CN114570386B - 一种异构高熵合金催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种异构高熵合金催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种异构高熵合金催化剂及其制备方法和应用,所述异构高熵合金催化剂由表面贵金属和非贵金属高熵合金载体构成。所述异构高熵合金催化剂的制备包括配制非贵金属盐溶液、非贵金属的负载、非贵金属高熵合金的制备、异构高熵合金催化剂的制备四个主要步骤。本发明中的异构高熵合金催化剂,少量贵金属只分布于高熵合金表面,内部非贵金属高熵合金多元协调表面贵金属的电子结构提高催化活性,同时内部的高熵合金具有高熵稳定性,本发明提供的异构高熵合金催化剂具有成本低、活性高、稳定性高等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于合金催化剂制备技术领域,具体涉及一种异构高熵合金催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
催化剂是各种清洁能源转换技术的核心组元。贵金属催化剂目前仍然是最先进的高效催化剂,由于它们具有高的本征活性。但是它们的低储量、高花费、低稳定性限制了其大规模利用。因此,降低贵金属载量同时保持高活性和稳定性是高性能催化剂设计的关键。非贵金属与贵金属Pt、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pd合金化不仅仅减少贵金属含量,而且能调整贵金属电子结构,从而提高活性位点的本征活性及催化性能。
高熵合金(HEAs)指的是含五种或五种以上金属元素且原子比相近的单相合金,其是近年来多元合金催化材料的研究热点。相比于少元合金,高熵合金可通过成分设计,实现合金表面电子结构及吸附能的调节。而且得益于其自身高熵驱动的热力学及结构稳定性,高熵合金通常展现出很好的稳定性。专利文献CN113522308A提供了一种高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,制备得到的催化剂为球状粒子,Ir含量高,超过10%,其贵金属含量高,成本高。同时,催化反应通常只发生在催化剂表面,内部的贵金属没有参与反应造成贵金属浪费,传统均质高熵合金只有少量贵金属暴露在表面,大量的贵金属位于内部未被利用。因此,设计贵金属充分暴露同时兼具多元协调作用的催化剂是非常有必要的。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的不足,本发明的目的之一在于提供一种异构高熵合金催化剂,少量贵金属元素分布在非贵金属高熵合金的表面,能够充分暴露贵金属,提高催化剂的催化活性,降低贵金属用量。
本发明的另外一个目的在于提供一种所述异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,工艺简单,成本低。
本发明的另外一个目的在于提供一种所述异构高熵合金催化剂在电化学催化中的应用,包括电解水、燃料电池、金属空气电池。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种异构高熵合金催化剂,所述异构高熵合金催化剂由表面贵金属和非贵金属高熵合金载体构成。
优选的,所述异构高熵合金中非贵金属的原子百分含量为95~99.95%,所述贵金属的原子百分含量为0.05~5%;其中,所述贵金属选自Pt、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pd、Au、Ag中的一种或多种;所述非贵金属高熵合金选自元素周期表中所有的非贵金属,例如Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sn、Hf、Ta、W、La、Ce中的四种或以上。
本发明还要求保护所述异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制非贵金属盐溶液;
(2)非贵金属的负载:将步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液滴加到基体上,非贵金属的负载量为1~40%;
(3)非贵金属高熵合金的制备:利用脉冲焦耳加热、快速热辐射、激光或微波方法对步骤(2)中负载有非贵金属的基体进行快速加热,加热完成后,即得非贵金属高熵合金;
(4)异构高熵合金催化剂的制备:利用置换反应、焦耳加热或电沉积对步骤(3)得到的非贵金属高熵合金进行处理,从而将贵金属负载到非贵金属高熵合金表面,处理完成后即得异构高熵合金催化剂。
优选的,步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液的浓度为0.01~1mol/L。
优选的,步骤(3)中快速加热的温度为800~3000℃,加热时间为1ms~2s。
优选的,步骤(4)中所述置换反应的具体步骤为:将所得非贵金属高熵合金浸泡于浓度为0.01~0.1mol/L的贵金属盐溶液中进行置换反应,置换时间为10s~30min。
