CN114870880A - 一种可同步去除养殖污水中的cod、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备与应用 - Google Patents
一种可同步去除养殖污水中的cod、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附‑催化双功能材料的制备与应用,包括以下步骤:(1)氮化碳纳米片制备:以三聚氰胺为前驱体,在马弗炉中高温煅烧获得淡黄色固体;将固体研磨成粉末后再次送入马弗炉煅烧,获得氮化碳纳米片(g‑C3N4);(2)双功能材料制备:将步骤(1)中的g‑C3N4、La(NO3)3•6H2O和柠檬酸在乙醇溶液中充分混匀后,加入KOH溶液继续搅拌,转移至水热反应釜中,180~200℃下保持10~12 h,冷却后清洗,烘干,获得La(OH)3‑C3N4。该材料具有出色的吸附性能和光催化活性,在同步去除污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的应用中具有稳定的效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于双功能材料制备和水处理技术领域,涉及一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备与应用。
背景技术
养殖废水是典型的难处理废水之一,其中有机物浓度高COD高达3000~12000 mg/L,并含有大量氮磷,此外由于养殖业中出现抗生素应用不合理、消耗过量等情况,造成养殖污水中抗生素残留的问题,因此研发一种能够有效、低成本、可持续、环保地处理养殖废水中的有机物、磷和抗生素非常重要。由于纳米材料所具有小尺寸效应、量子尺寸效应和表面界面效应等特性,在催化与吸附方面都明显表现出与传统材料不同的特性,在水处理领域已经体现了良好的应用前景,但用于同步削减养殖污水中多种污染物的工作甚少。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种以超薄g-C3N4纳米片为载体,La(NO3)3·6H2O为镧源,合成吸附-催化双功能La(OH)3-C3N4材料的制备方法以及去除污水中COD、抗生素和磷的应用,以提供一种绿色高效的污水处理材料和处理方法。
La(OH)3与g-C3N4是两种吸附、催化性能优异的材料,将二者结合,形成p-n异质结构半导体,可有效提高电子-空穴对的分离效率,显著增强材料的光催化活性,同时形成的异质结材料颗粒的分散性也可以明显提升,因此具有协同增强吸附和光催化性能的特征,这种“增强型吸附-降解”双功能的新型环境净化材料应用于养殖污水的处理,可利用太阳光高效降解COD和抗生素,并可有效的吸附回收污水中的P元素。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明所采用的技术方案为:
一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)氮化碳纳米片(即超薄氮化碳纳米片)制备:以三聚氰胺为前驱体,在马弗炉中高温煅烧获得淡黄色固体;将固体研磨成粉末后再次送入马弗炉煅烧,获得氮化碳纳米片,所述氮化碳纳米片即g-C3N4纳米片(也称作超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4);
(2) 双功能材料制备:将步骤(1)制得的g-C3N4纳米片、La(NO3)3·6H2O和柠檬酸(作为保护剂)在乙醇溶液中充分混匀后,迅速加入KOH溶液继续搅拌一段时间,然后转移至水热反应釜中,180~200 ℃下保持10~12 h,冷却后用无水乙醇和去离子水清洗,烘干,获得La(OH)3-C3N4吸附-催化双功能材料。
步骤(1)具体为:以三聚氰胺为前驱体,在马弗炉中第一次高温煅烧制得g-C3N4固体,再将g-C3N4固体研磨成粉末(该粉末即g-C3N4粉末);将g-C3N4粉末放入马弗炉中二次煅烧制得g-C3N4纳米片(g-C3N4纳米片又称作超薄g-C3N4纳米片)。
步骤(2)具体为:将超薄g-C3N4纳米片、La(NO3)3·6H2O和柠檬酸(作为保护剂)在乙醇溶液中充分混匀后,迅速加入KOH溶液继续搅拌一段时间,然后转移至水热反应釜中,180~200 ℃下保持10~12 h,冷却后用无水乙醇和去离子水清洗,烘干,获得La(OH)3-C3N4吸附-催化双功能材料。
步骤(1)中第一次煅烧(简称为一次煅烧)必须将三聚氰胺装入带盖的氧化铝坩埚中,第二次煅烧(简称为二次煅烧)将g-C3N4粉末装入不带盖的氧化铝坩埚。第一次煅烧带盖是确保三聚氰胺在坩埚中受热均匀,同时能提高氮化碳产量;第二次煅烧不带盖是需要氮化碳在空气中进行高温氧化作用,将氮化碳剥离成超薄纳米片结构。
