CN114949248A - 一种靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒及其制备方法与应用。具体而言,本发明的制备方法包括以下步骤:1)在纳米颗粒表面上修饰PEG;2)在PEG末端氨基上修饰(3‑丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5‑二氧环己烷羧酸。本发明首次利用了反应性金纳米粒子作为有效的放射增敏剂用于体内肿瘤的增强X射线计算机断层扫描(CT)成像和放射治疗,实现了对肿瘤长时间有效治疗。通过本发明的制备方法获得的靶向滞留纳米颗粒具有较低的毒性和较好的放射治疗效果,适合于开发成一种基于放射疗法的抗肿瘤药物,具有重要的科研及经济价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米颗粒靶向锚定技术领域,具体涉及一种靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒及其制备方法,通过该方法制备的纳米颗粒,以及该纳米颗粒在增加肿瘤放疗敏感性的应用。
背景技术
恶性肿瘤发病率不断上升,已严重威胁人类健康。放射治疗(RT)作为临床最常用的癌症治疗方式之一,在治疗肿瘤,延长患者生存周期等方面起着重要作用,但在向肿瘤组织提供高剂量的电离辐射的同时将对周围组织的损害降至最低仍然是一个挑战。目前临床上常用的一类放疗增敏剂为硝基咪唑类或硝基苯衍生物,该类药物往往具有较大的毒副作用,其临床应用因此受到了限制。近年来,随着纳米医学的迅速发展,基于纳米粒子(NP)的放射增敏剂已成为一种可以在降低对周围健康组织潜在副作用的同时“放大”放射治疗效果的药物。金和其他高原子序数(Z)纳米粒子能产生大量低能、短程的光电子(电子、康普顿电子 、俄歇电子), 这些电子会产生活性氧(ROS)以增加血管内皮的损伤以及肿瘤微环境的剂量,因而这些高Z物质被用于放射治疗的增敏研究。
金纳米颗粒因其具备形态及尺寸可控、温和的表面化学性质以及良好的生物相容性等特点,加上独特的SPR和光散射等物理特性,使其在肿瘤的放射治疗和影像诊断方面的应用越来越广泛。它们在这方面的应用面临的主要挑战是除了增强通透性保留(EPR)效应外,进一步增强颗粒在肿瘤中的滞留,小尺寸的金纳米颗粒相对于大尺寸的金纳米颗粒在EPR效应作用下更容易被肿瘤病灶摄取,但由于体积较小同时也更容易被机体清除,因此延长小尺寸金纳米颗粒在机体内的血液循环时间,提高其在肿瘤部位的富集量是提高肿瘤放疗效果的有效途径。在过去的十几年中,研究者们通过对金纳米颗粒进行表面修饰,如用硫醇葡萄糖或聚乙二醇修饰金纳米颗粒,以增加肿瘤吞噬量,但所修饰金纳米颗粒并非对所有细胞都具有放射增敏作用。
因此需要设计开发一种新的策略来克服上述缺点,对于改善AuNPs在肿瘤内的积聚和滞留,从而提高体内肿瘤的CT成像和放射治疗效果,具有重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明公开了小分子修饰的纳米颗粒及其制备方法,该方法不仅适用于同种纳米颗粒之间的自组装,而且适用于不同纳米颗粒之间的杂化组装,为多功能纳米复合材料的制备提供了新的策略与手段。
本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒,包括纳米颗粒及其表面的修饰物,所述修饰物包括甲氧基聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇-(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦复合物以及聚乙二醇-3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸复合物。纳米颗粒为金属纳米颗粒、非金属纳米颗粒。聚乙二醇-(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦复合物为氨基聚乙二醇与(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦的反应产物;聚乙二醇-3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸复合物为氨基聚乙二醇与3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸的反应产物,金属纳米颗粒靶向并滞留,通过增敏X射线的作用破坏线粒体的正常功能,从而达到杀死肿瘤的目的。
