CN114521534B - Beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef - Google Patents
Beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114521534B CN114521534B CN202210250726.5A CN202210250726A CN114521534B CN 114521534 B CN114521534 B CN 114521534B CN 202210250726 A CN202210250726 A CN 202210250726A CN 114521534 B CN114521534 B CN 114521534B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- feeding
- day
- powder
- feed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 241000533950 Leucojum Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 claims abstract description 142
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 239000004148 curcumin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 229940109262 curcumin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 235000020247 cow milk Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 210000003022 colostrum Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000021277 colostrum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 54
- VFLDPWHFBUODDF-FCXRPNKRSA-N curcumin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(\C=C\C(=O)CC(=O)\C=C\C=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 VFLDPWHFBUODDF-FCXRPNKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 241000219823 Medicago Species 0.000 claims description 43
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 43
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 34
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000019764 Soybean Meal Nutrition 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 229920002148 Gellan gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000216 gellan gum Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 235000010492 gellan gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 235000012754 curcumin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 22
- VFLDPWHFBUODDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diferuloylmethane Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C=CC(=O)CC(=O)C=CC=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 VFLDPWHFBUODDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000413 hydrolysate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000008939 whole milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- NKWPZUCBCARRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OC([O-])=O.OC([O-])=O NKWPZUCBCARRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910000020 calcium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000005913 Maltodextrin Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920002774 Maltodextrin Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 108010073771 Soybean Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940035034 maltodextrin Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000019710 soybean protein Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 100676-05-9 Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(O)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 OWEGMIWEEQEYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009917 Crataegus X brevipes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000013204 Crataegus X haemacarpa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009685 Crataegus X maligna Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009444 Crataegus X rubrocarnea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009486 Crataegus bullatus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000017181 Crataegus chrysocarpa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009682 Crataegus limnophila Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000004423 Crataegus monogyna Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 240000000171 Crataegus monogyna Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000002313 Crataegus paludosa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009840 Crataegus x incaedua Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N Maltose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-PICCSMPSSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003307 slaughter Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000020197 coconut milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000052 vinegar Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000021419 vinegar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 6
- 244000275012 Sesbania cannabina Species 0.000 claims 2
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 79
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 33
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 22
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 19
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 11
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N D-xylopyranose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-IOVATXLUSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000219782 Sesbania Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002354 daily effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000021050 feed intake Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000000582 semen Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002535 acidifier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000021051 daily weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010009736 Protein Hydrolysates Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100037486 Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 230000002924 anti-infective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N arabinose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002333 glycines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019640 taste Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- RBCOYOYDYNXAFA-UHFFFAOYSA-L (5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl phosphate Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(COP([O-])([O-])=O)C(C)=C1O RBCOYOYDYNXAFA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 208000010444 Acidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000007320 Avena fatua Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000167854 Bourreria succulenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000521581 Millettia Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930191564 Monensin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- GAOZTHIDHYLHMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Monensin A Natural products O1C(CC)(C2C(CC(O2)C2C(CC(C)C(O)(CO)O2)C)C)CCC1C(O1)(C)CCC21CC(O)C(C)C(C(C)C(OC)C(C)C(O)=O)O2 GAOZTHIDHYLHMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005775 Parakeratosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000005601 Trisetum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940095602 acidifiers Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007950 acidosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000026545 acidosis disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000022 bacteriostatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019693 cherries Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- FDJOLVPMNUYSCM-UVKKECPRSA-L cobalt(3+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2,7, Chemical compound [Co+3].N#[C-].C1([C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)[N-]\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O FDJOLVPMNUYSCM-UVKKECPRSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019784 crude fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000038379 digestive enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007734 digestive enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036737 immune function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004579 marble Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005358 monensin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GAOZTHIDHYLHMS-KEOBGNEYSA-N monensin A Chemical compound C([C@@](O1)(C)[C@H]2CC[C@@](O2)(CC)[C@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](O2)[C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@@H](C)[C@](O)(CO)O2)C)C)C[C@@]21C[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](C)C(O)=O)O2 GAOZTHIDHYLHMS-KEOBGNEYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000001087 myotubule Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004798 organs belonging to the digestive system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000002972 pentoses Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008855 peristalsis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035479 physiological effects, processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000008476 powdered milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000001303 quality assessment method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000384 rearing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021067 refined food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000022676 rumination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015212 rumination disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine Chemical compound CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/111—Aromatic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
- A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/179—Colouring agents, e.g. pigmenting or dyeing agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
The application relates to the field of beef cattle breeding, and particularly discloses a beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef, which adopts the following technical scheme: a beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef comprises the following steps: feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after calf birth; on days 5-10, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding liquid feed, and freely feeding three times a day; on days 11-15, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding semi-solid feed, and freely feeding three times a day; on the 16 th day to the 45 th day, feeding the calf with solid feed I except for feeding cow milk, and freely feeding for three times a day; weaning at 46 th day, feeding solid feed I at 46 th day-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day; the liquid feed comprises corn cob powder loaded chitosan-curcumin microspheres. By adopting the method, the calf diarrhea rate is low, the beef fat distribution amount is large, the marbling is dense, and the calf diarrhea rate is high.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of beef cattle breeding, in particular to a beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef.
Background
Snowflake beef refers to beef with obvious red and white phases and marbling shapes formed by fat deposited between muscle fibers. The beef has fragrant and tender meat quality, is rich in iron and does not contain fatty acid, and has high nutritive value.
The cultivation of snowflake beef cattle is generally divided into a calf stage, a growing stage, a fattening early stage, a fattening late stage and a slaughtering stage, wherein the calf stage is 0-3 months old, the growing stage is 3-9 months old, the fattening early stage is 10-20 months old, the fattening late stage is 21-24 months old, and the slaughtering stage is 25 months old later. The formation rule of marble patterns of meat evaluated according to the age of the month is as follows: generally, the pattern is small before 12 months of age, the pattern rapidly increases between 12 and 24 months of age, and the pattern change is small after 30 months of age. Although the patterns formed before 12 months of age are relatively few, before 12 months of age, the patterns are important time influencing the density of marbling and the beef quality, the time is the strongest growing and developing period of the calf, and the weight of the calf is gradually increased, and meanwhile, digestive organs are rapidly developed. Thus, the daily ration of calves at this time period is of paramount importance.
