CN115176754A - Feeding method for dairy cows in high-altitude areas in lactation stage - Google Patents
Feeding method for dairy cows in high-altitude areas in lactation stage Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/22—Compounds of alkali metals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
The invention discloses a feeding method for dairy cows in a lactation stage in a high-altitude area, which comprises the following steps: selecting raw materials; step two, sieving to remove impurities; step three, mixing and stirring; step four, screening and checking; fifthly, grouping the cows; step six, preparing fine materials; step seven, feeding daily; step eight, observing and adjusting; the method selects, removes impurities and magnetically separates the raw materials of the total mixed ration, removes the impurities, ensures the quality of the total mixed ration, adjusts the proportion of the total mixed ration according to the daily ingestion condition, ensures the palatability of the total mixed ration suitable for the holstein cattle at the lactation stage, prepares the concentrate by taking the highland barley as the main raw material, is suitable for feeding the holstein cattle at the high altitude area, adds special concentrate for feeding the holstein cattle at the lactation stage after 21d, is favorable for balancing nutrition, improves the milk yield, improves the energy negative balance problem after delivery, and increases the milk yield of the dairy cattle at the Tibet area to 14.5kg.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural breeding, in particular to a feeding method for dairy cows in high-altitude regions at the lactation stage.
Background
Holstein cows are the most large dairy cow varieties in China at present, the lactation stage is the most important stage in the growth and development of cows, the key point for improving the milk yield is to make nutrition regulation and control work on the lactating cows, and the breeding conditions of the cows in plateau areas are severer.
The plateau area has high altitude and bad weather, and the formula of the total mixed ration suitable for the plain area is not suitable for the Hostan cows in the plateau area, can cause the problems of energy negative balance and the like in the lactation stage of the Hostan cows, and is difficult to adapt to the feeding conditions of the plateau area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a feeding method for dairy cows in a lactation stage in a high-altitude area, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a feeding method for dairy cows in high-altitude areas in a lactation stage comprises the following steps: selecting raw materials; step two, sieving to remove impurities; step three, mixing and stirring; step four, screening and checking; fifthly, grouping the cows; step six, preparing fine materials; step seven, feeding daily; step eight, observing and adjusting; step nine, expelling parasites and protecting health; step ten, cleaning and maintaining;
in the first step, firstly, according to the formula of the total mixed ration, coarse feeds such as highland barley straws and hay and fine feeds such as highland barley and soybean meal are selected from the local place to serve as raw materials, the raw materials must be pollution-free, residue-free and nuisanceless feed resources, rain-caused fermentation, mildew pollution and insect damage are prevented in the process of storing and transporting the raw materials, and the raw materials are weighed for later use according to the formula of the total mixed ration after being selected;
in the second step, after the raw materials in the first step are selected and weighed, a vibrating screen is selected, all the raw materials are respectively screened, impurities such as stones and soil are removed, the screened raw materials are subjected to magnetic separation by a magnetic separator, metal objects such as iron nails and iron sheets are removed, and the raw materials are reserved;
in the third step, a TMR stirring truck is taken, the raw materials which are sieved and subjected to impurity removal in the second step are sequentially added into the TMR stirring truck according to the principle of drying firstly and then wetting, lightening firstly and then weighting, and lengthening firstly and then shortening, stirring is carried out for 2-3min, another raw material is added after the raw materials are uniformly stirred, and the stirring is continuously carried out for 3-8min after the last raw material is added until the raw materials are uniformly mixed, loose and non-separation are carried out, the color is uniform, fresh and non-heating are carried out, no peculiar smell is produced, no caking is produced, and the standard full-mixed ration is prepared for later use;
in the fourth step, after the preparation of the total mixed ration in the third step is finished, the prepared total mixed ration is ensured to meet the eating standard of the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage by utilizing the agricultural screening and testing, and the prepared total mixed ration is reserved after being tested to be qualified;
in the fifth step, before feeding, the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are grouped according to data such as age, fetal times, weight, milk yield, milk components, pregnancy days, body condition scores and the like of the holstein cattle in the lactation stage, and the holstein cattle in the lactation stage with the same or similar conditions are grouped into a group, so that the holstein cattle can be fed respectively according to different conditions;
selecting proper amount of rapeseed cakes, soybean meal, highland barley, corn silage, highland barley straw, baking soda, salt and oat in the sixth step, feeding the raw materials into a stirrer, and uniformly mixing to prepare a special concentrate for later use;
in the seventh step, after the total mixed ration in the third step and the special concentrate in the sixth step are prepared, feeding the total mixed ration normally 1-21d after the cow is born, ensuring that the total mixed ration is fed fully, feeding the holstein cow with 1.5-2kg of the special concentrate every day at each lactation stage when the cow is born at 21d, and adding 0.4-0.5kg of the special concentrate every day compared with the previous day until the milk yield is stable;
in the eighth step, when the holstein cattle are fed normally in the seventh step every day, the situation of feeding of the holstein cattle in the lactation stage is observed every day, the nutritional ingredients of the total mixed ration before and after feeding are consistent in the trough, the remaining food is ensured to be within 5%, otherwise, the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are selected, and the proportion of the total mixed ration is required to be adjusted according to the situation of the remaining feed in the trough until the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are determined to have no picky food phenomenon.