优选的,步骤(4)中所述焦耳加热的具体步骤为:将浓度为0.01~0.1mol/L的贵金属盐溶液直接滴加到所得非贵金属高熵合金中,烘干后得前驱体;将所述前驱体铺在基体上,随后用脉冲焦耳加热、快速热辐射、激光或微波方法加热,加热温度为800~3000℃,加热时间为1ms~2s。
优选的,步骤(4)中所述电沉积的具体步骤为:将1mmol的贵金属盐添加到1mol/L的KOH溶液中作为电解液,随后将负载非贵金属高熵合金的基体作为工作电极,碳棒作为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极作为参比电极,在-1V的电位下电沉积1s-300s。
优选的,所述基体选自碳黑、碳布、碳纸、碳化木头、氧化物、氮化物中的一种或多种。
本发明还保护所述异构高熵合金催化剂在电化学催化中的应用,包括电解水、燃料电池、金属空气电池。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
(1)本发明提供的一种异构高熵合金催化剂,以非贵金属高熵合金作为载体,将贵金属负载在其表面,以此构建异构高熵合金催化剂;贵金属元素的含量低,不超过5%,极大地降低了贵金属含量的使用,同时贵金属能够高度分散于催化剂的表面,充分暴露活性位点,提高催化活性;本发明中的异构高熵合金催化剂,只有表面有少量贵金属,内部高熵合金多元协调表面贵金属的电子结构,同时内部的高熵合金具有高熵稳定性。总之,本发明提供的异构高熵合金催化剂具有成本低、活性高、稳定性高等优点。
(2)本发明提供的一种异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,制备工艺简单,过程可控。
(3)本发明提供的一种异构高熵合金催化剂应用于析氢反应,具有高的电流密度(-0.1V下可达614mA/cm2、-0.05V下可达235mA/cm2),过电位低,性能优异。
附图说明
图1为实施例1非贵金属高熵合金扫描图及粒径分布;
图2为实施例1异构高熵合金扫描图及粒径分布;
图3为实施例1异构高熵合金透射图及粒径分布;
图4为实施例1异构高熵合金(HEA@Pt)的元素分布图;
图5为实施例1异构高熵合金(HEA@Pt)、均质高熵合金HEA-Pt、Pt以及商业Pt/C的几何面积线性扫描伏安曲线;
图6为实施例1异构高熵合金(HEA@Pt)、均质高熵合金HEA-Pt、Pt以及商业Pt/C的质量线性扫描伏安曲线;
图7为异构高熵合金(HEA@Pt)、Pt以及商业Pt/C的恒电位曲线。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施方式,对本发明实施方式中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施方式仅仅是本发明一部分实施方式,而不是全部的实施方式。基于本发明中的实施方式,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施方式,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制非贵金属盐溶液:按照0.05mol/L的浓度,分别配置0.05moL/L FeCl3、CoCl2、NiCl2和CuCl2的盐溶液,取上述四种盐溶液,等量均匀混合后备用;
(2)非贵金属的负载:将800μL步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液滴加到碳化木头上,控制非贵金属的负载量为10%,烘干后备用;
(3)非贵金属高熵合金的制备:将步骤(2)中负载有非贵金属的碳化木头用铜电极夹进行固定,随后利用脉冲直流电源(输出电流为20A,输出电压为100V)进行焦耳加热,加热温度1000℃,加热时间为300ms,加热完成后,即得非贵金属高熵合金;
(4)异构高熵合金催化剂的制备:将步骤(3)得到的非贵金属高熵合金浸泡于0.05moL/L的H2PtCl6溶液中2min,浸泡完成后,即得异构高熵合金催化剂,记为HEA@Pt。
实施例2
一种异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制非贵金属盐溶液:按照0.05mol/L的浓度,分别配置0.05moL/L FeCl3、CoCl2、NiCl2和SnCl2的盐溶液,取上述四种盐溶液,等量均匀混合后备用;
(2)非贵金属的负载:将800μL步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液滴加到碳黑上,控制非贵金属的负载量为10%,烘干后备用;
(3)非贵金属高熵合金的制备:将碳布用铜电极夹固定,随后将步骤(2)中负载有非贵金属的碳黑铜电极夹进行固定,随后利用脉冲直流电源(输出电流为20A,输出电压为100V)进行焦耳加热,加热温度1000℃,加热时间为300ms,加热完成后,即得非贵金属高熵合金;
(4)前驱体的制备:将浓度为0.05mol/L的PdCl2溶液滴加到所得非贵金属高熵合金中,控制Pd的负载量为0.05%,烘干后即得前驱体;
(5)异构高熵合金催化剂的制备:将碳布用铜电极夹固定,将步骤(4)中所述前驱体铺在碳布上,接着用脉冲直流电源(输出电流为20A,输出电压为100V)进行焦耳加热,加热温度为1000℃,加热时间为300ms,即得异构高熵合金催化剂,记为HEA@Pd。
实施例3