In the calf stage, the calves are generally weaned at the age of 2-3 months, and then coarse food grains and refined food grains are mainly used as daily food grains. However, as the immune system of the newborn calf is not developed completely, the resistance of intestines and stomach of the newborn calf to bacteria, viruses and the like is weak, and the phenomenon of weaning stress is easy to occur after weaning, so that the phenomena of slow growth and development, diarrhea and even death occur, and the health of the calf and the quality of beef thereof are influenced. Therefore, the growth and development of calves in the calf stage are particularly important for the formation of snowflake beef in the later stage.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the application provides a beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef and a feed.
The application provides a beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef, which adopts the following technical scheme:
a beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef comprises the feeding of a calf stage, a growing stage, a fattening early stage, a fattening later stage and a slaughtering stage, wherein the feeding of the calf stage comprises the following steps:
(1a) Feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after calf birth;
(1b) On the 5 th day to the 10 th day, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding liquid feed, and freely feeding for three times a day;
(1c) On days 11-15, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding semi-solid feed, and freely feeding three times a day;
(1d) On the 16 th day to the 45 th day, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding solid feed I, and freely feeding three times a day;
(1e) Weaning at 46 th day, feeding solid feed I at 46 th day-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day;
the liquid feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of puffed soybean meal, 5-10 parts of modified corncob meal, 10-20 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 5-10 parts of whole milk powder, 1-2 parts of coconut milk powder, 0.5-0.6 part of calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5-0.8 part of maltodextrin, 0.1-0.2 part of salt, 0.5-0.8 part of calf premix and 150-200 parts of water;
the modified corncob meal is a corncob meal loaded chitosan-curcumin microsphere.
By adopting the technical scheme, because the rumen of the calf which is just born is not developed yet and rumination is not formed yet, the development of the rumen needs to be stimulated by eating pellet feed, and good rumen development is the basis of healthy development of the calf. The feed can stimulate the development of rumen to a certain extent, and can reduce the feeding cost of calves after weaning in advance. However, for calves, the stress phenomenon is easily caused by the early feeding of pellet feed, so that the diarrhea phenomenon is caused, and the growth of the calves is influenced. Therefore, the liquid feed is fed to calves aged from 5 days to 10 days, the semi-solid feed is fed to calves aged from 11 days to 15 days, and the adaptability of the feed to the subsequent solid pellet feed can be improved by gradually increasing the consistency of the feed, so that the weaning stress phenomenon is reduced.
When the feed is fed to calves, the feed granules can help the rumen development of the calves to a certain extent, but the rumen parakeratosis can be caused by excessive feed of concentrated feed, and even the rumen acidosis can occur. Research shows that the addition of coarse fodder can increase rumen volume, accelerate rumen peristalsis and promote rumen development. Common roughage is alfalfa hay, oat grass and the like, but for calves aged only 5 days to 10 days, the dry grass roughage has a large burden on intestines and stomach, and is not beneficial to the development of the calves at the stage. Therefore, the liquid feed of this application except adding popped soybean, soybean protein concentrate, whole milk powder and coconut milk powder still adds a certain amount of corncob powder, and the corncob is threshed processing with the corn-on-cob and is made through strict screening again, and its main nutrient component is sugar, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and mineral substance. The liquid feed obtained by compounding is more suitable for the growth and development of calves of 5-10 days old, and is also beneficial to the transition from the liquid feed to solid feed.
The liquid feed is added with chitosan-curcumin microspheres besides necessary nutrient substances, the chitosan is used as a biological polysaccharide and has the functions of bacteriostasis and immunity enhancement, and the curcumin is used as a natural compound and has good anti-inflammatory and anti-infection functions; the chitosan-curcumin microspheres can be used as a bacteriostatic agent to prolong the shelf life of liquid feed, can also be used as a stress protective agent to reduce the irritation of the feed to calves, are favorable for improving the immunity of the calves and promote the growth and development of the calves. According to the application, the corncob powder and the chitosan-curcumin microspheres are mixed at first, and the dispersibility of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres can be improved by utilizing the adsorbability of a corncob pore structure. And because the corncob powder contains a large amount of fibers, the retention time of the corncob powder in calves is longer, and the retention time of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres in the calves can be further prolonged, so that the bioavailability of curcumin is improved.
Preferably, the modified corncob meal is prepared by the following method: the modified corncob powder is prepared by adopting the following method: mixing xanthan gum, gellan gum and water according to the proportion of 8-10;
mixing chitosan-curcumin microspheres with an acetic acid solution, adding corn cob powder which is 100-120 times of the weight of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres, stirring, evaporating to remove a solvent, adding a mixed glue solution which is 20-30% of the weight of the corn cob powder, stirring at 80-90 ℃, reacting for 30-60min, cooling to room temperature, standing, and centrifuging to obtain the modified corn cob powder.
By adopting the technical scheme, the chitosan-curcumin microspheres are uniformly dispersed after being mixed with the acetic acid solution, and then the chitosan-curcumin microspheres are loaded on the corn cob meal by utilizing the characteristic of the porous structure of the corn cob meal.
The corncob meal has a large amount of pore structures, so that the corncob meal has good water absorption, but cannot be dissolved in water, so that the corncob meal is difficult to uniformly disperse in liquid feed. The xanthan gum has good water solubility and is easy to dissolve in cold water and hot water; the gellan gum is insoluble in cold water, but can be dispersed in water, is dissolved after being heated, and can form transparent and firm gel after being cooled; after the corn cob powder adsorbed with the chitosan-curcumin microspheres is coated with the xanthan gum and the gellan gum, the dispersion uniformity of the corn cob powder in the liquid feed can be improved by utilizing the characteristics of good water solubility of the xanthan gum and easy dispersion of the gellan gum, so that the mixing uniformity and stability of raw materials of the liquid feed are improved.
Preferably, the chitosan-curcumin microspheres are prepared by the following method:
the chitosan-curcumin microsphere is prepared by the following method:
mixing curcumin with the ethanol solution to obtain ethanol solution of curcumin;
dissolving chitosan in acetic acid solution, stirring uniformly, adding alkali liquor to adjust the pH value to 4-6 to obtain chitosan solution;
dissolving sodium tripolyphosphate in water, and adding acid liquor to adjust pH to 4-6 to obtain sodium tripolyphosphate solution;
adding the chitosan solution into the ethanol solution of curcumin, stirring, and then dropwise adding the sodium tripolyphosphate solution; after the dropwise addition is finished, continuously stirring for 1-3h; and centrifuging to obtain a precipitate, washing and drying the precipitate to obtain the chitosan-curcumin microspheres.