上述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将氨基聚乙二醇修饰的纳米颗粒、(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸混合,反应得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒。优选的,反应在室温下进行1~15小时。
上述技术方案中,将(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸分别活化后与氨基聚乙二醇修饰的纳米颗粒混合反应,得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒。氨基聚乙二醇修饰的纳米颗粒、(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸的质量比为1∶(5~10)∶(1~5),优选为1∶(7~9)∶(2~4)。
本发明公开了一种放射增敏剂,由上述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒制备得到,能够靶向肿瘤细胞线粒体并且在线粒体中交联并滞留48小时以上。
本发明公开了上述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒或者放射增敏剂在制备增加肿瘤放射治疗敏感性的药物中的应用;或者上述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒或者放射增敏剂在制备影像诊断试剂中的应用。
本发明利用(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸共同结合在纳米粒表面,开发出一种简单、绿色、稳定的纳米颗粒,作为放疗增敏试剂;该方法不仅提高了肿瘤细胞线粒体对AuNPs的摄取量而且大大延长了金纳米颗粒在肿瘤细胞中的滞留时间,对提高肿瘤的CT成像和放射治疗效果,具有重要的意义。
本发明在纳米颗粒表面修饰甲氧基聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇-(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦复合物以及聚乙二醇-3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸复合物,得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒,具体制备为如下步骤:
(1)在纳米颗粒表面上修饰PEG;按照纳米颗粒∶甲氧基聚乙二醇硫醇∶氨基聚乙二醇硫醇=1~2∶20∶20的质量比,向纳米颗粒原液中加入甲氧基聚乙二醇硫醇和氨基聚乙二醇硫醇,于室温搅拌12~48小时,经超滤离心、加水重悬,得到经PEG修饰的氨基功能化纳米颗粒的母液;
(2)在PEG末端氨基上修饰(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦和3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸;按照(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦∶碳二胺∶N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺=1∶1.2~1.5∶1.2~1.5的摩尔比,在DMSO 中活化2h;按照3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸∶碳二胺∶N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺=1∶1.2~1.5∶1.2~1.5的摩尔比,在DMSO 中活化2h;向步骤(1)中获得的经PEG修饰的氨基功能化纳米颗粒的母液中加入活化好的(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦和3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸,于室温搅拌2~6h,经离心,得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒。
本发明中,(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦的化学结构式如下:
3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸的化学结构式如下:
现有技术中的纳米颗粒大都适用于本发明的制备方法,能够最终实现滞留并放疗增敏;优选的,所述纳米颗粒选自金属纳米颗粒。
