CN114542850A - 防火覆盖层 - Google Patents

防火覆盖层 Download PDF

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CN114542850A
CN114542850A CN202111419977.3A CN202111419977A CN114542850A CN 114542850 A CN114542850 A CN 114542850A CN 202111419977 A CN202111419977 A CN 202111419977A CN 114542850 A CN114542850 A CN 114542850A
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heat
layer
layers
fire
covering
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文森特·雷拉德
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Soletanche Freyssinet SA
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Soletanche Freyssinet SA
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    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
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    • F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
    • F16L59/02—Shape or form of insulating materials, with or without coverings integral with the insulating materials
    • F16L59/029—Shape or form of insulating materials, with or without coverings integral with the insulating materials layered
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
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Abstract

一种防火覆盖层，其包括与被保护的设备(1)接触的一层或多层隔热材料(2)，覆盖隔热材料的一层或多层吸热材料(4a，4b)和设置在所述隔热材料和吸热材料之间的隔汽层(3)。

Description

防火覆盖层
技术领域
本发明涉及包括由多个叠加的纤维层组成的防火覆盖层领域。这种类型的覆盖层特别用于覆盖和保护电缆或管道通道。
背景技术
防火覆盖层尤其是在文献EP0612540A1和FR2973252 A1中已知。这些覆盖层特别适用于需要高度安全的工业设备，例如核电站或加工化学产品的工厂。
这类覆盖层应该能够避免它们所覆盖的设备的过快加热，但是又不会太笨重。
在一些情况下，希望在受覆盖层保护的一侧保持低温，例如在给定时间内暴露于火的热量的情况下低于100℃。
上述文献FR2973252A1特别提出，在两个纤维层之间加入一层耐火胶，该胶包括活性元素，其能在温度升高时释放水，并在胶层中放置一个与纤维层平行延伸并浸渍有耐火胶的透汽支架。
从文献EP0820326B1中也知道一种吸热覆盖层，这种覆盖层单独使用以防止其所保护设备的温度上升超过100℃。因此，使用释放水的吸热材料可以在发生火灾时根据设备上吸热材料的质量限制温度上升至100℃。吸热覆盖层也可以通过吸热系统制成，该吸热系统包括敷在例如矿物棉(岩棉)等纤维材料层之间的吸热胶。
技术问题
然而，这些材料不允许使用可接受的厚度和质量的保护层将受保护设备的温度在足够长的时间内进一步降低至100℃以下。然而，对于某些设备来说，在发生火灾时，希望能在使用相对轻便灵活的保护系统的情况下，将温度保持在100℃以下至少30分钟到1小时的相对较长的时间，特别是对于悬挂式管道的保护。
此外，除了火灾之外，如果吸热系统或材料经受高温，例如含有热流体的管道的温度，吸热系统或材料就会失去其效力，因此在这种情况下无法使用。
发明内容
鉴于现有技术，本申请提供了一种防火覆盖层，旨在将诸如管道等设备的温度降低至100℃以下，持续足够的时间以抵御火灾或使连接系统安全，特别是在待保护的设备周围空间发生火灾时，维持时间大于1小时。本发明为此目的提供了一种用于设备的防火覆盖层，其包括覆盖所述设备的一层或多层隔热材料、覆盖所述隔热材料层的隔汽层和覆盖所述隔气层的一层或多层吸热材料。
因此，在保护覆盖层的外侧发生火灾时，隔热材料受到保护，免受来自吸热材料的水汽涌入，从而使其温度低于100℃，只要吸热材料将后者温度保持在水汽屏障的水平。
在以下段落中阐述的特征对应于可以彼此独立或彼此组合实施的实施例。
优选地，隔热材料是一种导热系数小于20mW.m-1.K-1的称为超级隔热的材料。
超级隔热材料是二氧化硅气凝胶、聚氨酯气凝胶或微孔材料。
隔汽层有利地是铝膜或薄膜或涂有硅材料的织物。它应该很薄，以免过多地增加保护层的体积和质量，并在100℃左右的温度下保持其隔汽性和尺寸特性，以保持其有效性。
隔汽层也可以是聚合物材料的薄膜或膜，在100℃以上的温度下保持其密封性能。
吸热材料有利地是纤维复合物，其包含可热释放的含水分子的干燥颗粒，例如金属或类金属氧化物的水合物和/或氢氧化镁。
所述吸热材料是一种物理吸热反应材料，特别是相变材料或化学吸热材料。
吸热材料可由多层纤维材料组成，如矿物棉，通过吸热胶粘合在一起。
吸热胶最好是水相硅酸盐基胶。
吸热材料层的厚度优选在20厘米至100厘米之间，具体取决于要保护的管道或电缆桥架所在封闭空间内可能发生的火灾类型以及所需的保护时间。
对于超级隔热材料来说，隔热材料层的厚度最好在5厘米到40厘米之间，这取决于在要保护的管道或电缆桥架上所不希望超过的温度。
保护罩有利地覆盖了吸热材料层。
附图说明
本发明的其他特征、细节和优点将从以下对本发明的非限制性实例的详细描述和对附图的分析中变得明显，其中:
图1显示了根据第一实施例的覆盖有带有隔汽层的保护层的管道的示意性剖视图；
图2示出了根据第二实施例的覆盖有带有隔汽层的保护层的管道的示意性纵向截面图；