By adopting the technical scheme, although curcumin has good anti-inflammatory and anti-infection effects, the curcumin has the problems of poor water solubility, low thermal stability and low bioavailability, and not only influences the dispersion uniformity of curcumin in liquid feed, but also influences the effect of curcumin on calves; the solubility of curcumin can be improved by dispersing it in ethanol solution. The chitosan is used as a natural polysaccharide, has certain adhesiveness, and can be used as a carrier of curcumin, so that the retention time of the curcumin in calves can be prolonged, and the bioavailability of the curcumin can be improved; and no toxic substance is generated after the chitosan is decomposed, so that the safety is ensured.
Preferably, the semi-solid feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of corn, 10-20 parts of fermented soybean meal, 10-20 parts of puffed soybean, 5-10 parts of alfalfa hay, 4-6 parts of corn cob powder, 10-20 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 5-10 parts of whole milk powder, 0.5-0.6 part of calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5-0.8 part of maltodextrin, 0.1-0.2 part of salt, 0.5-0.8 part of calf premix, 0.1-0.3 part of xanthan gum, 0.1-0.3 part of gellan gum, 1-2 parts of rice hull acidification hydrolysate and 60-80 parts of water.
Preferably, the rice hulls are cleaned, crushed and dried to obtain rice hull powder; adding bamboo vinegar, phosphoric acid and malic acid into rice hull powder, stirring at 80-90 deg.C, and hydrolyzing for 3-5 hr; and (3) after standing, carrying out solid-liquid separation, and collecting the liquid which is the rice hull acidification hydrolysate.
By adopting the technical scheme, the rice hull powder contains about 40% of crude fiber and about 20% of pentose polymer, and also contains a small amount of fat and protein, but the shell of the rice hull powder is hard and difficult to digest, and is not suitable for feeding calves; the rice hulls are acidified and hydrolyzed by the bamboo vinegar, the phosphoric acid and the malic acid, the acidified hydrolysate contains a large amount of xylose, glucose, arabinose, organic acid, inorganic acid and the like, and the incidence of diseases such as diarrhea and diarrhea is high due to the fact that the digestion function of calves is not perfect and the immune function is imperfect; the rice hull acidification hydrolysate can be used as a semisolid feed acidifier to activate the protease activity by reducing the pH value in the stomach of the calf, so that the feed is promoted to be softened and hydrolyzed, and the digestion of the feed is promoted.
Preferably, the semi-solid feed is prepared by the following method:
mixing the gellan gum with water, heating and uniformly stirring to obtain a gellan gum solution;
mixing the corncob powder and the acidified hydrolysate of the rice hull, fully stirring, adding maltodextrin and the gellan gum solution, heating and stirring uniformly, cooling to room temperature, adding the crushed corn, the fermented soybean meal, the puffed soybean, the alfalfa hay, the soybean protein concentrate, the whole milk powder, the calcium carbonate, the calcium bicarbonate, the salt, the calf premix and the alfalfa hay, and stirring uniformly.
Untreated acidifiers are released immediately upon entry into the animal, resulting in low availability; through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, and this application utilizes the porous structure of corncob, absorbs the acidizing hydrolysate through the corncob, has certain softening decomposition effect to the corncob on the one hand, and on the other hand acidizing hydrolysate can be adsorbed in the corncob, and then through the cladding of gellan gum, cooperation maltodextrin makes it have certain slow-release effect to play and improve feed stability, palatability and utilization ratio, reduce the effect of the diarrhea of calf.
Preferably, the solid feed I comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of alfalfa hay, 4-6 parts of modified corncob powder, 50-60 parts of corn, 10-20 parts of fermented soybean meal, 5-10 parts of puffed soybean, 5-10 parts of whole milk powder, 2-3 parts of sesbania powder, 1-2 parts of maltose, 1-2 parts of glucose, 0.2-0.4 part of hawthorn powder, 0.1-0.2 part of citric acid, 0.2-0.4 part of salt, 1.0-1.5 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.0-1.5 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.5-1.0 part of lysine, 0.05-0.10 part of methionine and 1-2 parts of calf premix.
The solid feed I is prepared by the following method:
adding the modified corncob powder, the whole milk powder, the glucose, the salt, the calcium carbonate, the calcium bicarbonate, the lysine, the methionine and the calf premix into the crushed corn, the fermented soybean meal and the extruded soybean, uniformly stirring, and carrying out conditioning and granulation to obtain granules;
uniformly mixing sesbania powder, maltose, hawthorn powder, citric acid and water to obtain a mixed steeping liquor;
soaking alfalfa hay in the mixed soaking solution to obtain soaked alfalfa;
and stirring the soaked alfalfa and the granular materials, and crushing and drying to obtain the solid feed I.
By adopting the technical scheme, various animals have the preferred tastes due to different taste and smell physiology, and ruminants are sensitive to sourness and sweetness. Through the cooperation of maltose, hawthorn powder, citric acid in the mixed steep liquor of this application, have sour sweet fragrance, can improve the feed intake of ox to can improve digestive enzyme's secretion, promote the digestion.
Soaking alfalfa in the mixed soaking solution, and absorbing the mixed soaking solution as much as possible by utilizing the fiber pore structure of the alfalfa; and then, the soaked alfalfa is mixed with the pellets, so that the pellets are wrapped by the alfalfa, the integrity of the feed particles can be improved by utilizing the fiber structure of the alfalfa, and the crushing phenomenon of the feed particles is reduced. In addition, the alfalfa wrapped on the feed particles can improve the feed intake of the cattle, and can adsorb partial fine powder to improve the palatability of the feed particles to the cattle.
Preferably, the tempering pressure is 0.1-0.2MPa, the relative humidity is 15-17%, the temperature is 85-90 ℃, and the time is 25-35s.
In summary, the present application has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the application, liquid feed is fed to calves of 5-10 days old, semi-solid feed is fed to calves of 11-15 days old, and the adaptability of the feed to follow-up solid pellet feed can be improved by gradually increasing the consistency of the feed, so that the weaning stress phenomenon is reduced.
2. The liquid feed obtained by compounding is more suitable for the growth and development of calves of 5-10 days old, and is also beneficial to the transition from the liquid feed to solid feed. Not only can improve the immunity of calves, but also can be weaned as soon as possible and fed with solid pellet feed to stimulate the development of rumens of calves; by feeding calves of 0-3 months old, the growth and development of the calves in the growing period, the early stage of fattening and the later stage of fattening are facilitated, the development of bones and meat of the calves can be promoted, and the snowflake beef with more dense marbling can be formed through the re-development of fat in the meat.