本发明中,所述甲氧基聚乙二醇硫醇为两个末端分别由甲氧基和巯基修饰的聚乙二醇,其选自M-PEG2000-SH、M-PEG5000-SH、M-PEG10000-SH、M-PEG20000-SH中的任意一种或其任意比例的混合物;更优选的,所述甲氧基聚乙二醇硫醇为M-PEG5000-SH;发挥稳定化作用,防止纳米颗粒从原液中沉淀析出。
本发明中,所述氨基聚乙二醇硫醇为两个末端分别由氨基和巯基修饰的聚乙二醇,其选自NH2-PEG2000-SH、NH2-PEG5000-SH、NH2-PEG10000-SH、NH2-PEG20000-SH中的任意一种或其任意比例的混合物;更优选的,所述氨基聚乙二醇硫醇为NH2-PEG5000-SH;发挥功能化修饰作用。
由于上述技术方案的运用,本发明与现有技术相比具有如下优点:
(1)本发明中纳米颗粒自身利用肿瘤微环境中的H2O2交联在线粒体部位,达到长期滞留的目的,进而改善肿瘤成像的效果,为纳米颗粒在肿瘤部位长期滞留提供了新的策略与手段。
(2)能够克服现有技术光触发交联聚集策略中外光源穿透深度浅的问题。
(3)本发明有望为蛋白次磺酸介导的局部固定化癌症治疗提供一个新的视角。
(4)本发明的制备方法具有简便、快捷、稳定、可控和绿色环保等特点,极大地节约了制备时间,是一种快速制备多功能纳米材料的普适性新方法,具有广阔的应用空间。
附图说明
图1为金纳米颗粒表面PEG末端修饰(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦和3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸过程的示意图。
图2为金纳米颗粒反应前后粒径、电势以及TEM图像表征。
图3为细胞毒性结果。
图4为对金纳米颗粒同细胞内线粒体共定位研究结果。
图5为通过暗场拍摄对金纳米颗粒滞留能力研究结果。
图6为对不同处理组的4T1细胞进行JC-1线粒体膜电位分析。
图7为纳米颗粒对细胞体外放射治疗效果。
图8为在不同剂量的X射线照射下不同粒子处理的4T1细胞的集落形成试验。
图9为活体肿瘤的实时PA和增强CT成像。
图10为含有不同浓度碘普罗胺和dAuNP-TPP的两系列水溶液的CT图像以及不同时间间隔(n=3)肿瘤CT成像的动态对比增强密度。
图11为放射治疗效果的体内评估。
图12为肿瘤复发的体内评估。
具体实施方式
下文将结合附图和具体实施例来进一步阐述本发明。应当理解的是,这些实施例仅用于解释和说明本发明中的技术方案,而并非旨在限制本发明的范围。此外,除非另有说明,下列实施例中所使用的材料、试剂、仪器等均可通过商业手段获得,本发明具体制备操作以及测试方法为常规技术。
实施例1:金纳米颗粒的制备及其表面的PEG修饰
向超纯水(100 mL)中加入1wt%的氯金酸溶液(0.6 mL),加热至100℃,剧烈搅拌至沸腾后加入1wt%的柠檬酸钠溶液(3mL),继续煮沸30 min,得到金纳米颗粒(AuNP)原液。
室温下,向金纳米颗粒原液(100 mL,内含金纳米颗粒1 mg)中依次加入M-PEG5000-SH(20 mg)和NH2-PEG5000-SH(20 mg),于室温搅拌24 h。经离心(11000 rpm × 10 min)3次,除掉多余的PEG。离心后用超纯水重悬,得到PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒母液。
实施例2:金纳米颗粒表面PEG末端修饰(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦和3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸
按照(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦∶碳二胺∶N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺=1∶1.2∶1.2的摩尔比,在1.4mL DMSO 中活化2h;按照3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸∶碳二胺∶N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺=1∶1.5∶1.5的摩尔比,在1.4mL DMSO 中活化2h。