步骤(1)中第一次煅烧温度为550~600℃,第二次煅烧温度为500~550℃。
步骤(1)中第一次煅烧时马弗炉升温速率为1~2 ℃/min,第二次煅烧时马弗炉升温速率为5~8 ℃/min。在现有的研究中,煅烧氮化碳的升温速率从5~15 ℃/min不等,氮化碳的产量也有显著差异,本发明中马弗炉升温速率为1~2 ℃/min,氮化碳的产量能提高5%以上;第二次煅烧过程,马弗炉升温速率不再影响氮化碳产量,设置升温速率为5~8 ℃/min是为了充分进行二次热缩聚过程,将氮化碳剥离成超薄纳米片结构。
步骤(1)中第一次煅烧时,升温至到550~600℃后保温4~5 h;第二次煅烧时,升温至到500~550℃后保温2~3 h。
步骤(2)中的g-C3N4纳米片与La(NO3)3·6H2O的质量比为2:1~4:1;柠檬酸和La(NO3)3·6H2O物质的量比为1:1~2:1。
步骤(2)中的乙醇溶液体积分数为40%~60%。乙醇溶液由乙醇和去离子水混合而成,其中乙醇的体积分数为40%~60%。g-C3N4纳米片与40%~60%乙醇溶液的质量体积比为(2-4)g/(100-200)mL。
步骤(2)中KOH溶液的浓度为0.2~0.4 mol·L-1,g-C3N4纳米片与KOH溶液的质量体积比为(2-3)g/(10-20)mL。例如,当g-C3N4纳米片添加量为2-3g时,KOH溶液添加量为10-20mL。
步骤(2)中产物需要先后用无水乙醇和去离子水各清洗4遍(即先用无水乙醇清洗4次,再用去离子水清洗4次),烘干温度为60~80 ℃,烘干时间为5~7 h。
本发明的又一个目的是提供所述的制备方法制得的吸附-催化双功能La(OH)3-C3N4材料。
本发明的另一个目的是提供前述的吸附-催化双功能La(OH)3-C3N4材料在同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷中的应用。具体步骤为:向养殖污水中加入La(OH)3-C3N4材料,La(OH)3-C3N4材料的施加量为0.1-5 g·L-1,更优选地,La(OH)3-C3N4材料的施加量为0.2-1.2g·L-1;
经过稀释,待处理的养殖废水中,COD初始浓度优选为10-200mg/L,盐酸四环素初始浓度优选为10-60mg/L,磷酸盐浓度优选为10-150mg/L。
本发明与现有技术相比,其显著优点是:
本发明提供了一种吸附与光催化技术耦合联用的方法,g-C3N4具有易制备、可见光响应效果好和稳定无毒无污染的优点;La(OH)3材料可使吸附剂表现出优良的尺寸化效应,对磷具有极强的吸附能力,与水体中的磷酸盐反应生成不易溶于水的沉淀物。二者结合,La(OH)3颗粒均匀的分散在g-C3N4表面,有效防止了La离子团聚,使得磷酸盐与镧离子充分接触,显著提高了La的利用效率和吸附性能;此外,La(OH)3颗粒属于p型半导体材料,g-C3N4属于n型半导体材料,二者结合构建出p-n型异质结构半导体,能够有效提高电子-空穴对的分离效率,光催化活性显著增强;
第一次煅烧确保三聚氰胺在坩埚中受热均匀,同时能提高氮化碳产量;第二次煅烧确保氮化碳在空气中进行高温氧化作用,将氮化碳剥离成超薄纳米片结构。通过两次煅烧,提高了La(OH)3-C3N4吸附-催化双功能材料的催化性能,有助于实现养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的同步高效去除。
附图说明
图1为一次煅烧的氮化碳SEM图和两次煅烧的氮化碳SEM图;
图2为材料的SEM、TEM和EDS图,(a)和(b)是g-C3N4材料的SEM图和TEM图;(c)和(d)是La(OH)3-C3N4材料的SEM图和TEM图;(e)~(h)为La(OH)3-C3N4的SEM-EDS图谱;
图3为材料的N2吸附-脱附曲线图和孔径分布图;
图4为不同材料吸附磷酸盐能力的对比图;
图5为不同剂量的La(OH)3-C3N4吸附磷酸盐能力的对比图;
图6为不同材料光催化降解盐酸四环性能的对比图;
图7为La(OH)3-C3N4在氙灯下处理养殖废水中的COD、磷酸盐和盐酸四环素效果图;
图8为La(OH)3-C3N4在阳光下处理养殖废水中的COD、磷酸盐和盐酸四环素效果图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂、仪器等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1
