CN115024482A - 一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法 - Google Patents
一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于水产品加工技术领域,具体涉及一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法;本发明以低盐毛虾浆为原料,采用具有良好产蛋白酶及脂肪酶能力的枝孢菌Z3对毛虾进行一步发酵获得发酵初产物,随后采用具有较强产蛋白酶能力的粪肠球菌X1对发酵初产物进行二步发酵,获得风味良好的虾酱产品。本发明采用不同菌株分两步对毛虾进行发酵,能够充分利用不同菌种特性,使其发挥最大发酵能力来提高发酵速度,稳定发酵品质,同时通过菌种强化发酵能够抑制其他杂菌污染,进而解决了传统发酵虾酱含盐量高、发酵时间长、风味不稳定以及安全性低等缺点;大大缩短虾酱的生产时间,提高生产效率同时,降低了生产成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产品加工技术领域,具体涉及一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法。
背景技术
虾酱是中国沿海地区及东南亚地区常用的调味酱料,是由虾与盐混合磨成粘稠状后,经长时间的自发发酵而制成的一种传统发酵食品。在发酵过程中,虾酱中的蛋白质在微生物跟多种酶的共同作用下虾中蛋白质会分解成氨基酸,使之具有独特的风味,滋味鲜美,回味无穷。而且在发酵过程中,会产生多种发酵前所没有的营养物质,如多种脂肪酸、吡嗪类物质等。因其具有独特的风味和营养特性,深受人们的喜爱。虾酱味较咸,一般制成罐装调味品后出售,但也有将虾酱干燥成块状制成味道更为浓郁的虾膏后进行出售。
由于虾酱的传统制造工艺耗时长,容易受外界因素影响而导致品质不稳定,且由于发酵方法为开放式,在发酵过程中容易引入有害微生物污染,从而产生有生物胺、亚硝酸盐等害物质,影响健康,很难工业化生产。自然发酵的虾酱往往需要加入大量的盐来抑制有害微生物的生长,只能作为调味品少量食用,不适宜长期食用,大大限制了虾酱的生产与销售。
虾酱的快速生产工艺一般包括加酶法和接种法两种。加酶发酵法是通过对虾浆原料中加入一种或多种蛋白酶,以中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶等为主,加速虾中的蛋白质分解成氨基酸,具有低盐和节省发酵时间的优点,但是制得虾酱风味上与市售虾酱有一定差距。接种发酵法是在原料虾浆中加入生物发酵剂,即一种或多种菌种,使其迅速成为虾酱中的优势微生物,构建出人工合成的微生物群落,从而抑制其他有害微生物的生长,最终达到缩短发酵时间,提高产品品质及安全性的目的,但是目前虾酱的接种发酵主要为单菌发酵或者共同发酵,产品风味虽有所改善但仍有欠缺。
虾酱的发酵过程是一个缓慢的菌群演替过程,这些菌群在不同发酵阶段承担着各自的作用,目前已有多种传统发酵食品的分步发酵方法,如酸菜、猪肉酱、葡萄酒和辣根酱等,但是未见关于不同菌种强化两步式快速发酵虾酱的方法。
发明内容
本发明为了克服现有技术在虾酱发酵上的缺陷,提供了一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,采用不同菌株分两步对毛虾进行发酵,充分利用不同菌种特性,使其发挥最大发酵能力来提高发酵速度,稳定发酵品质,同时通过菌种强化发酵抑制了其他杂菌的污染,从而减少了盐的添加量。
本发明使用的两株发酵剂菌株将枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1均于河北省沧州黄骅市众信水产有限公司生产的虾酱样品(产品名称:海虾酱) 中筛选;样品的生产时间为2020年7月,菌种筛选时间为2020年7月(筛选地点:镇江、江苏大学)。枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3具有较强的产蛋白酶及脂肪酶能力,将粪肠球菌 (Enterococcus faecalis)X1具有较强的产蛋白酶能力且能产酸同时抑制枝孢菌 (Cladosporium)Z3的生长繁殖。
其中,枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3,保藏地点中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),地址:中国武汉武汉大学,保藏时间2022年4月25日,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2022487;粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis) X1,保藏地点中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),地址:中国武汉武汉大学,保藏时间2022年4月25日,保藏编号为 CCTCC NO:M 2022486。
本发明的技术方案是:一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其包含如下步骤:
(1)将毛虾打碎得到虾浆,按比例加入食盐,搅拌均匀得到虾糜混合物;
(2)将枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3首先接种于YPD液体培养基进行活化培养,随后将培养液涂布至YPD固体培养基进行二次培养,经培养后向平板中加入无菌生理盐水,从培养基表面进行刮取,得到的溶液经振摇后过滤去除菌丝,得到滤液后用无菌生理盐水稀释,得到枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液;所述枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3的保藏编号为CCTCCNO:M 2022487;