如图1所示,向实施例1中制得的经PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒母液(100mL,内含经PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒1 mg)中加入活化了2小时的(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦(8.15mg)和3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸(3mg),于室温搅拌反应5h。经离心(11000 rpm× 10 min)3次后,得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒(dAuNP-TPP)。
向实施例1中制得的经PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒母液(100 mL,内含经PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒1 mg)中加入活化了2小时的(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦(8.15mg),于室温搅拌反应5h。经离心(11000 rpm × 10 min)3次后,得到纳米颗粒(AuNP-TPP)。
向实施例1中制得的经PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒母液(100 mL,内含经PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒1 mg)中加入活化了2小时的3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸(3mg),于室温搅拌反应5h。经离心(11000 rpm × 10 min)3次后,得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒(dAuNP)。
dAuNP(Cy5)-TPP的合成 用天平称量2.49 mg Cy5-NHS酯粉末向其中加入0.8 mL二甲基亚砜(DMSO),搅拌10分钟后滴加至PEG修饰的氨基功能化金纳米颗粒母液中(浓度2.82 mg/mL,1 mL中约含有16.5 mg PEG5000-NH2),于常温下搅拌反应12小时后,将混合液离心(14000 rpm,15 min)纯化,反复离心3次,得到Cy5红色荧光标记的金纳米颗粒(dAuNP(Cy5)-TPP),收集沉淀,避光储存于4℃冰箱备用。
实施例3
将牛血清白蛋白(BSA)粉末(8mg)完全溶解在磷酸缓冲液(PBS,1ml,50Mm,PH 7.4)中,将三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP)溶液(20μL,50 mM)加入 BSA 溶液中,并在室温下孵育30min。然后使用30 kDa 的超速离心管,用 PBS 缓冲液洗涤 BSA,除去多余的 TCEP,将最终体积定容到 1 mL,备用。设定总体积为 100μL 的反应体系,将实施例2中制得的dAuNP-TPP分别与预还原BSA和H2O2反应,分组如下:①dAuNP-TPP(50μL,40μg/mL),PBS(50μL,50 mM),混合均匀;② dAuNP-TPP(50μL,40μg/mL),预还原的 BSA(25μL),PBS(25μL,50 mM),混合均匀;③ dAuNP-TPP(50μL,40μg/mL),预还原的 BSA(25μL),PBS(20μL,50 mM),H2O2(5μL,1mM),混合均匀。dAuNP-TPP(不含BSA 和H2O2)溶液和AuNP-TPP/BSA(不含H2O2)和用作阴性对照。将反应体系在 37℃下孵育 1 h。将最终反应溶液离心(每15 min,13000 rpm)收集。
将所述溶液100μL分别用水稀释至2mL,利用动态光散射仪(DLS)测试金纳米颗粒的水合粒径和电势变化,并将相应样品各取10μL分别滴于铜网,自然风干后,利用透射电子显微镜进行拍摄。
如图2所示,经PEG修饰的金纳米颗粒的尺寸分布较为均匀(约为20nm),不同实验组的金纳米颗粒反应后的尺寸变化(见图2c)。与H2O2预处理过的BSA孵育后的dAuNP-TPP溶液(dAuNP-TPP/BSA-SOH),其水合粒径约600nm,与单纯AuNP-TPP组金纳米颗粒的水合粒径(60nm)相比,明显偏大,而且单纯dAuNP-TPP与BSA混合溶液的水合粒径则与dAuNP-TPP的大小相似,表明在H2O2的作用下,dAuNP-TPP与BSA发生了共价交联,如图2b所示三组的电势也存在一定差异,为了更直观的观察纳米颗粒里的状态,如图2a所示,只有dAuNP-TPP/BSA-SOH组明显存在纳米颗粒小规模聚集现象。
