CN115055219B - Pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiment - Google Patents
Pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiment Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiments, which is communicated with an experiment cavity and comprises the following components: a glass cavity for receiving atoms to be cooled; the vacuum cavity assembly is used for maintaining the pressure difference between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity and providing a transmission channel for the cooled atomic groups; the horizontal direction cooling device is used for expanding the horizontal cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the horizontal direction; the vertical cooling device is used for expanding the vertical cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the vertical direction; a gradient magnetic field coil assembly for providing a gradient magnetic field; the atomic group pushing assembly is arranged on one side of the glass cavity and used for transmitting a group of pushing lasers to push the cooled atomic groups from the glass cavity to the experimental cavity. The invention can make the temperature of atomic group lower, the optical thickness higher and the atomic flux larger.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cold atoms, in particular to a pre-stage atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atom experiments.
Background
In the cold atomic field, especially in the atomic sensing technology, the shot noise of the system is mainly limited by the number of atoms, and meanwhile, an ultra-high vacuum environment is required, so that the efficiency of trapping and cooling atoms from the ultra-high vacuum environment is low. To provide high flux and low velocity atomic beams, the radicals are typically pre-cooled using a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap or the like.
However, the conventional two-dimensional magneto-optical trap pre-stage cooling technology can only cool the temperature of the atomic group in the two radial directions of the pushing light, and has no cooling effect on the temperature of the pushing light in the axial direction, so that atoms which are not cooled in the axial direction cannot be effectively utilized, the optical thickness of the atomic beam in the axial direction of the pushing light is low, and the atomic beam current which can be pushed into the experimental cavity is limited.
Accordingly, the prior art is still in need of improvement and development.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a pre-stage atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atom experiments, so as to solve the problem that the conventional two-dimensional magneto-optical trap pre-stage cooling technology can only cool the temperature of an atomic group in two directions of the pushing light radial direction, and has no cooling effect on the temperature in the pushing light axial direction, so that the atomic beam which can be pushed into an experiment cavity is limited.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a pre-atomic pre-cooling system adapted for cold atomic experiments in communication with an experiment cavity, comprising:
a glass cavity for receiving atoms to be cooled;
the vacuum cavity assembly is communicated between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity, and is used for maintaining the pressure difference between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity and providing a transmission channel for the cooled atomic groups;
the horizontal cooling device is positioned in the radial direction of the glass cavity and is used for expanding the horizontal cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the horizontal direction;
the vertical cooling device is positioned in the axial direction of the glass cavity and is used for expanding the vertical cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot so as to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the vertical direction;
a gradient magnetic field coil assembly disposed on the glass cavity and configured to provide a gradient magnetic field; the horizontal cooling laser, the vertical cooling laser and the gradient magnetic field form a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure;
the atomic group pushing assembly is arranged on one side of the glass cavity and used for transmitting a group of pushing laser to push the cooled atomic groups from the glass cavity to the experimental cavity.
The vacuum cavity assembly of the present invention further comprises:
the square vacuum cavity is communicated between the glass cavity and the experiment cavity;
the differential tube is arranged in the square vacuum cavity and is communicated with the square vacuum cavity and the experiment cavity;
the glass cavity is communicated with the first vacuum pump through the square vacuum cavity;
the second vacuum pump is connected with the square vacuum cavity, and the experimental cavity is communicated with the second vacuum pump through the square vacuum cavity.
According to the invention, a fixing part is arranged in the square vacuum cavity, and the differential tube is fixed on the fixing part; the contact surface of the fixing part and the differential tube is sealed by indium wires;
the side of the square vacuum cavity is provided with four surfaces, each surface is provided with a through hole, and two adjacent surfaces on the diagonal of the square vacuum cavity are communicated through the through holes.