Preferably, in the first step, the length of the highland barley feed is 1-2cm, the length of the hay is 1-1.5cm, and the water content of the dreg raw materials is kept at 60-65%.
Preferably, in the second step, the time for vibration screening is 10-20min, and the time for magnetic separation by the magnetic separator is 5-10min.
Preferably, in the third step, the total mixed ration contains over 12% of roughage with the particle size of more than 4cm, and the water content of the total mixed ration is between 45% and 55%.
Preferably, in the fourth step, the screening standard of the agricultural large scale is that the first layer accounts for 5-10%, the second layer accounts for 30-40%, the third layer accounts for 20-30% and the bottommost layer accounts for 30-40%.
Preferably, in the sixth step, the mass part ratio of the rapeseed cakes, the soybean meal, the highland barley, the corn silage, the highland barley straws, the baking soda, the salt and the oats is 1: 2.5: 5: 10: 0.5: 0.015: 0.5.
Preferably, in the step eight, if the trough digs and eats, the full mixed ration is separated from the forage grass, and the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are selected to eat the concentrated feed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the breeding method is simple and scientific, and the healthy growth of the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage is ensured and the influence of health problems on milk yield is reduced by the daily scientific breeding of regular and quantitative feeding, insect expelling and health care, clean maintenance and the like;
2. according to the method, the raw materials of the total mixed ration are selected, subjected to impurity removal and magnetic separation, so that the impurities in the total mixed ration are effectively removed, the quality of the total mixed ration is guaranteed, meanwhile, the proportion of the total mixed ration is adjusted according to the daily feeding condition, and the taste of the total mixed ration, which is suitable for the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage, is guaranteed;
3. in the process of preparing the total mixed ration, the highland barley is added as a raw material, the total mixed ration is suitable for the taste of high-altitude cows and is beneficial to improving the eating quality of Holstein cows in a lactation stage, meanwhile, a special stirring process is adopted, the prepared total mixed ration has uniform color, is fresh, does not generate heat, has no peculiar smell and does not cake, the water content is 45-55 percent, the milk yield of the cows is improved, the problem of energy negative balance after delivery is solved, and the milk yield of the cows in the Tibet area is increased to 14.5kg;
4. according to the invention, highland barley is used as a main raw material to prepare the concentrate, and the concentrate is added to feed Holstein cows in the lactation stage after calving of 21d, so that the nutrition is balanced and the milk yield is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention: a feeding method for dairy cows in high-altitude areas in a lactation stage comprises the following steps: selecting raw materials; step two, sieving to remove impurities; step three, mixing and stirring; step four, screening and checking; fifthly, grouping the cows; step six, preparing fine materials; step seven, feeding daily; step eight, observing and adjusting; step nine, expelling parasites and protecting health; step ten, cleaning and maintaining;
in the first step, highland barley straws, hay and other coarse feeds, highland barley, soybean meal and other fine feeds are selected from the local according to a formula of a fully-mixed daily ration to serve as raw materials, the length of the highland barley feeds is 1-2cm, the length of the hay is 1-1.5cm, the moisture of the dreg type raw materials is kept at 60-65%, the raw materials are pollution-free, residue-free and pollution-free feed resources, rain-drench fermentation, mildew pollution and insect damage are prevented in the process of storing and transporting the raw materials, and the raw materials are weighed for later use according to the formula of the fully-mixed daily ration after being selected;
in the second step, after the raw material selection and weighing in the first step are finished, selecting a vibrating screen, respectively screening the raw materials, removing impurities such as stones and soil in the raw materials, carrying out magnetic separation on the screened raw materials by using a magnetic separator, removing metal objects such as iron nails and iron sheets in the raw materials, wherein the time of the vibration screening is 10-20min, the time of the magnetic separation by the magnetic separator is 5-10min, and reserving the raw materials after the magnetic separation is finished;
in the third step, a TMR stirring truck is used, the raw materials which are sieved and subjected to impurity removal in the second step are sequentially added into the TMR stirring truck according to the principle of drying firstly and then wetting, lightening firstly and then weighting, and lengthening firstly and then shortening, one raw material is added and stirred for 2-3min, the other raw material is added after stirring is uniform, and the stirring is continued for 3-8min after the last raw material is added until all the raw materials are uniformly mixed, loose and not separated, uniform in color, fresh and not heated, free from peculiar smell and caking, so that the standard total mixed ration is prepared for later use, the total mixed ration contains more than 12% of coarse feed with the particle size of more than 4cm, and the water content of the total mixed ration is 45-55%;