称量250 g三聚氰胺装入500 mL带盖的氧化铝坩埚中,将坩埚置于马弗炉中以2℃·min-1的速率缓慢升温至600 ℃,并在此温度下保温4 h,待自然冷却后取出淡黄色块状固体,研磨成粉末后获得一次煅烧的g-C3N4(如图1中(a)所示);将一次煅烧的g-C3N4重新放入马弗炉,以8 ℃·min-1的速率升温至550 ℃,保温2 h,自然冷却后取出产物,最终获得淡黄色粉末状的超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4(如图1中(b)所示)。可以清晰的看出图1中的(a)所展现的一次煅烧的g-C3N4是二维的整体片层状结构,表面蓬松且粗糙;图1中的(b)所展现的超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4是更加“碎片化”的结构,比表面积显著增加,增加了材料与污染物的接触率,既能为吸附磷酸盐提供更多的吸附位点,又能促进材料表面的光生载流子分离,提高材料的光催化活性。
实施例2
准确称量3 g 实施例1制得的超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4(其为经过第一次煅烧和第二次煅烧后制得的)、1.083 g La(NO3)3·6H2O和0.9607 g柠檬酸(作为保护剂)加入100ml体积分数为50%的乙醇溶液中,磁力搅拌30 min;迅速往烧杯中加入20 mL浓度为0.2 mol·L-1的KOH溶液,再次磁力搅拌30 min后转入250 mL的水热反应釜,在200 ℃烘箱中反应10h,冷却至室温后取出产物(这里的产物指的是g-C3N4、La(NO3)3·6H2O和柠檬酸、乙醇溶液、KOH溶液混合后加入水热反应釜,在200 ℃烘箱中反应10 h所得产物,该产物为固液混合物,未固液分离),将产物分别用无水乙醇和去离子水洗涤4次(即先用无水乙醇清洗4次,再用去离子水清洗4次),离心分离后(离心分离得到固体产物)放置于烘箱中60 ℃烘干5h,即可得到La(OH)3-C3N4吸附-催化双功能材料。
对所制备的La(OH)3-C3N4吸附-催化双功能材料进行了多方面的分析和表征:通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和观察了材料的形貌,通过能量色散X射线光谱分析其表面元素组成,如图2所示:(a)和(b)是g-C3N4材料(即实施例1中经第一次煅烧和第二次煅烧所制得的超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4)的SEM图和TEM图,图中g-C3N4呈现出超薄纳米片结构,表面光滑蓬松,无明显气孔;从图2中的(c)和(d)是La(OH)3-C3N4材料(由本实施例制得)的SEM图和TEM图,可见准球形La(OH)3纳米颗粒(直径为10~50 nm)均匀分布在g-C3N4纳米片表面,有效避免了La(OH)3纳米颗粒团聚,而且材料表面未观察到游离的La(OH)3;(e)~(h)为La(OH)3-C3N4的SEM-EDS图谱,显示了材料表面极具丰富的C、N、O和La元素,进一步证实了La(OH)3成功负载到g-C3N4表面。
通过N2吸附-脱附实验分析了材料的比表面积、孔容和孔径的相关系数,如图3所示:(a)显示两种材料均出现H3回滞环的IV型吸附脱附曲线,表明材料表面出现一定的介孔结构;(b)是材料孔径分布图,结果进一步表明介孔结构的存在。定量分析材料形貌结构可知:g-C3N4的比表面积为40.69 m2·g-1,孔容为0.085 cm3·g-1,孔径为8.38 nm;La(OH)3-C3N4的比表面积为87.09 m2·g-1,孔容为0.192 cm3·g-1,孔径为8.81 nm,这些特征表明La(OH)3-C3N4纳米复合材料对应于介孔结构,而且比表面积和孔容两种参数显著提高,能够增强材料的吸附性能和催化性能。上述表征共同证明了La(OH)3与g-C3N4材料复合成功,而且材料的比表面积和孔容显著增加,具有良好的吸附和光催化潜力。
以下实施例均在常温下进行。
实施例3
本实施例通过添加g-C3N4(即实施例1中经第一次煅烧和第二次煅烧所制得的超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4)、La(OH)3和La(OH)3-C3N4三种不同材料进行磷酸盐吸附能力的考察,本实施例中的La(OH)3-C3N4制备方式同实施例2。使用磷酸二氢钾配置若干份20 mg/L的磷酸盐溶液(50 mL),各称量5 mg的g-C3N4、La(OH)3和La(OH)3-C3N4材料进行实验,吸附平衡后计算磷酸盐的吸附量和镧利用率。实验结果见图4:三种材料的饱和吸附量分别为18.99mg·g-1、142.39 mg·g-1和137.78 mg·g-1,g-C3N4的吸附量仅有镧系材料的1/7左右。用ICP-OES测得镧含量(La)并计算吸附P的镧利用率,La(OH)3和La(OH)3-C3N4的镧含量分别为29.75%和16.29%,La(OH)3-C3N4中的镧含量比La(OH)3低13.46%,而吸附量仅降低了4.61mg·g-1,由此可见La(OH)3-C3N4中的镧的利用率显著提高。其主要原因是La(OH)3负载到g-C3N4表面,显著提高了La元素分散性,避免了团聚效应,使得La3+能够与PO4 3-充分结合,提高了对La的利用率从而具备良好的吸附性能。