(3)将粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1接种于YPD液体培养基进行活化培养,培养后得到种子液,将种子液离心得到菌泥,用无菌生理盐水重悬,得到粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1孢子悬液;所述粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1的保藏编号为CCTCC NO: M 2022486;
(4)将步骤(2)制备的枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液接种至步骤(1)所制得虾糜混合物中进行一步发酵,得到发酵初产物;
(5)将步骤(3)制备的粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1孢子悬液接种至步骤(4) 中所制得发酵初产物中进行二步发酵,所得产品即为快速发酵虾酱产品。
优选的,步骤(1)中所述食盐添加量为虾浆质量的5%~10%。
优选的,步骤(2)中所述枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3活化培养时间为2~4d,活化培养温度为20~30℃,转速为100~170rpm;所述YPD固体培养基二次培养的时间为2~6d,温度为20~30℃。
优选的,步骤(2)中所述平板中无菌生理盐水的用量没过培养基表面的菌落即可(加量为3~8mL);所述枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液的浓度为1×106~1×107CFU/mL。
优选的,步骤(2)或(3)中所述YPD液体培养基配方为,以1L计:酵母膏10g/L,胰蛋白胨10g/L,葡萄糖10g/L,121℃灭菌20min。
优选的,步骤(2)或(3)中所述YPD固体培养基配方为,以1L计:酵母膏10g/L,胰蛋白胨10g/L,葡萄糖10g/L,琼脂粉10g/L,121℃灭菌20min。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1活化培养时间为24~48h,活化培养温度为20~30℃,转速为100~170rpm;所述粪肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecalis)X1 孢子悬液的浓度为1×107~1×108CFU/mL。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述离心的条件为:4℃,6000-8000r,10-15min。
优选的,步骤(4)中所述一步发酵的工艺参数为:发酵温度为20~25℃、发酵时间为10~20 d;所述枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液与虾糜混合物的用量比为1~6mL:100g。
作为优选,步骤(5)中所述二步发酵的工艺参数为:发酵温度为20~30℃、发酵时间为 2~15d;所述粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1种子液与发酵初产物的用量比为1~6mL: 100g。
本发明的有益效果为:采用菌种强化的两步式快速发酵虾酱方法具有高效性的优点,能够大大缩短虾酱的生产时间,提高生产效率,降低了生产成本;本法接种特定功能菌株使其成为虾酱发酵环境中的优势菌株,提高了产品品质的稳定性,同时通过抑制其他有害菌株的生长提高了虾酱的安全性;通过本法快速发酵制得虾酱降低了产品中的含盐量,更符合健康食品的要求。菌种强化的两步式快速发酵虾酱方法实现了虾酱的快速稳定发酵,为虾酱的工业化生产提供了理论与技术支持。
附图说明
图1为三组发酵虾酱样品中的挥发性成分雷达图。
图2为三组发酵虾酱样品中的挥发性成分主成分分析图。
图3为三组发酵虾酱样品的感官评分雷达图。
具体实施方式
为了更加全面地理解本发明,下面将结合实施例更加详细地对本发明进行描述,但是本发明不局限于以下实施例,因此实施例不对本发明作任何限定。
本发明采用从传统发酵虾酱中筛选出的一株具有良好产蛋白酶及脂肪酶能力的霉菌菌株 Z3(Cladosporium,枝孢菌)和一株具有较强产蛋白酶能力的细菌菌株X1(Enterococcus faecalis,粪肠球菌)进行发酵,通过发酵工艺的优化,建立了一种两步式的虾酱快速发酵方法;其中,枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3,保藏地点中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),地址:中国武汉武汉大学,保藏时间2022年4月25日,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M2022487;步骤4中所述粪肠球菌具体为粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1,保藏地点中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),地址:中国武汉武汉大学,保藏时间2022年4月25日,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2022486。