3. According to the application, the corncob powder and the chitosan-curcumin microspheres are mixed at first, and the dispersibility of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres can be improved by utilizing the adsorbability of a corncob pore structure. The corn cob powder contains a large amount of fibers, so that the residence time of the corn cob powder in calves is longer, and the residence time of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres in the calves can be further prolonged, so that the bioavailability of curcumin is improved. The application takes chitosan as a carrier of curcumin, so that the retention time of curcumin in calves can be prolonged, and the bioavailability of curcumin is improved. And no toxic substance is generated after the chitosan is decomposed, so that the safety is ensured.
4. The rice hulls are acidified and hydrolyzed by bamboo vinegar, phosphoric acid and malic acid, acidified hydrolysate of the rice hulls contains a large amount of xylose, glucose, arabinose, organic acid, inorganic acid and the like, and the acidified hydrolysate can be used as a semisolid feed acidifier to activate protease activity by reducing the pH value in the stomach of the calf, so that the feed is softened and hydrolyzed, and digestion of the feed is promoted.
5. The solid feed I is characterized in that alfalfa is soaked in the mixed soaking liquid, and the mixed soaking liquid can be adsorbed as much as possible by utilizing the fiber pore structure of the alfalfa; and then, the soaked alfalfa is mixed with the pellets, so that the pellets are wrapped by the alfalfa, the integrity of the feed particles can be improved by utilizing the fiber structure of the alfalfa, and the crushing phenomenon of the feed particles is reduced. In addition, the alfalfa wrapped on the feed particles can not only improve the feed intake of cattle, but also absorb part of fine powder, thereby improving the palatability of the feed particles to cattle.
Detailed Description
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to examples.
Preparation example of Chitosan-curcumin microspheres
(1) Mixing curcumin and an ethanol solution with the volume fraction of 85% according to the proportion of 1; dissolving chitosan in 0.5wt% acetic acid aqueous solution 2 times of the weight of the chitosan, stirring uniformly, adding 5wt% sodium hydroxide solution, and adjusting the pH value of the system to 6 to obtain chitosan solution; dissolving sodium tripolyphosphate in water 100 times of the weight of the sodium tripolyphosphate, and adding a 5wt% acetic acid aqueous solution to adjust the pH value to 6 to obtain a sodium tripolyphosphate solution;
(2) adding 100mL of chitosan solution into 100mL of curcumin ethanol solution, stirring at the speed of 3000r/min for 10min at room temperature, dropwise adding 30mL of sodium tripolyphosphate solution while stirring at the speed of 500r/min, and continuously stirring for 2h after dropwise adding; centrifuging the reactant at 3000r/min for 5min to obtain precipitate; and (3) washing the precipitate with deionized water, and drying at the temperature of 60 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the chitosan-curcumin microspheres.
Preparation example of modified corncob meal
The starting materials in the following preparation examples are commercially available, unless otherwise specified. Wherein, the chitosan-curcumin microspheres are prepared from the preparation example of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres.
Preparation example 1 of modified corncob meal
(1) Mixing xanthan gum, gellan gum and water according to a weight ratio of 8;
(2) uniformly mixing 1kg of chitosan-curcumin microspheres and 30kg of 0.2wt% acetic acid aqueous solution, adding 100kg of corncob powder, and stirring at the speed of 200r/min for 30min; and (3) after the solvent is evaporated, adding 20kg of mixed glue solution, stirring and reacting for 45min at the temperature of 85 ℃, cooling to room temperature, standing for 2h, centrifuging for 5min at the speed of 5000r/min, and removing supernatant to obtain the modified corncob powder.
Preparation example 2 of modified corncob meal
The difference between the preparation example and the preparation example 1 of the modified corncob meal is that in the step (1), the weight ratio of xanthan gum, gellan gum and water is 10.
Preparation example 3 of modified corncob meal
The difference between the preparation example and the preparation example 1 of the modified corncob meal is that in the step (2), the dosage of the corncob meal is 120kg, and the dosage of the mixed glue solution is 36kg.
Preparation example 4 of modified corncob meal
This preparation example is different from preparation example 1 of modified corncob meal in that in step (1), gellan gum was replaced with an equal amount of xanthan gum.
Preparation example 5 of modified corncob meal
This preparation example is different from preparation example 1 of modified corncob meal in that in step (1), xanthan gum is replaced with the same amount of gellan gum.
Preparation example 6 of modified corncob meal
(1) Mixing xanthan gum, gellan gum and water according to a weight ratio of 8;
(2) 30kg of a 0.2wt% aqueous solution of acetic acid was mixed with 100kg of corncob meal and stirred at a speed of 200r/min for 30min; and (3) after the solvent is evaporated, adding 20kg of mixed glue solution, stirring and reacting for 45min at the temperature of 85 ℃, cooling to room temperature, standing for 2h, centrifuging for 5min at the speed of 5000r/min, and removing supernatant to obtain the modified corncob powder.
Preparation example of liquid feed
The starting materials in the preparation examples are commercially available, unless otherwise specified. Wherein, the calf premix can be purchased from market directly or prepared by self. The main components of the calf premix in the following preparation examples are the same; the calf premix comprises the following main components: each kilogram of calf premix comprises vitamin A40000 IU, vitamin D6000 IU, vitamin E60 mg, and vitaminsVitamin K5 mg, vitamin B 1 4mg of vitamin B 2 50mg of vitamin B 6 30mg of vitamin B 12 0.02mg, 55mg of nicotinic acid, 65mg of vitamin C, 8.2mg of copper, 53mg of iron, 64mg of zinc, 25mg of manganese, 0.6mg of iodine, 0.35mg of selenium, 5g of soybean oil, 6g of monensin and the balance of zeolite powder carrier.
Preparation example 1 of liquid feed
10kg of puffed soybean meal, 5kg of modified corncob meal, 10kg of soybean protein concentrate, 5kg of whole milk powder, 1kg of coconut milk powder, 0.5kg of calcium carbonate, 0.4kg of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5kg of maltodextrin, 0.1kg of salt, 0.5kg of calf premix and 150kg of water are mixed and stirred uniformly to obtain the liquid feed.
Wherein, the modified corncob meal is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the modified corncob meal.
Preparation example 2 of liquid feed
20kg of puffed soybean meal, 10kg of modified corncob meal, 20kg of soybean protein concentrate, 10kg of whole milk powder, 2kg of coconut milk powder, 0.6kg of calcium carbonate, 0.6kg of calcium bicarbonate, 0.8kg of maltodextrin, 0.2kg of salt, 0.8kg of calf premix and 200kg of water are mixed and stirred uniformly to obtain the liquid feed.