实施例4 金纳米颗粒dAuNP-TPP的细胞毒性实验
细胞毒性实验方法:小鼠乳腺癌细胞(4T1)和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(3T3)在96孔板中(密度3000个/孔)培养,孵育24 h后,分别向各个孔中加入0,25,50,100,200μg/mL的实施例2的材料孵育24h后,测MTT。图3为(a)将4T1细胞与AuNP(对照)、AuNP-TPP或dAuNP-TPP孵育24小时,然后更换新培养基,培养24小时,用MTT法测定细胞活力。(b)将3T3细胞与AuNP、AuNP-TPP或dAuNP-TPP孵育24小时,然后更换新培养基,培养24小时,用MTT法测定细胞活力。从图3中可以看出,经(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦和3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸修饰的金纳米颗粒对小鼠乳腺癌细胞(4T1)有一定的毒性,对小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(3T3)在24 h具有很低的毒性。
实施例5 金纳米颗粒同细胞内线粒体共定位
使用商业染料Mito-Tracker Green与dAuNP(cy5)和dAuNP-TPP(cy5)进行共定位研究。将4T1细胞在共聚焦小皿中培养(密度8000-10000孔),随后置于细胞恒温培养箱中继续培养24小时。待培养时间结東后,弃去原有培养基,向每个共聚焦小皿中加入1mL用培养基稀释的dAuNP-TPP(cy5),随后置于细胞恒温培养箱中共孵育24小时,待共孵育时间结束后,弃去皿中旧的培养基,用PBS轻轻清洗三遍。随后加入1mL预先用培养基稀释好的线粒体绿色荧光染料Mito-Tracker (20nM),同4T1细胞避光共孵育30分钟后,PBS轻轻清洗三遍,每遍5分钟。加入新鲜RPMI-1640培养基在激光共聚焦显微镜下通过观察4T1细胞内荧光信号的分布进而对dAuNP-TPP(cy5)同细胞线粒体重合度进行评估,整个过程避光操作。
图4为PSA介导的AuNPs共价固定在4T1细胞中的研究。(a)用AuNP(Cy5)、AuNP(Cy5)-TPP和dAuNP(Cy5)-TPP孵育24小时的4T1细胞的CLSM。(b)使用ICP-MS定量细胞摄取AuNP。(c)用dAuNP(Cy5)、AuNP(Cy5)-TPP或dAuNP(Cy5)-TPP(红色)处理的4T1细胞的共焦显微镜图像,以及线粒体(绿色)染色。(d)红色和绿色通道中感兴趣的线性区域的荧光强度分布。[dAuNP(Cy5)]=[AuNP(Cy5)-TPP]=[dAuNP(Cy5)-TPP]=50μg/mL。(e)细胞的代表性TEM图像,用于显示培养24小时后细胞对金纳米颗粒的摄取(**p<0.01,***p<0.001,通过t检验,n=3,标尺=30μm)。如图所示,在4T1细胞的线性ROI中,dAuNP-TPP(cy5)的分布几乎与Mito-tracker Green密切同步,这表明dAuNP-TPP探针具有良好的线粒体特异性。
实施例6 金纳米颗粒dAuNP-TPP滞留能力研究
将 4T1 细胞以 1.5×105个细胞/孔的密度接种在12孔板中的爬片上,放回细胞培养箱孵育24 h。用PBS 洗涤细胞2遍,分别加入浓度为50 μg/mL的AuNP、 AuNP-TPP和dAuNP-TPP的培养基,细胞继续培养24 h。吸去旧培养基,用PBS重复冲洗3遍,加入新鲜培养基继续放于细胞恒温培养箱中分别培养6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时,再用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞15 min。吸去多聚甲醛,用PBS洗涤2遍,并用 Hoechst 33342染色10 min,随后将染色液吸去,用PBS洗涤3遍。在载玻片上滴加抗荧光淬灭封片剂,将爬片倒扣。再用透明指甲油封闭爬片周边。细胞爬片放置于湿盒,避光存放在4℃ 冰箱。通过暗视野显微镜法观察细胞爬片中金纳米颗粒的含量差别,图5为通过暗场拍摄对金纳米颗粒滞留能力研究结果,其中,(a)用AuNP、AuNP-TPP或dAuNP-TPP处理4T1细胞24小时的暗场图像。标尺为50µm。(b)对(a)中的暗场图像进行量化。(c)用dAuNP(Cy5)-TPP、AuNP(Cy5)-TPP或AuNP(Cy5)孵育24小时后,对4T1细胞的荧光强度进行量化([AuNP]=[AuNP-TPP]=[dAuNP-TPP]=50μg/mL,**p<0.01,通过t检验,n=3,标尺=50μm)。如图5所示,起始0小时,三组4T1细胞内金纳米颗粒浓度保持一致。随着培养时间的延长,孵育dAuNP-TPP组细胞内的暗场信号强度缓慢减弱,而孵育其余两组的细胞内暗场信号强度均降低较多,在48小时,dAuNP-TPP组仍能在其细胞中观察到明显的暗场信号,而其余两组其4T细胞内几乎观察不到暗场信号。