实施例4
本实施例通过添加不同La(OH)3-C3N4材料剂量进行磷酸盐吸附能力考察,本实施例中的La(OH)3-C3N4制备方式同实施例2。使用磷酸二氢钾配置若干份100 mg/L的磷酸盐溶液(50 mL),分别称量5 mg、25 mg、50 mg、75 mg和100 mg的La(OH)3-C3N4进行实验,吸附平衡后测定剩余PO4 3-浓度,计算去除率和吸附量。实验结果如图5:磷酸盐的去除率随着吸附材料剂量的增加而提高,材料添加量高于1.0 g·L-1时,去除率均高于98%;在剂量为1.0g·L-1时达到效率峰值,更多的剂量会导致材料吸附不饱和,降低了材料的利益率,因此,在考虑经济效益的情况下,处理高浓度PO4 3-废水(100 mg·L-1),1.0 g·L-1的剂量被认为是最佳投加量。
实施例5
各称量0.4 g·L-1的g-C3N4(即实施例1中经第一次煅烧和第二次煅烧所制得的超薄氮化碳纳米片g-C3N4)和La(OH)3-C3N4溶于初始浓度为40 mg·L-1的盐酸四环素溶液中进行暗吸附和光催化降解实验,此外再设置一组不添加光催化剂的空白进行对照,每隔一段时间取样,测定剩余盐酸四环素的浓度,本实施例中的La(OH)3-C3N4制备方式同实施例2。实验结果如图6:(a)在未添加催化剂的情况下,TC-HCl自身降解效率为12%左右。纯g-C3N4在暗吸附阶段效果不佳,经过4h的光催化反应后,TC-HCl的去除率为36.82%;La(OH)3-C3N4材料的降解性能最好,前1h的暗吸附过程中可吸附71.43%的TC-HCl,光催化降解后,TC-HCl总体去除率可以达到90.12%。图6中,(b)对光催化反应过程的数据结果进行一级动力学模型拟合,三条曲线均符合一级动力学方程,纯g-C3N4的光降解速率k=0.0657 h-1,La(OH)3-C3N4的光降解速率k=0.2633 h-1,两者对比,La(OH)3-C3N4的速率常数是g-C3N4的4倍,复合材料的光催化活性明显优于纯g-C3N4。综上所述:经La(OH)3改性的g-C3N4材料,在对盐酸四环素的总体去除效果和光催化活性都有显著的提升。
实施例6
通过氙灯模拟太阳光同步去除实际污水中的磷酸盐、盐酸四环素和COD,本实施例中的La(OH)3-C3N4制备方式同实施例2。实际污水来源于南京市某养殖场,滤除废水中杂质后将废液稀释至原来的5倍,再根据废水中磷酸盐、盐酸四环素和COD含量决定投加不同剂量La(OH)3-C3N4光催化剂,5 h后测定实际污水中剩余磷酸盐和盐酸四环素浓度并计算去除率。结果如图7:稀释后的养殖废水中盐酸四环素的含量约为35 mg·L-1,不添加催化剂直接光催化4h,自身降解效率仅有1.32%;当La(OH)3-C3N4的添加量为0.2 g·L-1,盐酸四环素的降解效率为63.54%;随着La(OH)3-C3N4的添加量继续提高到0.4和0.8 g·L-1时,降解效率也提高到66.58和71.59%,说明La(OH)3-C3N4处理复杂的养殖废水,也能保持稳定的降解效率。此外,我们同时检测了养殖废水中的PO4 3-含量的变化,测得稀释后的废水中PO4 3-浓度约为57.69 mg·L-1,La(OH)3-C3N4的剂量为0.2 g·L-1,PO4 3-的去除率为43.2%,吸附量为124.92mg·g-1,接近饱和吸附的状态;当添加量逐渐增加,PO4 3-的去除率也分别提升至81.29%和97.83%,吸附量分别为117.24 mg·g-1和70.55 mg·g-1。稀释后的COD的浓度约为150 mg·L-1,La(OH)3-C3N4的添加量分别为0.2、0.4和0.8 g·L-1时,COD的去除率分别为47.23%、60.89%和77.53%。综上所述,La(OH)3-C3N4是一种吸附-催化双功能的环境纳米材料,它不仅在吸附PO4 3-领域具有相当高的吸附容量,而且在光催化降解盐酸四环素和COD领域拥有优异的表现,通过吸附过程和光催化同步去除磷、盐酸四环素和COD污染物。
实施例7