in the fourth step, after the preparation of the total mixed ration in the third step is finished, the prepared total mixed ration is ensured to meet the eating standard of the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage by utilizing the large agricultural screening test, and the large agricultural screening test standard comprises 5-10% of the first layer, 30-40% of the second layer, 20-30% of the third layer and 30-40% of the bottommost layer, and the total mixed ration is reserved after being tested to be qualified;
in the fifth step, before feeding, the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are grouped according to data such as age, fetal number, weight, milk yield, milk components, pregnancy days, body condition scores and the like of the holstein cattle in the lactation stage, and the holstein cattle in the lactation stage with the same or similar conditions are grouped into a group, so that the holstein cattle can be fed respectively according to different conditions;
in the sixth step, selecting a proper amount of rapeseed cakes, soybean meal, highland barley, corn silage, highland barley straws, baking soda, salt and oats, wherein the mass part ratio of the rapeseed cakes, the soybean meal, the highland barley, the corn silage, the highland barley straws, the baking soda, the salt and the oats is 1: 2.5: 5: 10: 0.5: 0.015: 0.5, feeding the raw materials into a stirrer, and uniformly mixing to prepare a special concentrate for later use;
in the seventh step, after the total mixed ration in the third step and the special concentrate in the sixth step are prepared, feeding the total mixed ration normally 1-21d after the cow is born, ensuring that the total mixed ration is fed fully, feeding the holstein cow with 1.5-2kg of the special concentrate every day at each lactation stage when the cow is born at 21d, and adding 0.4-0.5kg of the special concentrate every day compared with the previous day until the milk yield is stable;
in the eighth step, when the feeding is normally carried out every day in the seventh step, the situation of feeding of the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage is observed every day, the nutritional ingredients of the total mixed ration before and after the feeding are consistent in the trough, the condition that the residual feed is within 5% is ensured, otherwise, the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage are on the pickles, and the trough is dug to eat, the separation of the feed and the grass of the total mixed ration is ensured, the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage pickles the concentrate, the proportion of the total mixed ration needs to be adjusted according to the situation of the residual feed in the trough, and the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage does not have the pickles phenomenon.
Based on the above, the full-mixed daily ration has the advantages that before the full-mixed daily ration is manufactured, all raw materials are carefully selected, vibration screening and magnetic separation are performed, sundries such as stones and iron nails in the full-mixed daily ration are effectively removed, the purity of the full-mixed daily ration is favorably improved, the situation that the sundries scratch a Holstein cow in a lactation stage is avoided, meanwhile, in the manufacturing process of the full-mixed daily ration, a scientific stirring process is adopted, the manufactured full-mixed daily ration is uniform in color, fresh, free of heat, free of peculiar smell and free of agglomeration, the milk yield of the milk cow is improved, the problem of postpartum energy negative balance is solved, the milk yield of the milk cow in a Tibet area is increased to 14.5kg, adjustment is performed according to the actual situation of a plateau area, highland barley is added as the raw materials, the taste of the highland barley is suitable for high-altitude milk cows, the appetite of the Holstein cow in the lactation stage is favorably improved, and the milk yield of the highland barley cow is greatly improved after the Holstein cow in the lactation stage is fed for 21 d.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Claims (7)
1. A feeding method for dairy cows in high-altitude areas in a lactation stage comprises the following steps: selecting raw materials; step two, sieving to remove impurities; step three, mixing and stirring; step four, screening and checking; fifthly, grouping the cows; step six, preparing fine materials; step seven, feeding daily; step eight, observing and adjusting; step nine, expelling parasites and protecting health; step ten, cleaning and maintaining; the method is characterized in that:
in the first step, firstly, coarse feeds such as highland barley straws and hay and fine feeds such as highland barley and soybean meal are selected from the local according to the formula of the total-mixed ration as raw materials, the raw materials are pollution-free, residue-free and nuisanceless feed resources, rain-drench fermentation, mildew pollution and insect damage are prevented in the process of storing and transporting the raw materials, and the raw materials are weighed for later use according to the formula of the total-mixed ration after being selected;
