得咪唑基材料在强酸性下去除ReO4 -受到阻碍(Q.-H.Hu,W.Jiang,R.-P.Liang,S.Lin,J.-D.Qiu,Synthesis of imidazolium-based cationic organicpolymer for highly efficient and selective removal of ReO4 -/TcO4 -,Chem.Eng.J.2021,419,129546)。引入疏水烷基链可增强材料的稳定性,共价有机框架JUC-531的骨架侧面丰富的烷基链使其在20M NaOH中仍能保持良好的结构稳定性(Y.Ma,Y.Wang,H.Li,X.Guan,B.Li,M.Xue,Y.Yan,V.Valtchev,S.Qiu,Q.Fang,Three-dimensionalchemically stable covalent organic frameworks through hydrophobicengineering,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2020,59,19633)。因此,开发在强酸/强碱条件下稳定性好、吸附容量高且速率快、选择性好的咪唑基阳离子聚合物至关重要。目前,尚未见咪唑基阳离子有机聚合物在强酸/强碱条件下吸附ReO4 -/99TcO4 -的报道。
发明内容
针对目前吸附材料的强酸/强碱稳定性、选择性以及极端条件下应用受限等问题,本发明提供了一种阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法及对高铼酸根的吸附应用。本发明以1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯和1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯为原料合成含有甲基单元的咪唑基阳离子有机聚合物(TBT-TCB),甲基的引入增大了TBT-TCB的空间位阻,降低了咪唑基团中易受亲核攻击的C-2的电子密度,使其在碱性条件下的稳定性大大提升。同时,疏水性的甲基使TBT-TCB服从反霍夫迈斯特偏差,即使在含有高浓度竞争离子的强酸性条件下(1MHNO3/H2SO4)也能有效吸附ReO4 -。本发明方法合成的TBT-TCB不仅保留了优异的耐辐射性、快速的吸附动力学以及高吸附容量等咪唑基阳离子聚合物的优点,还具有强碱/强酸条件下稳定性好的特点,可用于对碱性废料或酸性环境中ReO4 -的吸附去除。
为实现上述目的,本发明具体采用如下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
1)取1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯和1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯,加入溶剂混合均匀得到反应混合液;
2)向步骤1)所得反应混合液中通入氮气搅拌回流,反应后得到反应产物溶液,过滤取沉淀,洗涤干燥即得阳离子有机聚合物。
进一步地,步骤1)中所述1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯和1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯的摩尔比为1:(1-2)。
进一步地,步骤1)中溶剂包括N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙腈,二者体积比为1:(0.5-1.5)。
进一步地,步骤2)回流反应的温度为80℃,时间为2-4天。
本发明还提供上述方法制备的阳离子有机聚合物应用于吸附/去除高铼酸根离子。
进一步地,所述阳离子有机聚合物可实现对ReO4 -的高效吸附,其最大吸附容量为678mg/g。吸附容量通过以下公式计算:qe=(Co-Ce)×V/m;其中,qe是吸附容量,单位为mg/g;Co是高铼酸根离子初始浓度,单位为mg/L;Ce是高铼酸根离子平衡浓度,单位为mg/L;V是溶液体积,单位为L;m是阳离子有机聚合物的用量,单位为g。
进一步地,所述阳离子有机聚合物具有优异的酸碱稳定性,其在pH值2-12对ReO4 -的吸附去除率大于80%,在pH值6-10对ReO4 -的吸附去除率达99%。
进一步地,所述阳离子有机聚合物能够在含有多种共存阴离子的混合液中选择性吸附ReO4 -;所述多种共存阴离子包括SO4 2-、NO3 -、PO4 3-、CO3 2-、Cl-。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明合成的阳离子有机聚合物,制备方法简单、强碱/强酸稳定性好、吸附容量高且速率快、选择性好,无需后处理即可吸附高铼酸根离子。
(2)本发明制备的阳离子有机聚合物含有丰富的带正电荷的咪唑官能团,改善了对高铼酸根离子的吸附容量。
(3)本发明制备的阳离子有机聚合物含有丰富的甲基单元使其在碱性条件下的稳定性好,甲基单元的疏水性还改善了酸性下对高铼酸根离子的选择性。
(4)本发明制备的阳离子有机聚合物成本低,可重复利用,有利于经济节约和生态环境的可持续发展。
(5)本发明制备的阳离子有机聚合物可在极端环境下快速高效吸附高铼酸根离子,是高铼酸根离子的高效吸附剂和去除剂,有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB的制备过程示意图。
图2是TBT、TCB、TBT-TCB的红外光谱图。
图3是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在强酸/强碱中的红外光谱图。
图4是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附等温线图。
图5是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在不同pH下的ReO4 -去除效率图。
图6是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附选择性图。
图7是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在强酸中对ReO4 -的去除效率图。
图8是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB经强碱浸泡前/后的吸附容量对比图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合实施例对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有技术和科学术语与本发明技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。在本发明的说明书所使用的术语只是为了描述具体实施例的目的,并非用于限制本发明。本文所使用的术语“和/或”包括一个或多个相关的所列项目的任意的和所有的组合。
实施例1:阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB的制备与表征
将0.398g含有丰富甲基的三足配体1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯(TBT)和0.315g的1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯(TCB)置于三颈圆底烧瓶中,再加入15mL的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和15mL乙腈,混合均匀后得到反应混合液;向反应混合液中通入氮气并在氮气气氛下于80℃搅拌回流3天,冷却至室温后移去氮源,得到反应产物溶液;将反应产物溶液取出并过滤,用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和无水乙醇洗涤沉淀,将沉淀在60℃真空干燥过夜,得到含有丰富甲基单元的阳离子有机聚合物(TBT-TCB)。
图1是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB的制备过程示意图。
图2是TBT、TCB和TBT-TCB的红外光谱图。由图2可见,在合成阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB后,1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯的咪唑环在1056cm-1处的特征峰红移至1076cm-1,1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯在572cm-1处的C-Br键消失。以上结果表明采用本发明方法成功合成了阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB。
图3是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在强酸/强碱中的红外光谱图。将TBT-TCB分别浸泡在NaOH(1、3、5M)和HNO3(1、3、5M)溶液中24h,测试其红外光谱,由图3可见,TBT-TCB在1076cm-1处的咪唑环的特征峰依然存在,表明TBT-TCB在强酸和强碱条件下均具有良好的稳定性。
实施例2:阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附
(1)TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附容量