Wherein, the modified corncob meal is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the modified corncob meal.
Preparation example 3 of liquid feed
The difference between this preparation example and preparation example 1 of liquid feed is that modified corncob meal was prepared from preparation example 2 of modified corncob meal.
Preparation example 4 of liquid feed
The present preparation example is different from preparation example 1 of liquid feed in that modified corncob meal is prepared from preparation example 3 of modified corncob meal.
Preparation example 5 of liquid feed
The present preparation example is different from preparation example 1 of liquid feed in that modified corncob meal is prepared from preparation example 4 of modified corncob meal.
Preparation example 6 of liquid feed
The difference between this preparation example and preparation example 1 of liquid feed is that modified corncob meal was prepared from preparation example 5 of modified corncob meal.
Preparation example 7 of liquid feed
The difference between the preparation example and the preparation example 1 of the liquid feed is that the modified corncob meal is prepared from the preparation example 6 of the modified corncob meal, and 0.05kg of chitosan-curcumin microspheres are also added into the raw materials.
Performance testing of liquid feeds
In order to reduce the stress reaction of the calves after weaning, reduce the diarrhea rate of the calves, shorten the time for feeding the calves, and enable the calves to be weaned as early as possible so as to be more suitable for solid granular feed; the application feeds liquid feed to calves of 5-10 days old; by simulating the mouthfeel of cow milk and adding certain crude fiber, the calf can smoothly transit from eating cow milk to eating liquid feed. However, the liquid feed is added with the corncob meal, although the corncob meal has good water absorption, the corncob meal is insoluble in water and is usually in a suspended state or a settled state after water absorption in the liquid feed, so that the uniform stability of the liquid feed is poor, and the transition of calves to solid granular feed is not facilitated. Therefore, the corn cob meal is subjected to modification treatment so as to improve the dispersion uniformity of the corn cob meal in the liquid feed. In order to verify the uniform stability of the liquid feed, the following uniform stability test was performed to observe whether there was any delamination, and the occurrence of delamination was designated as "√" and the occurrence of delamination was designated as "×", and the test results were recorded in table 1.
Low-temperature stability: and (3) placing the liquid feed at the temperature of 4 ℃ for 30 days, and observing whether the liquid feed is layered or not.
High-temperature stability: and (3) placing the liquid feed at the temperature of 40 ℃ for 30d, and observing whether the liquid feed is layered or not.
Centrifugal stability: and (3) centrifuging the liquid feed at the temperature of 3000r/min for 30min, and observing whether the liquid feed is layered or not.
Table 1 test table for uniform stability of liquid feed
As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the liquid feeds prepared in preparation examples 1 to 4 of the liquid feed of the present application were not delaminated at low temperature, high temperature and after centrifugation, indicating that they had good stability. The liquid feeds prepared in preparation examples 5 to 6 of the liquid feed have obvious layering after centrifugal treatment, which shows that the xanthan gum and the gellan gum have a synergistic effect in the liquid feed, and the stability of the corncob meal in the liquid feed can be improved.
Preparation of acidified hydrolysate of rice hull
The starting materials in the following preparation examples are commercially available, unless otherwise specified.
Cleaning rice hulls, and dispersing and sieving the rice hulls through a 60-mesh sieve at the temperature of 60 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain rice hull powder; adding 8kg of bamboo vinegar, 1kg of phosphoric acid and 1kg of malic acid into 10kg of rice hull powder, and stirring and hydrolyzing at 85 ℃ for 4h; and (3) standing to separate solid from liquid, and collecting the liquid which is the acidified hydrolysate of the rice hulls.
Preparation example of semi-solid feed
Unless otherwise specified, the starting materials in the following preparations are all commercially available, wherein the acidified hydrolysate of rice husk is prepared from the preparation of acidified hydrolysate of rice husk.
Preparation of semi-solid feed example 1
(1) Mixing 0.1kg of gellan gum with 60kg of water, heating and uniformly stirring to obtain a gellan gum solution;
(2) pulverizing semen Maydis, fermented soybean meal, and puffed semen glycines, and sieving with 1.0-2.0mm sieve to obtain semen Maydis powder, fermented soybean meal powder and puffed semen glycines powder; chopping the alfalfa hay into pieces to obtain 1-2cm short alfalfa hay;
(3) mixing 4kg of corncob meal and 0.4kg of rice hull acidification hydrolysate, fully stirring, then adding 0.5kg of maltodextrin and a freezing glue solution, heating to 80 ℃, uniformly stirring, then cooling to room temperature, adding 20kg of corn flour, 10kg of fermented soybean meal, 10g of puffed soybean meal, 10kg of soybean protein concentrate, 5kg of whole milk powder, 0.5kg of calcium carbonate, 0.4kg of calcium bicarbonate, 0.1kg of salt, 0.5kg of calf premix and 5kg of chopped alfalfa hay, and uniformly stirring.
Preparation of semi-solid feed example 2
(1) Mixing 0.3kg of gellan gum with 80kg of water, heating and uniformly stirring to obtain a gellan gum solution;
(2) pulverizing corn, fermented soybean meal and puffed soybean, and sieving with 1.0-2.0mm sieve to obtain corn flour, fermented soybean meal and puffed soybean meal; chopping the alfalfa hay into pieces to obtain 1-2cm short alfalfa hay;
(3) mixing 6kg of corncob powder and 0.5kg of rice hull acidification hydrolysate, fully stirring, then adding 0.8kg of maltodextrin and a freezing glue solution, heating to 80 ℃, uniformly stirring, then cooling to room temperature, adding 30kg of corn flour, 20kg of fermented soybean meal, 20kg of puffed soybean meal, 20kg of soybean protein concentrate, 10kg of whole milk powder, 0.6kg of calcium carbonate, 0.6kg of calcium bicarbonate, 0.2kg of salt, 0.8kg of calf premix and 10kg of chopped alfalfa hay, and uniformly stirring.