in the second step, after the raw materials in the first step are selected and weighed, a vibrating screen is selected, the raw materials are respectively screened to remove impurities such as stones and soil, the screened raw materials are subjected to magnetic separation by a magnetic separator after the selection is finished, metal objects such as iron nails and iron sheets are removed, and the raw materials are used for standby after the selection is finished;
in the third step, a TMR stirring truck is taken, the raw materials which are sieved and subjected to impurity removal in the second step are sequentially added into the TMR stirring truck according to the principle of drying firstly and then wetting, lightening firstly and then weighting, and lengthening firstly and then shortening, stirring is carried out for 2-3min, another raw material is added after the raw materials are uniformly stirred, and the stirring is continuously carried out for 3-8min after the last raw material is added until the raw materials are uniformly mixed, loose and non-separation are carried out, the color is uniform, fresh and non-heating are carried out, no peculiar smell is produced, no caking is produced, and the standard full-mixed ration is prepared for later use;
in the fourth step, after the preparation of the total mixed ration in the third step is finished, the prepared total mixed ration is ensured to meet the eating standard of the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage by utilizing the agricultural screening and testing, and the prepared total mixed ration is reserved after being tested to be qualified;
in the fifth step, before feeding, the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are grouped according to data such as age, fetal times, weight, milk yield, milk components, pregnancy days, body condition scores and the like of the holstein cattle in the lactation stage, and the holstein cattle in the lactation stage with the same or similar conditions are grouped into a group, so that the holstein cattle can be fed respectively according to different conditions;
selecting proper amount of rapeseed cakes, soybean meal, highland barley, corn silage, highland barley straw, baking soda, salt and oat in the sixth step, feeding the raw materials into a stirrer, and uniformly mixing to prepare a special concentrate for later use;
in the seventh step, after the total mixed ration in the third step and the special concentrate in the sixth step are prepared, feeding the total mixed ration normally 1-21d after the cow is born, ensuring that the total mixed ration is fed fully, feeding the holstein cow with 1.5-2kg of the special concentrate every day at each lactation stage when the cow is born at 21d, and adding 0.4-0.5kg of the special concentrate every day compared with the previous day until the milk yield is stable;
in the eighth step, when the holstein cattle are fed normally in the seventh step every day, the situation of feeding of the holstein cattle in the lactation stage is observed every day, the nutritional ingredients of the total mixed ration before and after feeding are consistent in the trough, the remaining food is ensured to be within 5%, otherwise, the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are selected, and the proportion of the total mixed ration is required to be adjusted according to the situation of the remaining feed in the trough until the holstein cattle in the lactation stage are determined to have no picky food phenomenon.
2. The method for feeding dairy cows at the lactation stage in high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein: in the first step, the length of the highland barley feed is 1-2cm, the length of the hay is 1-1.5cm, and the water content of the dreg raw materials is kept between 60 and 65 percent.
3. The method for feeding dairy cows at the lactation stage in high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the time of vibration screening is 10-20min, and the time of magnetic separation by a magnetic separator is 5-10min.
4. The method for feeding dairy cows at the lactation stage in high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein: in the third step, the total mixed ration contains over 12 percent of coarse fodder with the grain size of more than 4cm, and the water content of the total mixed ration is 45-55 percent.
5. The method for feeding dairy cows at the lactation stage in high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein: in the fourth step, the agricultural screening standard is that the first layer accounts for 5-10%, the second layer accounts for 30-40%, the third layer accounts for 20-30% and the bottommost layer accounts for 30-40%.
6. The method for feeding dairy cows at the lactation stage in high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein: in the sixth step, the mass portion ratio of the rapeseed cake, the soybean meal, the highland barley, the corn silage, the highland barley straw, the baking soda, the salt and the oat is 1: 2.5: 5: 10: 0.5: 0.015: 0.5.
7. The method for feeding dairy cows at the lactation stage in high altitude areas according to claim 1, wherein: and in the step eight, when the trough digs holes and eats the feed, the separation of the feed and the grass of the total mixed ration is indicated, and the Holstein cattle in the lactation stage feed the concentrated feed.
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