在户外太阳光下同步去除实际污水中的磷酸盐、盐酸四环素和COD,本实施例中的La(OH)3-C3N4制备方式同实施例2。污水来源于南京市某养殖场,滤除废水中杂质后将废液稀释至原来的的5倍,量取50 mL实际污水装入规格为150 mL的锥形瓶中,通过微量增氧泵曝气确保光催化剂不会沉底。稀释后的养殖废水中盐酸四环素的含量约为35 mg·L-1,降解一段时间后测定实际污水中剩余磷酸盐、盐酸四环素和COD浓度并计算去除率。结果如图8:不添加催化剂4h后,盐酸四环素的含量几乎不变,降解效率仅有0.8%;控制La(OH)3-C3N4的剂量增加到0.2、0.4和0.8 g·L-1时,盐酸四环素的降解效率也提升至37.67%、47.38%和56.31%,说明当La(OH)3-C3N4的投加量为0.8 g·L-1时,在太阳光照下处理实际养殖污水,对盐酸四环素也有良好的降解效率;同样也测定了废水中PO4 3-和COD含量的变化,La(OH)3-C3N4的剂量增加到0.2、0.4和0.8 g·L-1时,磷酸盐的去除率分别为41.48%、76.63%和89.9%;COD的去除率分别为40.35%、55.56%和69.63%,进一步验证了该材料优异的实际应用性能。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征和优点。本行业技术人员应该了解,上述实施例不以任何形式限制本发明,凡采用等同替换或者等效变换的方式获得技术方案的,均落在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)氮化碳纳米片制备:以三聚氰胺为前驱体,在马弗炉中高温煅烧获得淡黄色固体;将固体研磨成粉末后再次送入马弗炉煅烧,获得氮化碳纳米片,所述氮化碳纳米片即g-C3N4纳米片;
(2) 双功能材料制备:将步骤(1)制得的g-C3N4纳米片、La(NO3)3·6H2O和柠檬酸在乙醇溶液中充分混匀后,迅速加入KOH溶液继续搅拌一段时间,然后转移至水热反应釜中,180~200 ℃下保持10~12 h,冷却后用无水乙醇和去离子水清洗,烘干,获得La(OH)3-C3N4吸附-催化双功能材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)具体为:以三聚氰胺为前驱体,在马弗炉中第一次高温煅烧制得g-C3N4固体,再将g-C3N4固体研磨成粉末;将g-C3N4粉末放入马弗炉中二次煅烧制得g-C3N4纳米片。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中第一次煅烧需将三聚氰胺装入带盖的氧化铝坩埚中,第二次煅烧将g-C3N4粉末装入不带盖的氧化铝坩埚。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中第一次煅烧温度为550~600℃,第二次煅烧温度为500~550℃。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中第一次煅烧时马弗炉升温速率为1~2 ℃/min;第二次煅烧时马弗炉升温速率为5~8 ℃/min;
步骤(1)中第一次煅烧时,升温至到550~600℃后保温4~5 h;第二次煅烧时,升温至到500~550℃后保温2~3 h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中的g-C3N4纳米片与La(NO3)3·6H2O的质量比为2:1~4:1;柠檬酸和La(NO3)3·6H2O物质的量比为1:1~2:1。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中的乙醇溶液体积分数为40%~60%;步骤(2)中KOH溶液的浓度为0.2~0.4 mol/L,g-C3N4纳米片与KOH溶液的质量体积比为(2-3)g/(10-20)mL。
8.根据权利要求3所述的一种可同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷的吸附-催化双功能材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中产物先后用无水乙醇和去离子水各清洗4遍,烘干温度为60~80 ℃,烘干时间为5~7 h。
9.根据权利要求1~8任一项所述的制备方法制得的吸附-催化双功能La(OH)3-C3N4材料。
10.权利要求9所述的吸附-催化双功能La(OH)3-C3N4材料在同步去除养殖污水中的COD、抗生素和磷中的应用,其特征在于:向养殖污水中加入La(OH)3-C3N4材料,La(OH)3-C3N4材料的施加量为0.1-5 g·L-1。
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