In a further arrangement of the invention, the horizontally cooled laser light comprises: a first horizontally cooled laser and a second horizontally cooled laser;
the horizontal direction cooling device includes: a first horizontal cooling assembly and a second horizontal cooling assembly;
the first horizontal cooling laser beam is expanded into a first elliptical light spot through the first horizontal direction cooling component, reflected through the glass cavity and then forms first correlation cooling light with the second horizontal cooling laser beam; the long axis direction of the first elliptic light spot is the same as the long axis direction of the differential tube;
the second horizontal cooling laser beam is expanded into a second elliptical light spot through the second horizontal direction cooling component, reflected through the glass cavity and then forms second correlation cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser beam; the long axis direction of the second elliptic light spot is the same as the long axis direction of the differential tube;
wherein the first horizontal cooling laser and the second horizontal cooling laser form a butterfly-shaped structure; the included angle between the first correlation cooling light and the second correlation cooling light in the direction parallel to the differential tube is an acute angle, and the included angle between the first correlation cooling light and the second correlation cooling light in the direction perpendicular to the differential tube is an obtuse angle.
The first horizontal direction cooling module according to the present invention further includes: the first wave plate, the first concave cylindrical lens, the first convex cylindrical lens and the first total reflection mirror;
the first horizontal cooling laser sequentially passes through the first wave plate, the first concave cylindrical lens and the first convex cylindrical lens to form a first elliptic facula after beam expansion, passes through the glass cavity and is reflected by the first total reflection mirror to the second horizontal direction cooling component, and the first elliptic facula and the second horizontal cooling laser reflected by the second horizontal cooling laser form the first correlation cooling light.
The second horizontal direction cooling module according to the present invention further comprises: the second wave plate, the second concave cylindrical lens, the second convex cylindrical lens and the second total reflection mirror;
the second horizontal cooling laser sequentially passes through the second wave plate, the second concave cylindrical lens and the second convex cylindrical lens to form a second elliptic facula after beam expansion, passes through the glass cavity and is reflected by the second total reflection mirror to the first total reflection mirror, and forms second correlation cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser.
According to a further arrangement of the invention, the vertical cooling device comprises: the third wave plate, the third concave cylindrical lens, the third convex cylindrical lens, the fourth wave plate and the third total reflection mirror;
the vertical cooling laser sequentially passes through the third wave plate, the third concave cylindrical lens and the third convex cylindrical lens to form a third elliptical light spot after beam expansion, and then passes through the glass cavity and the fourth wave plate to be reflected by the third total reflection mirror and then passes through the fourth wave plate to enter the glass cavity to form third correlation cooling light;
the incidence direction of the vertical cooling laser is perpendicular to the plane where the horizontal cooling laser is located.
Further arrangement of the invention, the gradient magnetic field coil assembly comprises: a first gradient magnetic field coil and a second gradient magnetic field coil; the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil are oppositely arranged on the upper side and the lower side of the glass cavity.
According to the invention, the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil are rectangular coils; the long axis direction of the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil is the same as the long axis direction of the vertical cooling laser; the short axis direction of the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil is the same as the short axis direction of the vertical cooling laser.
According to a further arrangement of the invention, the atomic group pushing assembly comprises: the pushing laser is emitted by the collimator and then reflected by the fourth total reflection mirror to enter the glass cavity; the path of the push laser after being emitted is overlapped with the axial direction of the atomic group and passes through the middle of the differential tube.
The invention provides a pre-stage atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiments, which is communicated with an experiment cavity and comprises the following components: a glass cavity for receiving atoms to be cooled; the vacuum cavity assembly is communicated between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity, and is used for maintaining the pressure difference between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity and providing a transmission channel for the cooled atomic groups; the horizontal cooling device is positioned in the radial direction of the glass cavity and is used for expanding the horizontal cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the horizontal direction; the vertical cooling device is positioned in the axial direction of the glass cavity and is used for expanding the vertical cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot so as to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the vertical direction; a gradient magnetic field coil assembly disposed on the glass cavity and configured to provide a gradient magnetic field; the horizontal cooling laser, the vertical cooling laser and the gradient magnetic field form a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure; the atomic group pushing assembly is arranged on one side of the glass cavity and used for transmitting a group of pushing laser to push the cooled atomic groups from the glass cavity to the experimental cavity. The invention can pre-cool the temperature of the atomic group in the radial direction and the axial direction simultaneously, so that the temperature of the atomic group is lower, the optical thickness is higher, and the atomic flux is larger.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained from the structures shown in these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiments in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the vertical cooling device and the glass chamber according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the connection of the glass chamber, vacuum chamber assembly and experimental chamber of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of the vacuum chamber assembly of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of the vacuum chamber in the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of the differentiating pipe in the present invention.