实施例7 dAuNP-TPP介导的线粒体损伤
将4T1细胞以1.5×105个细胞/孔的密度接种在在 12孔板中培养24 h后,将细胞分为PBS对照组,②X射线组(RT),AuNP+X射线组,dAuNP+X射线组,AuNP-TPP+X射线组,⑥dAuNP-TPP+X射线组。PBS洗涤2遍后,PBS对照组,②X射线组(RT)分别加入普通培养基(RPMI-1640),其余组分别加入普通培养基(RPMI-1640)与浓度为50μg/mL的纳米颗粒;继续培养 24 h。PBS洗涤2遍,加入新鲜培养基,按分组进行X射线辐照(6Gy),辐照后放回细胞培养箱继续培养24 h。
用指示剂JC-1测定线粒体膜电位。JC-1在线粒体膜电位较高的细胞中形成J-聚集体并发出红色荧光,而在线粒体膜电位较低的细胞中保持单体并发出绿色荧光。dAuNP-TPP处理4T1细胞的代表性结果如图6所示,其中,(a)为JC-1染色细胞的CLSM图像在不同处理后,从红色到绿色的荧光转变表明显著的线粒体损伤(标尺=30μm),(b)为(a)中细胞的定量红绿荧光比,(c)为4T1细胞用AuNPs处理24小时,然后进行细胞ATP测定。(***p<0.001,经t检验,n=3);其他金纳米颗粒处理组之间无较大差异,而在dAuNP-TPP处理组,红色荧光信号减弱,绿色荧光信号升高,表明线粒体膜电位严重丧失,dAuNP-TPP可以在X射线的作用下使4T1细胞的线粒体丧失功能。
实施例8 金纳米颗粒dAuNP-TPP的放射治疗效果
细胞内放射治疗实验方法:将4T1细胞以1.5×105个细胞/孔的密度接种在在 6孔板中培养24 h后,将细胞分为PBS对照组,②X射线组(RT),AuNP+X射线组,dAuNP+X射线组,AuNP-TPP+X射线组,⑥dAuNP-TPP+X射线组。PBS洗涤2遍后,PBS对照组,②X射线组(RT)分别加入普通培养基(RPMI-1640),其余组分别加入普通培养基(RPMI-1640)、浓度为50μg/mL的纳米颗粒;继续培养 24 h。PBS洗涤2遍,加入新鲜培养基,按分组进行X射线辐照(6Gy),辐照后放回细胞培养箱继续培养24 h。将旧培养基吸掉,用 PBS 轻轻洗涤2遍,再加入 Live/Dead 细胞活性染色液进行染色30 min,洗掉染液,用荧光显微镜进行观察。蛋白质印迹分析,4T1细胞被处理,然后使用线粒体分离试剂盒(Beyotime,中国上海)分离线粒体和细胞质蛋白,使用BCA蛋白质分析试剂盒(Beyotime,中国上海)对蛋白质进行定量,然后在15%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上分离,最后转移至PVDF膜(Millipore Ltd,爱尔兰)。用5%脱脂乳封闭膜1小时,然后在4°C下用一抗过夜。用含有0.1% Tween-20(TBST)的tris缓冲盐水清洗后,在室温下用二抗孵育膜2小时。增强化学发光检测试剂盒(中国杭州Fdbio科学公司)用于检测免疫反应带,并通过Chemi-Doc MP成像系统(美国阿尔法)成像。抗体的使用方法如下:细胞色素C、裂解的半胱天冬酶-3和β-肌动蛋白。所有抗体均购自(Beyotime,中国上海)。
图7为癌细胞的体外放射治疗,其中,(a)使用DCFH-DA作为指示剂的4T1细胞中ROS水平的共焦显微镜图像(比例尺=30μm);通过γ-H2AX免疫荧光分析(标尺=10μm)研究不同组合处理的细胞的放射增敏效应;接受各种处理的细胞的活(绿色)/死(红色)染色(比例尺=100μm);定量分析接受不同处理的4T1细胞的DCFH-DA强度(b)、γ-H2AX病灶密度(c)和(d)活力。(e) Western blotting分析不同组合处理的细胞中Cyto C和裂解的caspase 3蛋白的表达。选择β-肌动蛋白作为内部参照物。(**p<0.01,***p<0.001,经t检验,n=3。[AuNP]=[dAuNP]=[AuNP-TPP]=[dAuNP-TPP]=50μg/mL)。如图7所示,dAuNP-TPP+X射线组细胞存活率较其他组别明显下降,说明本发明的方法能够在细胞内实现金纳米颗粒共价交联,并具有较好的放射治疗效果,能够有效杀死肿瘤细胞。
实施例9