图3A示出了在没有隔蒸层的情况下包裹在管道上的保护元件的半侧视图示例；
图3B示出了在带有隔蒸层的情况下包裹在管道上的保护元件的半侧视图示例；
图4A示出了图3A的实施例的温度图；
图4B示出了图3B的实施例的温度图；
图5示出了管道上保护层实施例的透视图。
具体实施方式
以下附图和描述包含的内容不仅可以用于提高对本发明的理解，而且还可以在适当的时候有助于对其进行定义。
本发明涉及一种防火系统，适用于管道、阀门、电缆桥架的保温和防火。该防火系统旨在发生火灾时，在规定的时间内限制设备的温度上升。如上所述，使用吸热释水系统可以在发生火灾时将温度限制在100℃一段时间，这取决于设备上系统材料的厚度，但在设备遭受火灾时不能将温度维持在100℃以下。
为了将温度维持在100℃以下超过一个小时，最好使用超级隔热材料，即热导率低于20mW.m-1.K-1的材料。与聚氨酯泡沫或纤维素絮状物等隔热材料相比，这样的材料可以使设备得到完美的隔热，并减少隔热层的厚度。可以使用的超级隔热材料是，例如，二氧化硅气凝胶、聚氨酯气凝胶或微孔材料，如气相二氧化硅和遮光剂的混合物，由细丝或金属氧化物(如TiO2)焊接而成。然而，即使是这样的材料也会导致很大的厚度和保护质量。
为了将保护装置的质量和体积保持在合理的比例，例如复合体的密度在130kg/m3和500kg/m3之间，同时将被保护物体处的温度降低到100℃以下，持续时间超过一小时，本发明是基于超级隔热保护和吸热保护的组合，在两者之间插入一个隔汽层，以保护超级隔热材料免于在吸热材料处释放水汽。
图1示出了诸如管道的装置1的横截面，例如为热力系统输送冷却液的管子，该管子的一部分被覆盖层保护，防止火灾期间过度加热。
根据该图，保护装置包括环绕管道的超级隔热材料层2、隔汽层3、吸热材料层4和保护套5。保护套5对本发明来说不是必须的，但可以机械地保护吸热材料。
超级隔热材料例如是以并列的板块形式敷在管道上，或以条状物的形式螺旋地缠绕在管道上。
在超级隔热材料层上设置隔汽层3，这是一层薄薄的材料，例如铝箔或薄膜或耐热织物，例如玻璃织物，上面涂有密封材料，例如硅材料或聚合材料，在100℃以上的温度下保持其密封性能。聚合物材料例如可以是聚酯或聚乙烯。
隔汽层上覆盖着一层吸热材料4，它在与火接触时释放出水，从而限制其加热，直到水蒸发。
吸热材料可以纤维状复合物，其包含可释放热量的含水分子的干燥颗粒，例如金属氧化物或类金属化合物的水合物，例如水合氧化铝Al2O3,3H2O或氢氧化镁MgO2,2H2，或者多层交替的纤维状材料和吸热胶层。
根据防火标准和材料情况，材料的厚度可能会有所不同，在这种情况下，图2显示了一个变体的纵向截面，其中材料以多层材料沉积在管道1上，保护层因此包括管子和隔汽层3之间的四层超级隔热材料2a、2b、2c、2d，以及隔汽层上面的两层矿棉4a、4b和两层吸热胶41a、41b。第一层胶位于隔汽层3和矿棉层4a之间，第二层位于矿棉层4a、4b之间。
在图3A中，一根管道1，例如一根钢管，被单层的超级隔热材料2覆盖，例如以微孔超级隔热材料的半壳形式。该层覆盖有一层吸热胶41a，一层纤维材料板4a，再一层吸热胶41b和第二层纤维材料板4b。这些板在纵向和圆周方向上交错排列，并相互贴合，以消除热桥。
本实施例配备了热电偶，第一热电偶7a在超级隔热材料层2，第二热电偶7b在超级隔热材料层2和第一层吸热材料之间，第三热电偶7c在两层纤维材料4a、4b之间。
材料层的厚度，对于超级隔热材料为5cm至50cm之间，通常为6cm至30cm之间，以及对于吸热纤维材料为20cm至100cm，通常为25cm至80cm之间。超级隔热材料层的材料在这里是一种微孔材料，如上图所示，呈半壳状。吸热纤维材料是基于矿物纤维和碱土硅酸盐颗粒、水合氧化铝或氢氧化镁或任何类型的具有物理吸热反应的材料，例如具有相变或化学反应，单位面积质量为4.5kg/m2，吸热胶是水相的硅酸盐类胶。曲线表示管道处的温度与时间的关系。
图4A中的曲线表示在测试期间热电偶7a、7b、7c的温度与时间的关系曲线，其中测试温度根据标准化曲线I SO 834代表火灾，其温度变化根据以下公式计算:
T＝20+345l og10(8t+1)
其中T＝以摄氏度为单位的平均炉内温度
t＝持续时间分钟
对于这个试验，压力设定点也是23帕。
在这个试验中，曲线10显示，在吸热材料层之间的热电偶7c处的吸热材料温度迅速上升。根据曲线11，在阶段20的30分钟后，热电偶7b的温度上升到100℃，直到大约90分钟时，吸热材料在拐点21开始完全降解。只要材料中存在产生水汽的水，吸热型胶向纤维材料中释放的水就会限制温度的上升。然后热电偶7b的温度开始上升，直到达到火灾温度。根据曲线12，在与超级隔热材料下的管道接触的热电偶7a处，温度在大约40秒时在拐点23处上升到100℃，在大约160秒时在拐点22之前保持在大约100℃，然后再上升。在这种情况下，可以看出，由于水迁移到材料中，超级隔热材料无法在足够长的时间内保持温度低于100℃。
图3B的装置是一种保护元件，其中，如图3A一样，在超级隔热材料层2和由两层矿棉4a、4b和两层胶41a、41b组成的吸热材料之间，插有隔气层3。矿棉在这里也以并列的板块形式出现。热电偶7d被安排在隔汽层3的吸热材料层4a的一侧，热电偶7e被安排在超级隔热材料层和管道1之间，以及热电偶7f被安排在矿棉层4a、4b之间。
图4B显示了带有隔汽层的这种配置的测试，其中没有显示吸热层之间的热电偶7f处的温度，因为它与图4A中的温度类似。根据对应于热电偶7d的曲线13，在大约30分钟处的拐点24和大约80分钟处的拐点26之间总是有一个100℃的平台，对应于吸热材料中水汽的释放。另一方面，根据热电偶7e处的曲线14，可以看出，在管道1处暴露在火中30分钟到110分钟之间，温度几乎是线性上升，达到100℃，然后在拐点25之后急剧上升。这是因为，由于有了隔汽层，吸热材料释放的水不会迁移到超级隔热材料中，只要它本身不受火焰的攻击，就能保持其隔热性能。
因此，只要吸热材料在屏障处甚至超过屏障处的温度保持在100℃，与管道1接触的超级隔热材料在30分钟和110分钟之间温度几乎线性地朝100℃增加。由于没有水的迁移，超级隔热材料的有效性不会降低。
因此，与不具有隔汽层的两种材料组合相比，保护的有效性得到了提高。
图5示意性地显示了部分解构的实施例，其中材料在管道1上呈条状形式。
根据该实施例子，两个超级隔热材料条2a、2b螺旋式地缠绕在管道上，并在厚度之间有所偏移，以便覆盖并排的螺旋部分之间的连接处。隔汽层3(薄膜或覆盖层织物)被缠绕成螺旋形，覆盖着连续边缘6，吸热材料4本身被缠绕成螺旋形。
本发明并不局限于上述示例(仅作为示例)，而是包括本领域技术人员在所需的保护方面可能设想的所有变体，特别是，超级隔热材料和吸热材料层的厚度可以根据保护设备所需的温度来调整。