The marks in the drawings are as follows: 1. a glass cavity; 2. a vacuum chamber assembly; 21. square vacuum cavity; 211. a fixing part; 212. a through hole; 22. a differential tube; 23. a first vacuum pump; 24. a second vacuum pump; 3. a horizontal direction cooling device; 31. a first horizontally oriented cooling assembly; 311. a first wave plate; 312. a first concave cylindrical lens; 313. a first convex cylindrical lens; 314. a first total reflection mirror; 32. a second horizontal direction cooling assembly; 321. a second wave plate; 322. a second concave cylindrical lens; 323. a second convex cylindrical lens; 324. a second total reflection mirror; 4. a vertical direction cooling device; 41. a third wave plate; 42. a third concave cylindrical lens; 43. a third convex cylindrical lens; 44. a fourth wave plate; 45. a third total reflection mirror; 5. a gradient magnetic field coil assembly; 51. a first gradient magnetic field coil; 52. a second gradient magnetic field coil; 6. an atomic group pushing component; 61. a collimator; 62. a fourth total reflection mirror; 7. experiment cavity.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a pre-stage atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atom experiments, which can be applied to the technical field of atomic sensors, and the invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples in order to make the purposes, technical schemes and effects of the invention clearer and more definite. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the description and claims, unless the context specifically defines the terms "a," "an," "the," and "the" include plural referents. If there is a description of "first", "second", etc. in an embodiment of the present invention, the description of "first", "second", etc. is for descriptive purposes only and is not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature.
It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Further, "connected" or "coupled" as used herein may include wirelessly connected or wirelessly coupled. The term "and/or" as used herein includes all or any element and all combination of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs unless defined otherwise. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the prior art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
In addition, the technical solutions of the embodiments may be combined with each other, but it is necessary to base that the technical solutions can be realized by those skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, the combination of the technical solutions should be considered to be absent and not within the scope of protection claimed in the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 6, the present invention provides a pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiments.
The pre-stage atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atom experiments is communicated with the experiment cavity, and can push pre-cooled atomic groups into a subsequent experiment cavity, for example, a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap vacuum device.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiments includes: the device comprises a glass cavity 1, a vacuum cavity component 2, a horizontal cooling device 3, a vertical cooling device 4, a gradient magnetic field coil component 5 and an atomic group pushing component 6. Wherein the glass cavity 1 is used for receiving atoms to be cooled provided by an atomic source; the vacuum cavity assembly 2 is communicated between the glass cavity 1 and the experiment cavity 7, and is used for maintaining the pressure difference between the glass cavity 1 and the experiment cavity 7 and providing a transmission channel for the cooled atomic groups; the horizontal cooling device 3 is positioned in the radial direction of the glass cavity 1 and is used for expanding a horizontal cooling laser (A, B) into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot so as to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the horizontal direction; the vertical cooling device 4 is located in the axial direction of the glass cavity 1, and is used for expanding the vertical cooling laser C into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the vertical direction; the gradient magnetic field coil assembly 5 is arranged on the glass cavity 1 and is used for providing a gradient magnetic field; the atomic group pushing component 6 is arranged on one side of the glass cavity 1 and is used for transmitting a group of pushing laser D to push the cooled atomic groups from the glass cavity 1 to the experiment cavity 7.