克隆生存试验。将4T1细胞接种于6孔培养皿中培养24小时,并分为5组(每组n=3),即PBS对照组、AuNP+X射线组、dAuNP-TPP+X射线组、AuNP-TPP+X射线组和dAuNP-TPP+X射线组。将4T1细胞分别与相同浓度(50μg/mL)的纳米颗粒一起培养24小时,然后分别用2、4、6和8 Gy的X射线照射。生长7天后,用福尔马林固定细胞,用Giemsa染料染色1.5小时。计数菌落并计算存活率。计数菌落数量,并使用点击式多靶点模型绘制存活曲线。使用以下公式计算增敏率(SER):y=1-(1-exp(-k*x))^N,其中y是存活率,k是细胞存活曲线的钝化常数,N是外推数,D是接受的剂量。灵敏度增强比(SER)是评估无线电增强效率的一个非常重要的参数,可通过以下公式计算:SER=D0(含ra增敏剂)/D0(不含放射增敏剂)。D0可通过以下等式计算:D0=1/k。
图8为在不同剂量的X射线照射下,用或不用AuNP、dAuNP、AuNP-TPP或dAuNP-TPP处理的4T1细胞的集落形成试验。(a)在不同剂量的X射线照射下,用AuNP、dAuNP、AuNP-TPP、dAuNP-TPP培养的4T1细胞的集落形成试验照片。(b-c)针对不同金纳米颗粒处理的细胞的X射线剂量,对4T1细胞存活部分进行克隆形成分析。金纳米粒子浓度为50μg/mL。
实施例10
建立小鼠肿瘤模型。从常州卡文斯拉实验动物技术有限公司购买的体重为18-20g的雌性BALB/c小鼠被饲养在标准条件下(25±2℃/60±10%相对湿度),光/暗周期为12h。将1×106 4T1细胞皮下接种于约50μL PBS中,移植到每只小鼠背部。当肿瘤大小达到约50 mm3时,进行PAI、CT和RT研究。所有动物实验均已获得苏州大学动物护理和使用委员会的批准,所有动物研究方案均符合《实验动物护理和使用指南》。
活体成像研究。对于体内PA成像,将携带4T1肿瘤的白鼠分为三组,然后静脉注射不同类型的纳米颗粒(20 mg/kg),如AuNP、AuNP-TPP和dAuNP-TPP。然后用异氟醚麻醉小鼠,并将其置于水浴中,以将体温维持在37℃,用于后续肿瘤成像。还比较了dAuNP-TPP与市售iopro-mide在体外的CT成像能力。使用不同量的造影剂(0,0.25,0.5,1,2和4mg/mL)。为了研究dAuNP-TPP在体内增强CT信号的作用,三组荷瘤小鼠分别静脉注射200μL的AuNP、AuNP-TPP或dAuNP-TPP水溶液(20mg/kg)。将4T1荷瘤小鼠置于麻醉下的动物床上进行CT成像。在注射后0、2、4、8、12、24和48小时进行CT扫描。所有CT图像均记录在SPECT成像系统(荷兰MILabs公司)上。
体内抗肿瘤研究。将4T1荷瘤小鼠随机分为6组(每组n=5),分别用PBS(对照组)、X射线照射(RT)、静脉注射AuNP后放射治疗(AuNP+RT)、dAuNP后放射治疗(dAuNP+RT)、AuNP-TPP后放射治疗(AuNP-TPP+RT)、dAuNP-TPP后放射治疗(dAuNP-TPP+RT)进行治疗。金纳米颗粒的注射剂量为20 mg/kg。12小时后,取一些肿瘤,固定,并准备组织切片进行TEM测量。其余小鼠接受6Gy的X射线照射。然后,监测和测量肿瘤的大小,以评估X射线治疗的放射治疗效果。接下来,为了进一步评估放射增敏效果,提取肿瘤组织并用H&E试剂盒染色两天,然后进行图像采集。图9为活体肿瘤的实时PA和增强CT成像。(a)实时PA成像和(b)在不同时间点平行使用AuNP、AuNP-TPP和dAuNP-TPP(20 mg/kg)治疗的肿瘤的相应定量PA信号。(c)在体肿瘤的代表性实时CT图像。(d)肿瘤组织的TEM图像显示注射后12小时AuNP的累积。(e)监测不同治疗方法小鼠的肿瘤生长。(f)第20天接受不同治疗的小鼠的肿瘤切片照片。(**p<0.01,***p<0.001,经t检验,n=3)。
图10为(a)含有不同浓度碘普罗胺和dAuNP-TPP的两系列水溶液的CT图像。(b)不同时间间隔(n=3)肿瘤CT成像的动态对比增强密度(ΔHu)。(CT:计算机断层扫描,***p<0.001,经t检验,n=3)。
图11为放射治疗效果的体内评估。(a)接受不同治疗的小鼠的相对存活率。(b)不同处理组小鼠的体重变化。(c)从各组中选择并在治疗后第20天捕获的代表性小鼠的照片,用于显示不同组的治疗效果,以及治疗后第20天提取的肿瘤组织的H&E、Tunel和Ki67染色。(*p<0.05,**p<0.01,经t检验,n=5)。
图12为肿瘤复发的体内评估。(a)接受不同治疗的小鼠的体重变化。(b)在40天内接受不同治疗的小鼠肿瘤体积的变化。(c)从第40天接受不同治疗的小鼠身上获取的代表性肿瘤的照片。(d)从各组中选择并在治疗后第40天捕获的代表性小鼠的照片用于显示不同组的治疗效果。