发酵虾酱产品理化指标评价:采用pH计测定虾酱产品的pH值;氨基态氮(AAN)含量的测定方法采用甲醛滴定法,参照GB5009.235-2016;挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量的测定方法采用微量扩散法,参照GB/T5009.228-2016;利用电子鼻系统检测发酵虾酱的挥发性化合物整体风味轮廓;采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)检测发酵虾酱样品的挥发性风味物质。
感官评价方法:虾酱风味感官评定小组由15位经过风味评定专业培训的志愿者组成,评分包括0~9分,对快速发酵虾酱样品的虾味、鲜味、咸味、甜味、发酵味、腥味、氨味、苦涩味八个部分打分,最后将虾酱的总体喜爱度作为最终得分。
将本发明所述方法制得的虾酱产品与不添加发酵剂菌株进行发酵制得的虾酱产品和单独添加了枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3进行发酵制得的虾酱产品进行了比较,并采用相同的检测方法检测不同虾酱产品的差异。
对照例1:不添加发酵剂菌株进行发酵(D组);
将毛虾打碎得到虾浆,加入虾浆质量6%的食盐,搅拌均匀;于恒温培养箱21℃下发酵 12d,然后于25℃下发酵4d,转速均设置为100rpm。发酵结束后得到虾酱,对制得虾酱产品进行理化指标评价及感官评价。
对照例2:单独添加了枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3进行发酵(K-Z3组)
将毛虾打碎得到虾浆,加入虾浆质量6%的食盐,搅拌均匀;将浓度为2*106CFU/mL的枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液接种至虾浆中,所述枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液与虾糜混合物的用量比为4mL:100g(V/W)。于恒温培养箱种21℃下发酵12d,转速设置为100rpm。发酵结束后对制得虾酱产品进行理化指标评价及感官评价。
实施例1:菌种强化两步式快速发酵(K-X1组)
将毛虾打碎呈浆状,按比例加入6%的食盐,搅拌均匀;将浓度为2*106CFU/mL的枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液接种至虾浆中,所述枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3孢子悬液与虾糜混合物的用量比为4mL:100g(V/W),于恒温培养箱中21℃下发酵12d,转速设置为100rpm;一步发酵结束后接种粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1种子液,所述粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)X1种子液与发酵初产物混合物的用量比为4mL:100g(V/W),于恒温培养箱中25℃下发酵4d,转速设置为100rpm。发酵结束后对制得虾酱产品进行理化指标评价及感官评价。
将本发明所述方法制得的虾酱产品与不添加发酵剂菌株进行发酵制得的虾酱产品和单独添加了枝孢菌(Cladosporium)Z3进行发酵制得的虾酱产品进行了比较,并采用相同的检测方法检测不同虾酱产品的差异,具体结果如表1~2和图1~3所示。
具体地,如表1所示,发酵虾酱的pH值偏碱性,菌株Z3能够产碱性物质,接种菌株X1后一定程度上减缓了pH的升高。接种发酵剂发酵的虾酱AAN含量高于未接种对照组,表明接种发酵剂发酵能够有效增加发酵虾酱中的AAN含量,使虾酱中的蛋白质水解更充分,提高发酵程度。TVB-N是反映虾酱腐坏程度的主要指标,其含量越高,表明发酵产品变质程度越高,接种发酵剂后TVB-N含量显著降低,表明强化接种发酵剂能够成为优势菌群抑制腐败菌的生长。因此,菌种强化两步式快速发酵方法能够提高虾酱的发酵速度并提高产品品质。
表1pH、氨基态氮含量及挥发性盐基氮含量测定结果
图1为三组发酵虾酱样品中的挥发性成分雷达图,雷达图结果显示,三组样品在硫化物含量(W1W)上的差异较大,对照例2样品硫化物含量低于实施例1样品与对照例1样品。同时对照例2样品中长链烷烃的含量也要低于实施例1与对照例1样品。
图2为三组发酵虾酱样品中的挥发性成分主成分分析图,结果显示,PC1和PC2方差贡献率分别为51.30%和36.59%,两个主成分累积总贡献率达87.89%,能有效反映原始数据绝大部分信息。三组样品都相对独立,表明三组样品中挥发物的种类与含量有一定差异,实施例1样品于对照例2样品和对照例1差距较大,表明接种发酵剂对样品中挥发物的产生有较大影响。
表3为GC-MS检测的三组发酵虾酱样品中的挥发性化合物种类及相对含量,结果表明,共检测出65种挥发性化合物,包括18种醇、8种酮、7种酯、2种酸、10种烃、3种胺、4 种吡嗪、2种醛以及10种其他化合物。实施例1虾酱样品挥发性化合物种类和含量均有所上升。酯类通常具有花果香气,对虾酱整体风味的形成具有一定影响,实施例1虾酱样品中酯类的种类跟含量均有增加,表明本发明的发酵方法能够促进虾酱中酯类物质的生成。醛类跟吡嗪类物质对成熟虾酱的风味形成具有重要影响。在对照例1虾酱样品中未检测到醛类物质,推测可能的原因是发酵时间较短且未接种功能菌种,醛类物质短期内无法合成,而在对照例2与实施例1样品中检测到2种醛,一定程度上增强了快速发酵虾酱产品的风味。三甲胺是水产中的主要胺类化合物,通常具有鱼腥味,然而,实施例1虾酱样品中三甲胺含量有所下降。实施例1虾酱样品中2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪和3-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪的含量均高于对照例1、2中的虾酱样品。结果表明本发明所述方法能够提高快速发酵虾酱产品的风味。