Specifically, the glass cavity 1 is a square cavity, and the glass cavity 1 can receive atoms to be cooled conveyed by an atomic source. The glass cavity 1 with vacuum cavity subassembly 2 is connected through the vacuum pipeline, vacuum cavity subassembly 2 passes through the vacuum pipeline with experiment cavity 7 and links to each other, glass cavity 1 passes through with experiment cavity 7 then vacuum cavity subassembly 2 is linked together, vacuum cavity subassembly 2 can maintain the pressure difference between glass cavity 1 and the follow-up experiment cavity 7 for can have enough background atomic gas in the glass cavity 1, make experiment cavity 7 again can maintain high enough vacuum simultaneously. The vacuum chamber assembly 2 is in communication with the glass chamber 1, and can transfer the cooled radicals to the subsequent experimental chamber 7.
The horizontal direction cooling laser (A, B), the vertical direction cooling laser C and the gradient magnetic field form a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure, so that the temperature of the atomic group in the glass cavity 1 in the radial direction (the horizontal direction of the atomic group, i.e. the horizontal direction of the pushing laser) and the temperature of the atomic group in the axial direction (the vertical direction of the atomic group, i.e. the radial direction of the pushing laser) can be cooled, and the optical thickness of the atomic group in the long axis direction of the glass cavity 1 can be increased by the elliptical light spot. When the pushing laser emitted by the atomic group pushing assembly 6 passes through the glass cavity 1, the cooled atomic groups can be captured and pushed into the experiment cavity 7 after passing through the vacuum cavity assembly 2.
Therefore, the three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure formed by the horizontal cooling laser, the vertical cooling laser and the gradient magnetic field can simultaneously narrow the speed distribution of the atomic groups in three directions, cool the temperature of the atomic groups in three directions, improve the utilization rate of atoms on the pushing laser axis, and the cooling light is an elliptical light spot, so that the interaction area of the cooling laser and the atoms can be increased, the number of the captured atoms is more, the density is higher, the optical thickness of the atoms can be improved, the cooled atomic groups are lower in temperature, higher in optical thickness and higher in atomic flux, the cooled atomic groups can be pushed into a subsequent experiment cavity 7, the experiment period is shortened, the atomic groups with lower temperature and more number can be quickly prepared for experimental measurement, and the method is favorable for subsequent cold atom experiments, for example, the method can be used for quantum sensing and precise measurement experiments based on cold atoms.
In some embodiments, the glass cavity 1 is coated with an anti-reflection film, which can reduce the loss of cooling laser power caused by reflection, and is beneficial to horizontally cooling laser and vertically cooling laser to be capable of being injected into the glass cavity 1 from the outside of the glass cavity 1 to capture and cool atoms in the glass cavity 1.
Referring to fig. 1 and 4 to 6, in a further implementation of an embodiment, the vacuum chamber assembly 2 includes: a square vacuum cavity 21, a differential tube 22, a first vacuum pump 23 and a second vacuum pump 24. Wherein the square vacuum cavity 21 is communicated between the glass cavity 1 and the experiment cavity 7; the differential tube 22 is arranged in the square vacuum cavity 21 and is communicated with the square vacuum cavity 21 and the experiment cavity 7; the first vacuum pump 23 is connected with the square vacuum cavity 21, and the glass cavity 1 is communicated with the first vacuum pump 23 through the square vacuum cavity 21; the second vacuum pump 24 is connected with the square vacuum cavity 21, and the experimental cavity 7 is communicated with the second vacuum pump 24 through the square vacuum cavity 21.
Specifically, the side of square vacuum cavity 21 has four faces, and every face all is used for connecting other vacuum cavities, and is provided with through-hole 212 on every face, pass through between two adjacent faces on square vacuum cavity 21 diagonal through-hole 212 intercommunication, wherein two just right faces connect glass cavity 1 and experiment cavity 7 respectively, and two sets of vacuum pumps are connected respectively to two other just right faces, and two faces of square vacuum cavity 21 diagonal are intercommunication each other for two sets of vacuum pumps can maintain the vacuum degree of glass cavity 1 and experiment cavity 7 respectively. The first vacuum pump 23 is communicated with the glass cavity 1 through a through hole 212 on the square vacuum tube, and the second vacuum pump 24 is communicated with the experiment cavity 7 through the through hole 212 on the square cavity.