将高铼酸钠溶解在去离子水中配制成不同浓度(50-1400mg/L)的高铼酸根溶液,用HNO3或NaOH调节溶液pH值为7,向10mL的ReO4 -溶液中加入10mg阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB,室温下在摇床上振荡24h,用0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测滤液中残留的ReO4 -浓度,计算阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附容量。图4是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附等温线图。由图4可见,TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附容量随着ReO4 -浓度的增加而增大,直至达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,表明TBT-TCB对ReO4 -是单层吸附,TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的最大吸附容量为678mg/g。本发明合成的阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB的骨架中含有大量的正电荷,可实现对ReO4 -的高效吸附。
(2)不同pH条件下TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的去除效率
将10mg阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB加入到10mL含有400mg/L的ReO4 -溶液中,用HNO3或NaOH调节溶液pH值为2,4,6,8,10,12,室温下在摇床上振荡24h,用0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测滤液中残留的ReO4 -浓度,计算阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的去除率。图5是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在不同pH下的ReO4 -去除效率图。由图5可见,阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在pH值2-12范围内对ReO4 -的吸附去除效率均在80%以上,当溶液pH值在6-10范围内时,TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的去除效率高达99%以上,表明在宽pH范围内TBT-TCB对ReO4 -皆具有高的去除效率。这是由于本发明合成的阳离子有机聚合物的咪唑基团附近含有的烷基可阻止氢氧根离子对咪唑基团的亲核进攻,从而改善了聚合物的耐碱性,使其在强碱性条件下具有良好的吸附性能。此外,聚合物的疏水性空腔使其在强酸性条件下也能有效吸附ReO4 -,因此可实现在强酸和强碱环境下对ReO4 -的高效去除。
(3)TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附选择性
将10mg阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB加入到pH值为7的10mL含有0.1mM的ReO4 -溶液中,再分别加入核废料中常见的共存阴离子(浓度为0.1mM的SO4 2-、NO3 -、PO4 3-、CO3 2-、Cl-)溶液,混合液在室温下摇床振荡24h,用0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测滤液中残留的ReO4 -浓度,考察阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -吸附的选择性。图6是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附选择性图。由图6可见,TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附去除率接近100%,即使在竞争阴离子共存的条件下,TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附去除率仍高达96%,表明TBT-TCB对ReO4 -吸附的选择性好。
进一步考察了阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在强酸条件下对ReO4 -的吸附选择性。将10mg阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB加入到10mL含1M HNO3/H2SO4和28ppm的ReO4 -的溶液中,室温下在摇床上振荡24h,用0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测滤液中残留的ReO4 -浓度,计算阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的去除率。图7是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在强酸中对ReO4 -的去除效率图。由图7可见,TBT-TCB在1M的HNO3与1M的H2SO4中对ReO4 -的吸附去除率分别为67%和84%,表明TBT-TCB在强酸性条件下对ReO4 -吸附具有良好的选择性。
实施例3:碱处理后的TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附
将20mg阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB加入到20mL 1M NaOH的溶液中,混合液在室温下摇床振荡24h,将剩下的固体用去离子水洗涤,过滤后在60℃下干燥12h后得到碱处理后的TBT-TCB。取10mg碱处理后的TBT-TCB加入到10mL含不同浓度(50-1400mg/L)ReO4 -的溶液中,用HNO3或NaOH调节溶液pH值为7,室温下在摇床上振荡24h,用0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测滤液中残留的ReO4 -浓度,计算碱处理后的TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附容量。图8是阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB经强碱浸泡前/后的吸附容量对比图。由图8可见,经碱处理后的TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附容量为645mg/g,与未经碱处理的TBT-TCB对ReO4 -的吸附容量相比变化非常小,表明阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB具有优异的碱稳定性。
可见,本发明方法制备的阳离子有机聚合物TBT-TCB在强酸/强碱中的稳定性好,对ReO4 -具有吸附容量高、吸附速度快、选择性好、可循环使用等优点,有望用于环境中高锝酸根的去除。
以上所描述的实施例仅表达了本发明的几种优选实施例,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不用于限制本发明。应当指出,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明还可以有各种变化和更改,凡在本发明的构思和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种阳离子有机聚合物在强酸/强碱性条件下吸附/去除高铼酸根离子的应用;
所述阳离子有机聚合物具有优异的酸碱稳定性,其在pH值2-12对ReO4 -的吸附去除率大于80%,在pH值6-10对ReO4 -的吸附去除率达99%;
所述阳离子有机聚合物的制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)取1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯和1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯,加入溶剂混合均匀得到反应混合液;
2)向步骤1)所得反应混合液中通入氮气搅拌回流,反应后得到反应产物溶液,过滤取沉淀,洗涤干燥即得阳离子有机聚合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,步骤1)中所述1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯和1,4-二(1H-咪唑-1-基)苯的摩尔比为1:(1-2)。
3.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,步骤1)中溶剂包括N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙腈,二者体积比为1:(0.5-1.5)。
4.根据权利要求1所述应用,其特征在于,步骤2)回流反应的温度为80℃,时间为2-4天。
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