Preparation example of solid feed I
Preparation of solid feed I example 1
(1) Pulverizing corn, fermented soybean meal and puffed soybean into 1.0-2.0mm mesh to obtain corn flour, fermented soybean meal and puffed soybean meal; cutting up the alfalfa hay to obtain 5-6 cm-long alfalfa hay;
(2) adding 4kg of modified corncob powder, 5kg of whole milk powder, 1kg of glucose, 0.2kg of salt, 1.0kg of calcium carbonate, 1.0kg of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5kg of lysine, 0.05kg of methionine and 1kg of calf premix into the mixed material, uniformly stirring, tempering for 30s under the conditions that the pressure is 0.15MPa, the relative humidity is 16% and the temperature is 86 ℃, and granulating to obtain granules; wherein, the modified corncob meal is prepared by the preparation example 1 of the modified corncob meal;
(3) uniformly mixing 2kg of sesbania powder, 1kg of maltose, 0.2kg of hawthorn powder, 0.1kg of citric acid and 6kg of water to obtain a mixed steeping fluid;
(4) soaking the alfalfa hay in the mixed soaking solution to obtain soaked alfalfa; adding the granules into the soaked alfalfa, uniformly stirring, crushing and drying to obtain the solid feed I.
Preparation of solid feed I2
(1) Pulverizing corn, fermented soybean meal and puffed soybean into 1.0-2.0mm mesh to obtain corn flour, fermented soybean meal and puffed soybean meal; cutting up the alfalfa hay to obtain 5-6 cm-long alfalfa hay;
(2) adding 6kg of modified corncob powder, 10kg of whole milk powder, 2kg of glucose, 0.4kg of salt, 1.5kg of calcium carbonate, 1.5kg of calcium bicarbonate, 1.0kg of lysine, 0.10kg of methionine and 2kg of calf premix into the mixed material, uniformly stirring, tempering for 30s under the conditions that the pressure is 0.15MPa, the relative humidity is 16% and the temperature is 86 ℃, and granulating to obtain granules; wherein, the modified corncob meal is prepared by the preparation example 1 of the modified corncob meal;
(3) uniformly mixing 3kg of sesbania powder, 2kg of maltose, 0.4kg of hawthorn powder, 0.2kg of citric acid and 10kg of water to obtain a mixed steeping fluid;
(4) soaking the alfalfa hay in the mixed soaking solution to obtain soaked alfalfa; adding the granules into the soaked alfalfa, uniformly stirring, crushing and drying to obtain the solid feed I.
Preparation example 3 of solid feed I
The difference between the preparation example and the preparation example 1 of the solid feed I is that the modified corncob meal is prepared from the preparation example 6 of the modified corncob meal, and 0.04kg of chitosan-curcumin microspheres are also added into the raw materials.
The feeding method of the calf stage comprises the following steps: 25 healthy angs calves were selected and divided into 5 groups of 5 calves each. The test calves were separated from the cows immediately after birth and were reared using the method in the rearing examples of the calf stage. Weighing calves before feeding and at 45d and 60d after feeding, and recording daily weight gain; and the calf diarrhea rate is recorded, the diarrhea rate = (number of diarrhea heads x number of diarrhea days)/(total number of calves per group x number of test days) × 100%. The test results are reported in table 2.
Examples
The feeding examples in the calf stage differ in the feed at each stage.
Example 1
The method for feeding calves in the calf stage comprises the following steps:
(1a) Feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after the calf of Angus cattle;
(1b) On days 5-10, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding liquid feed, and freely feeding three times a day; the liquid feed is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the liquid feed;
(1c) On days 11-15, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding semi-solid feed, and freely feeding for three times a day; the semi-solid feed is prepared from preparation example 1 of the semi-solid feed;
(1d) On the 16 th day to the 45 th day, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding solid feed I, and freely feeding three times a day; the solid feed I is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the solid feed I;
(1e) Weaning at 46 th day, feeding solid feed I at 46 th day-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day; solid feed I was prepared from preparation example 1 of solid feed I.
Example 2
The difference between this example and example 1 is that the liquid feed is prepared from the liquid feed preparation example 2; the semi-solid feed is prepared from preparation example 2 of the semi-solid feed; solid feed I was prepared from preparation example 2 of solid feed I.
Example 3
This example differs from example 1 in that a liquid feed was prepared from liquid feed preparation example 7, and solid feed I was prepared from solid feed I preparation example 3.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1
The method for feeding calves in the calf stage comprises the following steps:
(1a) Feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after the calf of Angus cattle;
(1b) On the 5 th day to the 55 th day, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, concentrated feed is fed, and the calves are fed freely for three times a day;
(1c) Weaning at 56 days, feeding solid feed I at 56 days-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day.
Comparative example 2
The method for breeding calf in calf stage comprises the following steps:
(1a) Feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after the calf of Angus cattle;
(1b) On days 5-10, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding liquid feed, and freely feeding three times a day; the liquid feed is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the liquid feed;
(1c) On days 11-45, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding solid feed I, and freely feeding three times a day; the solid feed I is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the solid feed I;
(1d) Weaning at 46 th day, feeding solid feed I at 46 th day-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day; solid feed I was prepared from preparation example 1 of solid feed I.
TABLE 2 Calf growth and development condition recording sheet
According to the data in table 2, in combination with example 1 and comparative example 1, it can be seen that the calves bred by the method of example 1 in the application have lower diarrhea rate and higher daily weight gain in the calves stage, and the daily weight gain is also obviously improved after 45d weaning, which indicates that the calves bred by the method in the application can obviously reduce the occurrence of diarrhea of the calves and help promote the growth and development of the calves.
Combining example 1 with example 3, it can be seen that the diarrhea rate of the calves of example 1 is significantly lower than that of the calves of example 3, and the daily gain of the calves of example 1 is significantly higher than that of example 3. The chitosan-curcumin microspheres in the feed can improve the immunity of calves and reduce the weaning stress reaction of the calves, and particularly, the chitosan-curcumin microspheres can improve the bioavailability of the calves after being loaded on corn cob powder, so that the immunity and the growth and development of the calves are further improved.
Combining example 1 and comparative example 2, it can be seen that the diarrhea rate of the calves of example 1 is significantly lower than that of the calves of comparative example 2, and the daily gain of the calves of example 1 is significantly higher than that of comparative example 2. This shows that when feeding calves, the addition of the semi-solid feed between the liquid feed and the solid feed can improve the adaptability to the solid feed and is beneficial to promote the growth and development of calves.