The square vacuum cavity 21 is internally provided with a fixing part 211, the differential tube 22 is fixed on the fixing part 211 and penetrates through the square vacuum cavity 21, two ends of the differential tube 22 are respectively connected with the glass cavity 1 and the experimental cavity 7, and the cooled atomic groups can be pushed into the experimental cavity 7 through the differential tube 22 by pushing laser. The vacuum in the glass chamber 1 may be poor because the atomic source may continuously release atoms to be cooled into the glass chamber 1 during the experiment. Atoms are cooled and bunched in the glass cavity 1 and then pushed into the experiment cavity 7, and the structure formed by the square vacuum cavity 21 and the differential tube 22 can maintain the pressure difference between the glass cavity 1 and the subsequent experiment cavity 7, so that enough background atoms in the glass cavity 1 can be cooled and bunched, and simultaneously the subsequent experiment cavity 7 can maintain high enough vacuum degree.
In some embodiments, the differential tube 22 is fixed at a middle position of the square vacuum chamber 21, that is, the fixing portion 211 is located at a middle position of the square vacuum chamber 21. In one implementation, the differential tube 22 is screwed to the fixing portion 211, and a contact surface (i.e., a screwed surface) between the fixing portion 211 and the differential tube 22 is sealed with indium wires. After the vacuum installation is completed, the glass cavity 1 is communicated with the experimental cavity 7 only through the differential tube 22, and the experimental cavity 7 can be higher than the vacuum degree of the glass cavity 1 by more than 3 orders of magnitude by the aid of the packaging structure, so that the influence of background gas in the experimental cavity 7 on experimental measurement can be remarkably reduced. In some embodiments, the inner through-hole 212 of the differential tube 22 is 3-8mm in diameter, which may be 6mm, for example.
Referring to fig. 1, in a further implementation of an embodiment, the horizontally cooled laser light includes: a first horizontal cooling laser A and a second horizontal cooling laser B; the horizontal direction cooling device 3 includes: a first horizontal direction cooling unit 31 and a second horizontal direction cooling unit 32; the first horizontal cooling laser a is expanded into a first elliptical light spot by the first horizontal direction cooling component 31, reflected by the glass cavity 1 and then forms a first correlation cooling light with the second horizontal cooling laser B; wherein, the major axis direction of the first elliptical spot is the same as the major axis direction of the differentiating tube 22 and coincides with the horizontal plane; the second horizontal cooling laser B is expanded into a second elliptical light spot by the second horizontal direction cooling component 32, reflected by the glass cavity 1 and then forms second opposite-emission cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser A; wherein, the long axis direction of the second elliptical light spot is the same as the long axis direction of the differential tube 22 and coincides with the horizontal plane; wherein, the first horizontal cooling laser A and the second horizontal cooling laser B form a butterfly-shaped structure; the included angle between the first and second opposite cooling light is an acute angle α in the direction parallel to the differential tube 22, and the included angle between the first and second opposite cooling light is an obtuse angle β in the direction perpendicular to the differential tube 22.
Specifically, the first horizontal direction cooling unit 31 includes: the first wave plate 311, the first concave cylindrical lens 312, the first convex cylindrical lens 313 and the first total reflection mirror 314. The first horizontal cooling laser a sequentially passes through the first wave plate 311, the first concave cylindrical lens 312 and the first convex cylindrical lens to form a first elliptical light spot, passes through the glass cavity 1 and is reflected by the first total reflection mirror 314 to the second horizontal cooling component 32, and forms the first correlation cooling light with the second horizontal cooling laser B.
The second horizontal direction cooling unit 32 includes: the second wave plate 321, the second concave cylindrical lens 322, the second convex cylindrical lens 323 and the second total reflection mirror 324. The second horizontal cooling laser B sequentially passes through the second wave plate 321, the second concave cylindrical lens 322 and the second convex cylindrical lens 323 to form a second elliptical light spot, and passes through the glass cavity 1 and is reflected by the second total reflection mirror 324 to the first total reflection mirror 314 to form second opposite-reflection cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser a.