一种异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制非贵金属盐溶液:按照0.05mol/L的浓度,分别配置0.08moL/L FeCl3、CoCl2、NiCl2和CuCl2的盐溶液,取上述四种盐溶液,等量均匀混合后备用;
(2)非贵金属的负载:将800μL步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液滴加到碳纸上,控制非贵金属的负载量为15%,烘干后备用;
(3)非贵金属高熵合金的制备:将步骤(2)中负载有非贵金属的碳纸用铜电极夹进行固定,随后利用脉冲直流电源(输出电流为20A,输出电压为100V)进行焦耳加热,加热温度1200℃,加热时间为200ms,加热完成后,即得非贵金属高熵合金;
(4)异构高熵合金催化剂的制备:将1mmol浓度为0.05moL/L的H2PtCl6溶液到1mol/L的KOH溶液中作为电解液,随后将负载非贵金属高熵合金的碳纸作为工作电极,碳棒作为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极作为参比电极,在-1V的电位下电沉积300s,即得异构高熵合金催化剂,记为HEA@Pt。
将实施例1、均质合金催化剂、商业的Pt/C进行性能测试,其中电镜图、粒径分布、元素分布测试结果见图1~4;电催化析氢性能测试结果见图5~图7。
其中,电催化析氢性能测试方法如下:于1mol/L KOH溶液中,将异构高熵合金催化剂作为工作电极,碳棒作为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极作为参比电极,进行线性扫描伏安法测试电催化析氢性能,电位范围为-0.5-0V vs RHE,扫描速率为5mV/s,以及恒电流稳定性测试,测试电流为10mA cm-2,测试时间为100h。
本发明通过上述实施例来说明本发明的技术构思,但本发明并不局限于上述实施例,即不意味着本发明必须依赖上述实施例才能实施。所属技术领域的技术人员应该明了,对本发明的任何改进,对本发明产品个别原料的等效替换及辅助成分的添加、具体方式的选择等,均落在本发明的保护范围和公开范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种异构高熵合金催化剂,其特征在于,所述异构高熵合金催化剂由表面贵金属和非贵金属高熵合金载体构成;
所述异构高熵合金中非贵金属的原子百分含量为95~99.95%,所述贵金属的原子百分含量为0.05~5%;其中,所述贵金属选自Pt、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pd、Au、Ag中的一种或多种;所述非贵金属高熵合金选自Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sn、Hf、Ta、W、La、Ce中的四种或以上。
2.一种权利要求1所述异构高熵合金催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)配制非贵金属盐溶液;
(2)非贵金属的负载:将步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液滴加到基体上,非贵金属的负载量为1~40%;
(3)非贵金属高熵合金的制备:利用脉冲焦耳加热、快速热辐射、激光或微波方法对步骤(2)中负载有非贵金属的基体进行快速加热,加热完成后,即得非贵金属高熵合金;
(4)异构高熵合金催化剂的制备:利用置换反应、焦耳加热或电沉积对步骤(3)得到的非贵金属高熵合金进行处理,从而将贵金属负载到非贵金属高熵合金表面,处理完成后即得异构高熵合金催化剂;
步骤(4)中,所述置换反应的具体步骤为:将所得非贵金属高熵合金浸泡于浓度为0.01~0.1mol/L的贵金属盐溶液中进行置换反应,置换时间为10s~30min;
步骤(4)中,所述焦耳加热的具体步骤为:将浓度为0.01~0.1mol/L的贵金属盐溶液直接滴加到所得非贵金属高熵合金中,烘干后得前驱体;将所述前驱体铺在基体上,随后用脉冲焦耳加热,加热温度为800~3000℃,加热时间为1ms~2s;
步骤(4)中,所述电沉积的具体步骤为:将1mmol的贵金属盐添加到1mol/L的KOH溶液中作为电解液,随后将负载非贵金属高熵合金的基体作为工作电极,碳棒作为对电极,Ag/AgCl电极作为参比电极,在-1V的电位下电沉积1s-300s。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中非贵金属盐溶液的浓度为0.01~1mol/L。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中快速加热的温度为800~3000℃,加热时间为1ms~2s。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述基体选自碳黑、碳布、碳纸、碳化木头、氧化物、氮化物中的一种或多种。
6.权利要求1所述异构高熵合金催化剂在电化学催化中的应用,其特征在于,包括电解水、燃料电池、金属空气电池。
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