表2GC-MS检测的三组发酵虾酱样品中的挥发性化合物
图3为三组发酵虾酱样品的感官评分雷达图,结果表明不同样品间存在一定差异,其中对照例1整体风味以氨味和发酵味为主,与对照例1样品中较高的TVB-N含量的结果相一致,可能是由于对照组虾浆原料中含盐量量较低且未添加发酵剂,使其在发酵过程中腐败微生物大量繁殖,导致虾酱样品的过度发酵和大量生物胺等物质的生成,从而加速了虾酱样品的腐败变质。实施例1与对照例2样品的整体风味以虾味、鲜味、甜味、以及发酵味为主,与这两组样品中较高的AAN含量与较低的TVB-N含量的结果相一致,推测可能的原因是强化发酵剂后能够迅速成为优势菌群从而抑制虾原料中腐败微生物的生长,产生更少的生物胺类物质,同时能够抑制腐败微生物导致的过度发酵和腐败变质;而发酵剂的强化能够促进原料中蛋白质与脂肪酸的水解,进而产生更多的风味物质,赋予虾酱更多鲜美的风味。实施例1样品比对照例2样品的鲜和甜味评分更高,整体风味更加柔和。
所有结果表明采用强化发酵剂的两步式发酵方法能够降低虾酱产品盐含量、缩短发酵时间以及改善虾酱产品品质。
说明:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明而并非限制本发明所描述的技术方案;因此,尽管本说明书参照上述的各个实施例对本发明已进行了详细的说明,但是本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,仍然可以对本发明进行修改或等同替换;而一切不脱离本发明的精神和范围的技术方案及其改进,其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将毛虾打碎得到虾浆,按比例加入食盐,搅拌均匀得到虾糜混合物;
(2)将枝孢菌Z3首先接种于YPD液体培养基进行活化培养,随后将培养液涂布至YPD固体培养基进行二次培养,经培养后向平板中加入无菌生理盐水,从培养基表面进行刮取,得到的溶液经振摇后过滤去除菌丝,得到滤液后用无菌生理盐水稀释,得到枝孢菌Z3孢子悬液;所述枝孢菌Z3的保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2022487;
(3)将粪肠球菌X1接种于YPD液体培养基进行活化培养,培养后得到种子液,将种子液离心得到菌泥,用无菌生理盐水重悬,得到粪肠球菌X1孢子悬液;所述粪肠球菌X1的保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2022486;
(4)将步骤(2)制备的枝孢菌Z3孢子悬液接种至步骤(1)所制得虾糜混合物中进行一步发酵,得到发酵初产物;
(5)将步骤(3)制备的粪肠球菌X1孢子悬液接种至步骤(4)中所制得发酵初产物中进行二步发酵,所得产品即为快速发酵虾酱产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述食盐添加量为虾浆质量的5%~10%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述枝孢菌Z3活化培养时间为2~4d,活化培养温度为20~30℃,转速为100~170rpm;所述YPD固体培养基二次培养的时间为2~6d,温度为20~30℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述平板中无菌生理盐水的用量没过培养基表面的菌落即可;所述枝孢菌Z3孢子悬液的浓度为1×106~1×107CFU/mL。
5.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)或(3)中所述YPD液体培养基配方为,以1L计:酵母膏10g/L,胰蛋白胨10g/L,葡萄糖10g/L,121℃灭菌20min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)或(3)中所述YPD固体培养基配方为,以1L计:酵母膏10g/L,胰蛋白胨10g/L,葡萄糖10g/L,琼脂粉10g/L,121℃灭菌20min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中所述粪肠球菌X1活化培养时间为24~48h,活化培养温度为20~30℃,转速为100~170rpm;所述粪肠球菌X1孢子悬液的浓度为1×107~1×108CFU/mL;所述离心的条件为:4℃,6000-8000r,10-15min。
8.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中所述一步发酵的工艺参数为:发酵温度为20~25℃、发酵时间为10~20d;所述枝孢菌Z3孢子悬液与虾糜混合物的用量比为1~6mL:100g。
9.根据权利要求1所述的基于联合菌种强化快速发酵制备虾酱的方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中所述二步发酵的工艺参数为:发酵温度为20~30℃、发酵时间为2~15d;所述粪肠球菌X1孢子悬液与发酵初产物的用量比为1~6mL:100g。
10.一种如权利要求1~8中任一项所述的方法制备得到的虾酱。
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