The first wave plate 311 and the second wave plate 321 are quarter wave plates, the first horizontal cooling laser a is changed into circularly polarized light after passing through the first wave plate 311, and forms an elliptical light spot after passing through the first concave cylindrical lens 312 and the first convex cylindrical lens 313 in sequence, and then passes through the glass cavity 1, and forms a group of opposite cooling light with the second horizontal cooling laser B after being reflected by the first total reflection mirror 314 and the second total reflection mirror 324 and being expanded, namely, the first opposite cooling light. The second horizontal cooling laser light passes through the second wave plate 321 and then becomes circularly polarized light, and then passes through the second concave cylindrical lens 322 and the second convex cylindrical lens to form an elliptical light spot, and passes through the glass cavity 1 and then sequentially passes through the second total reflection mirror 324 and the first total reflection mirror 314 to be reflected and then forms a group of opposite cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser light A after beam expansion, namely the second opposite cooling light. The first horizontal cooling laser A and the second horizontal cooling laser B form a butterfly-shaped structure, so that the spot diameter of an atomic capture area can be increased, the number of large-diameter wave plates can be reduced, and the cost is saved.
Referring to fig. 1, in some embodiments, the included angle between the first and second opposite-shot cooling lights is 60 degrees in the direction parallel to the differential tube 22 (i.e. in the axial direction of the pushing laser D), the included angle between the first and second opposite-shot cooling lights is 120 degrees in the direction perpendicular to the differential tube 22 (i.e. in the radial direction of the pushing laser D), the projection component of the cooling laser (horizontal cooling laser and vertical cooling laser) in the radial direction of the pushing laser D is smaller, and the projection component of the cooling laser (horizontal cooling laser and vertical cooling laser) in the axial direction of the pushing laser D is larger, so that the atomic group absorbs more photon momentum in the axial direction, thereby obtaining more photon recoil momentum, so that the velocity distribution of the atomic group is narrowed, and the temperature is reduced.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, in a further implementation of an embodiment, the vertical cooling device 4 includes: the third wave plate 41, the third concave cylindrical lens 42, the third convex cylindrical lens 43, the fourth wave plate 44 and the third total reflection mirror 45. The vertical cooling laser C sequentially passes through the third wave plate 41, the third concave cylindrical lens 42 and the third convex cylindrical lens 43 to form a third elliptical light spot, passes through the glass cavity 1 and the fourth wave plate 44, and then is reflected by the third total reflection mirror 45 to enter the glass cavity 1 through the fourth wave plate 44 to form a third correlation cooling light; the incidence direction of the vertical cooling laser D is perpendicular to the plane where the horizontal cooling laser is located.
Specifically, the third wave plate 41 and the fourth wave plate 44 are quarter wave plates. The vertical cooling laser C is first changed into circularly polarized light through the third wave plate 41, then sequentially passes through the third concave cylindrical lens 42 and the third convex cylindrical lens 43 to make the light spot become a third elliptical light spot, and the long axis direction of the elliptical light spot is the same as the long axis direction of the atomic group, the incident direction of the vertical cooling laser C is perpendicular to the plane where the horizontal cooling laser is located, then passes through the glass cavity 1, then passes through the fourth wave plate 44, is emitted by the third total reflection mirror 45, and then enters into the glass cavity 1 again through the fourth wave plate 44, so as to form a group of opposite cooling light in the vertical direction, namely third opposite cooling light, so as to cool the temperature in the axial direction of the atomic group.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, in a further implementation of an embodiment, the gradient magnetic field coil assembly 5 includes: a first gradient magnetic field coil 51 and a second gradient magnetic field coil 52. The first gradient magnetic field coil 51 and the second gradient magnetic field coil 52 are disposed on the upper and lower sides of the glass chamber 1.