综上所述,通过结合TPP基团和环己二酮,本发明成功构建了新型反应性金纳米粒子dAuNP-TPP。在细胞实验中,基于PSA介导的固定化,dAuNP-TPP被证明在线粒体中特异性定位和锚定,从而增强细胞摄取和延长滞留时间,这可诱导显著的ATP减少和线粒体破坏,最终导致X射线辐射下的严重细胞死亡。更重要的是,本发明的纳米探针已被证明是优秀的放射增敏剂,可以有效提高体内4T1肿瘤的放射治疗效果。鉴于本研究中的这些结果,这种线粒体靶向和现场固定的方法将为临床实现有效的肿瘤放射治疗提供有价值的手段。
实现放射增敏剂在肿瘤细胞中的高积累和长时间保留是提高放射治疗效果的最有效途径之一。本发明报道了一种活性金纳米颗粒dAuNP-TPP,它是通过将(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸结合到AUNP(~20 nm)表面来制造的,用于改善肿瘤CT成像和放射治疗。该纳米系统显示肿瘤线粒体中的累积和保留显著增强,富集度约为非固定化AuNP-TPP的5.22倍。更值得注意的是,在细胞中共价固定dAuNP-TPP可诱导显著的ATP减少和线粒体破坏,再加上放射增敏效应,从而在体内实现乳腺肿瘤的有效放射治疗。这种针对亚细胞器的固定策略可能为高效肿瘤治疗提供一种有价值的通用工具。
Claims (10)
1.一种靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒,包括纳米颗粒及其表面的修饰物,其特征在于,所述修饰物包括甲氧基聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇-(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦复合物以及聚乙二醇-3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸复合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒,其特征在于,纳米颗粒为金属纳米颗粒、非金属纳米颗粒。
3.根据权利要求1所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒,其特征在于,聚乙二醇-(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦复合物为氨基聚乙二醇与(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦的反应产物;聚乙二醇-3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸复合物为氨基聚乙二醇与3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸的反应产物。
4.权利要求1所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:将氨基聚乙二醇修饰的纳米颗粒、(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸混合,反应得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒。
5.根据权利要求4所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,反应在室温下进行1~15小时。
6.根据权利要求4所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,将(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸分别活化后与氨基聚乙二醇修饰的纳米颗粒混合反应,得到靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒。
7.根据权利要求4所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒的制备方法,其特征在于,氨基聚乙二醇修饰的纳米颗粒、(3-丙羧基)三苯基溴化膦、3,5-二氧环己烷羧酸的质量比为1∶(5~10)∶(1~5)。
8.一种放射增敏剂,其特征在于,由权利要求1所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒制备得到。
9.权利要求1所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒在制备增加肿瘤放射治疗敏感性的药物中的应用。
10.权利要求1所述靶向增效滞留型纳米颗粒在制备影像诊断试剂中的应用。
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