Claims (11)

1.用于设备(1)的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，其包括覆盖所述设备(1)的一层或多层(2，2a，2b，2c，2d)隔热材料(2)，覆盖所述隔热材料层的隔汽层(3)和覆盖所述隔汽层的一层或多层(4a，4b，4c，4d)吸热材料(4)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述隔热材料(2)是一种称为超级隔热的导热系数小于20mW.m-1.K-1的材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述超级隔热材料是二氧化硅气凝胶、聚氨酯气凝胶或微孔材料。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述隔汽层(3)是在至少100℃的温度下保持其密封性能的铝或聚合物薄膜或膜，或者是涂有硅材料的织物。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任何一项所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述吸热材料(4)是一种物理吸热反应材料，特别是相变材料或化学吸热材料。
6.根据前述任何一项权利要求所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述吸热材料(4)是纤维状复合物，其包含能热释放的含水分子的干燥颗粒，如金属或类金属氧化物的水合物和/或氢氧化镁。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任何一项所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述吸热材料(4)包括由通过吸热胶粘合在一起的矿棉型纤维材料层组成。
8.根据权利要求7所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述吸热胶是一种水相硅酸盐基胶。
9.根据前述任何一项权利要求所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述一层或多层吸热材料(4a，4b，4c，4d)的厚度在20cm和100cm之间。
10.根据前述任何一项权利要求所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，所述一层或多层隔热材料(2，2a，2b，2c，2d)的厚度在5cm至40cm之间。
11.根据前述任何一项权利要求所述的防火覆盖层，其特征在于，保护罩(5)覆盖了所述一层或多层吸热材料。
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