Specifically, the first gradient magnetic field coil 51 and the second gradient magnetic field coil 52 are rectangular coils. The long axis direction of the first gradient magnetic field coil 51 and the second gradient magnetic field coil 52 is the same as the long axis direction of the vertical cooling laser C, and the short axis direction of the first gradient magnetic field coil 51 and the second gradient magnetic field coil 52 is the same as the short axis direction of the vertical cooling laser C. The first gradient magnetic field coil 51 and the second gradient magnetic field coil 52 can provide a gradient magnetic field, and the horizontal cooling laser, the vertical cooling laser and the gradient magnetic field form a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure, so that a cigar-shaped atomic group E can be captured.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, in a further implementation manner of an embodiment, the atomic group pushing assembly 6 includes: the pushing laser D is emitted by the collimator 61 and then reflected by the fourth total reflection mirror 62 to enter the glass cavity 1; wherein, the path of the pushing laser D after being emitted is overlapped with the axial direction of the atomic group and passes through the middle of the differential tube 22.
Specifically, the pushing laser D exits from the collimator 61, passes through the fourth total reflecting mirror 62, coincides with the long axis direction of the atomic group, and passes through the middle of the differential tube 22, so as to push the cooled atomic group into the subsequent experimental cavity 7. The frequency of the pushing laser D and the cyclic transition frequency of the atoms are detuned with a negative value, so that the atoms with the speed opposite to the direction of the wave vector of the pushing laser in the atomic group can obtain photon momentum, and a larger number of atoms can be pushed into the experimental cavity. The invention can control the on and off of the atomic beam passing through the differential tube 22 by controlling the on and off of the pushing laser.
In summary, the pre-atomic pre-cooling system suitable for cold atomic experiments provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure formed by the horizontal cooling laser, the vertical cooling laser and the gradient magnetic field can simultaneously compress the speed distribution of the narrow atomic groups in three directions, the temperature of the atomic groups in three directions is cooled, the utilization rate of atoms on the pushing laser axis is improved, the cooling light is elliptical light spots, the action area of the cooling laser and the atoms can be enlarged, the number of the captured atoms is more, the density is higher, the optical thickness of the atoms can be improved, the cooled atomic groups are lower in temperature, higher in optical thickness and higher in atomic flux, the cooled atomic groups can be pushed into a subsequent experimental cavity, the experimental period is shortened, the atomic groups with lower temperature and more number can be quickly prepared for experimental measurement, and the method is favorable for subsequent cold atom experiments, for example, the method can be used for quantum sensing and precise measurement experiments based on cold atoms.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the examples described above, but is capable of modification and variation in light of the above teachings by those skilled in the art, and that all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A pre-atomic pre-cooling system adapted for cold atomic experiments in communication with an experiment chamber, comprising:
a glass cavity for receiving atoms to be cooled;
the vacuum cavity assembly is communicated between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity, and is used for maintaining the pressure difference between the glass cavity and the experimental cavity and providing a transmission channel for the cooled atomic groups; the vacuum chamber assembly includes:
the square vacuum cavity is communicated between the glass cavity and the experiment cavity;
the differential tube is arranged in the square vacuum cavity and is communicated with the square vacuum cavity and the experiment cavity;
the glass cavity is communicated with the first vacuum pump through the square vacuum cavity;
the second vacuum pump is connected with the square vacuum cavity, and the experiment cavity is communicated with the second vacuum pump through the square vacuum cavity;
the horizontal cooling device is positioned in the radial direction of the glass cavity and is used for expanding the horizontal cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the horizontal direction; the horizontally cooled laser light includes: a first horizontally cooled laser and a second horizontally cooled laser; wherein the first horizontal cooling laser and the second horizontal cooling laser form a butterfly-shaped structure;
the vertical cooling device is positioned in the axial direction of the glass cavity and is used for expanding the vertical cooling laser beam into an elliptical light spot and emitting the elliptical light spot so as to cool the temperature of the atomic group in the vertical direction;
a gradient magnetic field coil assembly disposed on the glass cavity and configured to provide a gradient magnetic field; the gradient magnetic field coil assembly includes: a first gradient magnetic field coil and a second gradient magnetic field coil; the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil are oppositely arranged on the upper side and the lower side of the glass cavity; the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil are rectangular coils; the horizontal cooling laser, the vertical cooling laser and the gradient magnetic field form a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap structure so as to cool the temperature of the atomic groups in the glass cavity in two radial directions and the temperature in the axial direction;
the atomic group pushing assembly is arranged on one side of the glass cavity and used for transmitting a group of pushing laser to push the cooled atomic groups from the glass cavity to the experimental cavity.
2. The pre-cooling system for the foreatoms suitable for cold atom experiments according to claim 1, wherein a fixing part is arranged in the square vacuum cavity, and the differential tube is fixed on the fixing part; the contact surface of the fixing part and the differential tube is sealed by indium wires;
the side of the square vacuum cavity is provided with four surfaces, and each surface is provided with a through hole, wherein two adjacent surfaces on the diagonal of the square vacuum cavity are communicated through the through holes.
3. The pre-atomic pre-cooling system for cold atom experiments according to claim 1, wherein,
the horizontal direction cooling device includes: a first horizontal cooling assembly and a second horizontal cooling assembly;
the first horizontal cooling laser beam is expanded into a first elliptical light spot through the first horizontal direction cooling component, reflected through the glass cavity and then forms first correlation cooling light with the second horizontal cooling laser beam; the long axis direction of the first elliptic light spot is the same as the long axis direction of the differential tube;
the second horizontal cooling laser beam is expanded into a second elliptical light spot through the second horizontal direction cooling component, reflected through the glass cavity and then forms second correlation cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser beam; the long axis direction of the second elliptic light spot is the same as the long axis direction of the differential tube;
the included angle between the first correlation cooling light and the second correlation cooling light in the direction parallel to the differential tube is an acute angle, and the included angle between the first correlation cooling light and the second correlation cooling light in the direction perpendicular to the differential tube is an obtuse angle.
4. The pre-atomic pre-cooling system for cold atom experiments of claim 3 wherein the first horizontal cooling assembly comprises: the first wave plate, the first concave cylindrical lens, the first convex cylindrical lens and the first total reflection mirror;
the first horizontal cooling laser sequentially passes through the first wave plate, the first concave cylindrical lens and the first convex cylindrical lens to form a first elliptic facula after beam expansion, passes through the glass cavity and is reflected by the first total reflection mirror to the second horizontal cooling component, and the first horizontal cooling laser reflected by the second horizontal cooling component forms the first correlation cooling light.
5. The pre-atomic pre-cooling system for cold atom experiments of claim 4 wherein the second horizontal cooling assembly comprises: the second wave plate, the second concave cylindrical lens, the second convex cylindrical lens and the second total reflection mirror;
the second horizontal cooling laser sequentially passes through the second wave plate, the second concave cylindrical lens and the second convex cylindrical lens to form a second elliptic facula after beam expansion, passes through the glass cavity and is reflected by the second total reflection mirror to the first total reflection mirror, and forms second correlation cooling light with the first horizontal cooling laser.
6. The pre-atomic pre-cooling system for cold atomic experiments according to claim 1, wherein the vertical cooling device comprises: the third wave plate, the third concave cylindrical lens, the third convex cylindrical lens, the fourth wave plate and the third total reflection mirror;
the vertical cooling laser sequentially passes through the third wave plate, the third concave cylindrical lens and the third convex cylindrical lens to form a third elliptical light spot after beam expansion, and then passes through the glass cavity and the fourth wave plate to be reflected by the third total reflection mirror and then passes through the fourth wave plate to enter the glass cavity to form third correlation cooling light;
the incidence direction of the vertical cooling laser is perpendicular to the plane where the horizontal cooling laser is located.
7. The pre-atomic pre-cooling system for cold atom experiments according to claim 1, wherein the long axis direction of the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil is the same as the long axis direction of the vertical cooling laser; the short axis direction of the first gradient magnetic field coil and the second gradient magnetic field coil is the same as the short axis direction of the vertical cooling laser.
8. The pre-atomic pre-cooling system for cold atom experiments of claim 1, wherein the atomic group pushing assembly comprises: the pushing laser is emitted by the collimator and then reflected by the fourth total reflection mirror to enter the glass cavity; the path of the push laser after being emitted is overlapped with the axial direction of the atomic group and passes through the middle of the differential tube.
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