Application example
The solid feed II, the solid feed III, the solid feed IV and the solid feed V in the application examples can be common solid granulated feeds, can be obtained from markets and can be prepared by self. The solid feed II in the following application examples is prepared from 2 parts by weight of concentrated feed and coarse feed; the solid feed III is prepared from concentrated feed and coarse feed with the weight ratio of 4; the solid feed IV is prepared from concentrated feed and coarse feed with the weight ratio of 1; the solid feed V is prepared from concentrated feed and coarse feed with the weight ratio of 6; the solid feed VII is prepared from a concentrated feed and a coarse feed with the weight ratio of 7. Wherein, the solid feed II is prepared from a concentrated feed and a coarse feed with the weight ratio of 2 to 1, the formula of the concentrated feed comprises 20kg of corn, 15kg of fermented soybean meal, 10kg of puffed soybean, 15kg of soybean protein concentrate, 0.5kg of calcium carbonate, 0.4kg of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5kg of maltodextrin, 0.1kg of salt and 0.5kg of calf premix; the coarse fodder is herba Medicaginis hay.
A beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef comprises the following steps:
(1) The first stage is as follows: calf stage, i.e. 0-3 months of age:
(1a) Feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after the calf of Angus cattle;
(1b) On days 5-10, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding liquid feed, and freely feeding three times a day; the liquid feed is prepared by the preparation example 1 of the liquid feed;
(1c) On days 11-15, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding semi-solid feed, and freely feeding for three times a day; the semi-solid feed is prepared from preparation example 1 of the semi-solid feed;
(1d) On the 16 th day to the 45 th day, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding solid feed I, and freely feeding three times a day; the solid feed I is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the solid feed I;
(1e) Weaning at 46 th day, feeding solid feed I at 46 th day-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day; the solid feed I is prepared from the preparation example 1 of the solid feed I;
(2) And a second stage: growth phase, i.e. 3-9 months of age: feeding solid feed II three times a day for free ingestion;
(3) And a third stage: early fattening, namely 10-20 months old: feeding solid feed III, and feeding freely three times a day;
(4) A fourth stage: feeding solid feed IV at the later fattening stage, namely 21-24 months old, and feeding freely three times a day;
(5) And a fifth stage: feeding solid feed V three times a day in the slaughtering period, namely after 25 months of age; when the feed intake of cattle is obviously reduced, the back and waist are wide and flat, the bone joints are not obvious, the fat of the hypochondrium is thick, and the body is in a cylindrical shape, the cattle can be slaughtered.
The free feeding is carried out three times a day, namely, the food is supplied in an unlimited amount within the time periods of 7-8 o ' clock, 12-13 o ' clock and 17-18 o ' clock of each day. During the raising period, the cattle are guaranteed to have an outdoor activity period of 6 hours every day, the pen is cleaned after the calf is fed every morning, and the pen is disinfected twice a week.
Meat quality assessment
After the age of 27 months, the breeding was terminated. The 4 test cattle bred by the method of the application example are selected to be slaughtered and evaluated according to the standard in NY/T676-2010 beef grade specification.
The test cattle are weighed before slaughtering, the carcass is divided for 30min, and then the meat quality grade of the test cattle is evaluated by using marbling of beef, the physiological maturity of the cattle, muscle color, fat color and the like as indexes under the illumination of an incandescent lamp. The marbling of the beef, the external ridge, the upper brain, the eye flesh and the millettia in the application example is 5-grade, the marbling is uniformly distributed, the muscle is cherry red, and the special standard is reached.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present application, and it is not limited to the present application, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (8)
1. A beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef comprises the feeding of a calf stage, a growing stage, a fattening early stage, a fattening later stage and a slaughtering stage, and is characterized in that the breeding of the calf stage comprises the following steps:
(1a) Feeding colostrum normally within 4 days after calf birth;
(1b) On the 5 th day to the 10 th day, except for feeding cow milk to the calves, feeding liquid feed, and freely feeding for three times a day;
(1c) On days 11-15, except for feeding cow milk to calves, feeding semi-solid feed, and freely feeding three times a day;
(1d) On the 16 th day to the 45 th day, feeding the calf with solid feed I except for feeding cow milk, and freely feeding for three times a day;
(1e) Weaning at 46 th day, feeding solid feed I at 46 th day-3 months of age, and freely feeding three times a day;
the liquid feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of puffed soybean meal, 5-10 parts of modified corncob meal, 10-20 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 5-10 parts of whole milk powder, 1-2 parts of coconut milk powder, 0.5-0.6 part of calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5-0.8 part of maltodextrin, 0.1-0.2 part of salt, 0.5-0.8 part of calf premix and 150-200 parts of water;
the modified corncob meal is a corncob meal loaded chitosan-curcumin microsphere;
the chitosan-curcumin microsphere is prepared by the following method:
mixing curcumin with the ethanol solution to obtain ethanol solution of curcumin;
dissolving chitosan in acetic acid solution, stirring uniformly, adding alkali liquor to adjust the pH value to 4-6 to obtain chitosan solution;
dissolving sodium tripolyphosphate in water, and adding acid liquor to adjust pH to 4-6 to obtain sodium tripolyphosphate solution;
adding the chitosan solution into the ethanol solution of curcumin, stirring, and then dropwise adding the sodium tripolyphosphate solution; after the dropwise addition is finished, continuously stirring for 1-3h; and centrifuging to obtain a precipitate, washing and drying the precipitate to obtain the chitosan-curcumin microspheres.
2. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef according to claim 1, wherein the modified corncob powder is prepared by the following method: mixing xanthan gum, gellan gum and water according to the proportion of 8-10; mixing chitosan-curcumin microspheres with an acetic acid solution, adding corn cob powder which is 100-120 times of the weight of the chitosan-curcumin microspheres, stirring, evaporating to remove the solvent, adding a mixed glue solution which is 20-30% of the weight of the corn cob powder, stirring at 80-90 ℃ for reaction for 30-60min, cooling to room temperature, standing, and centrifuging to obtain the modified corn cob powder.
3. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef as claimed in claim 1, wherein the semi-solid feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of corn, 10-20 parts of fermented soybean meal, 10-20 parts of puffed soybean, 5-10 parts of alfalfa hay, 4-6 parts of corn cob powder, 10-20 parts of soybean protein concentrate, 5-10 parts of whole milk powder, 0.5-0.6 part of calcium carbonate, 0.4-0.6 part of calcium bicarbonate, 0.5-0.8 part of maltodextrin, 0.1-0.2 part of salt, 0.5-0.8 part of calf premix, 0.1-0.3 part of gellan gum, 0.4-0.5 part of rice hull acidification hydrolysate and 60-80 parts of water.
4. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef as claimed in claim 3, wherein the acidified hydrolysate is prepared by the following method: cleaning, drying and crushing rice hulls to obtain rice hull powder; adding bamboo vinegar, phosphoric acid and malic acid into rice hull powder, stirring at 80-90 deg.C, and hydrolyzing for 3-5 hr; and (3) after standing, carrying out solid-liquid separation, and collecting the liquid which is the rice hull acidification hydrolysate.
5. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef as claimed in claim 4, wherein the semi-solid feed is prepared by the following method:
mixing the gellan gum with water, heating and uniformly stirring to obtain a gellan gum solution;
mixing the corncob powder and the acidified hydrolysate of the rice hull, fully stirring, adding maltodextrin and the gellan gum solution, heating and stirring uniformly, cooling to room temperature, adding the crushed corn, the fermented soybean meal, the puffed soybean, the alfalfa hay, the soybean protein concentrate, the whole milk powder, the calcium carbonate, the calcium bicarbonate, the salt, the calf premix and the alfalfa hay, and stirring uniformly.
6. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid feed I comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of alfalfa hay, 4-6 parts of modified corncob powder, 50-60 parts of corn, 10-20 parts of fermented soybean meal, 5-10 parts of puffed soybean, 5-10 parts of whole milk powder, 2-3 parts of sesbania powder, 1-2 parts of maltose, 1-2 parts of glucose, 0.2-0.4 part of hawthorn powder, 0.1-0.2 part of citric acid, 0.2-0.4 part of salt, 1.0-1.5 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.0-1.5 parts of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.5-1.0 part of lysine, 0.05-0.10 part of methionine and 1-2 parts of calf premix.
7. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef as claimed in claim 6, wherein the solid feed I is prepared by the following method:
adding the modified corncob powder, the whole milk powder, the glucose, the salt, the calcium carbonate, the calcium bicarbonate, the lysine, the methionine and the calf premix into the crushed corn, the fermented soybean meal and the puffed soybean, uniformly stirring, tempering and granulating to obtain granules;
uniformly mixing sesbania powder, maltose, hawthorn powder, citric acid and water to obtain a mixed steeping liquor;
soaking the alfalfa hay in the mixed soaking solution to obtain soaked alfalfa;
and stirring the soaked alfalfa and the granules, and crushing and drying to obtain the solid feed I.
8. The beef cattle raising method for producing snowflake beef as claimed in claim 7, wherein the tempering pressure is 0.1-0.2MPa, the relative humidity is 15-17%, the temperature is 85-90 ℃, and the time is 25-35s.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210250726.5A CN114521534B (en) | 2022-03-15 | 2022-03-15 | Beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210250726.5A CN114521534B (en) | 2022-03-15 | 2022-03-15 | Beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114521534A CN114521534A (en) | 2022-05-24 |
| CN114521534B true CN114521534B (en) | 2022-10-28 |
Family
ID=81626426
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210250726.5A Active CN114521534B (en) | 2022-03-15 | 2022-03-15 | Beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114521534B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115918794B (en) * | 2023-01-07 | 2024-06-04 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Feed for improving beef quality and method for raising beef cattle by feed |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4600585A (en) * | 1984-01-23 | 1986-07-15 | Merrick's, Inc. | Feeding regimen for minimizing weaning stress |
| CN103250892B (en) * | 2012-02-21 | 2014-10-15 | 华中农业大学 | Buffalo calf starter feed |
| CN103518669B (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2015-09-23 | 巫溪县文鑫农牧有限责任公司 | The raising method that calf is weaned fast |
| CN104054963A (en) * | 2014-06-18 | 2014-09-24 | 四川国凤中科生物科技有限公司 | Feed suitable for calf in lactation period |
| CN106578391A (en) * | 2016-12-29 | 2017-04-26 | 河北润达犊牛科技有限公司 | Milk replacer for eliminating allotriophagia of calves and producing white flesh of calves and preparation method thereof |
| CN106804532A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-06-09 | 新疆西部牧业股份有限公司 | Angus beef calf rearing management method |
| WO2018197620A1 (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2018-11-01 | Nutreco Nederland B.V. | A solid feed combination composition for ruminant calves |
| CN107095009A (en) * | 2017-05-11 | 2017-08-29 | 贵州山耕公社新农人技术开发有限公司 | A kind of weaning period ox calf feed and its method for breeding |
| CN107372352A (en) * | 2017-09-12 | 2017-11-24 | 贵州平坝康农生态农业有限公司 | A kind of feeding method of early weaning |
| CN111280128B (en) * | 2020-04-18 | 2022-02-01 | 天津博裕力牧科技有限公司 | Method for improving marbling density of pure blood and beef |
| CN111758852A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-10-13 | 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所 | Additive premix for improving intestinal health of broiler chickens and application thereof |
| CN111758849A (en) * | 2020-06-24 | 2020-10-13 | 唐人神集团股份有限公司 | Preparation method of liquid biological fermentation feed, liquid biological fermentation feed and emulsion liquid biological fermentation feed |
-
2022
- 2022-03-15 CN CN202210250726.5A patent/CN114521534B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN114521534A (en) | 2022-05-24 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102578387A (en) | Slowly-released compound acidifier for poultry and livestock feed, preparation method thereof and feed | |
| CN103583927A (en) | Reserve sow mixed feed capable of increasing production performance of sow and preparation method | |
| CN100429991C (en) | Feed for weaned piglet | |
| CN101999547A (en) | Creep and weaning feed for anthony pigs and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105104888A (en) | Pig feed | |
| CN102630845A (en) | Meat rabbit feed and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108575885B (en) | Breeding method of black pigs | |
| CN114521534B (en) | Beef cattle breeding method for producing snowflake beef | |
| JP4854226B2 (en) | Feed additives | |
| CN101715893B (en) | Pure natural piglet immunological enhancement feed additive and application thereof | |
| BR112017023509B1 (en) | SUITABLE RATION FOR A FEMALE MONOGASTRIC MAMMAL IN THE PHASE OF LACTATION AND/OR PREGNANCY | |
| CN110916004A (en) | Weaning-resistant stress piglet creep feed and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN110604222A (en) | Sheep series pellet feed and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN106551124A (en) | Grains dedicated feedstuff of a kind of meat sheep and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109123126A (en) | A kind of betaine type drinking water additive and its preparation for meat lamb of weaning | |
| JP5885245B2 (en) | Cattle breeding method | |
| JP2024511428A (en) | Copper aspartate complex and its applications | |
| CN106472820A (en) | A kind of feedstuff and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105146153A (en) | Formula feed for pregnant Tibetan sows | |
| CN110623158A (en) | Preparation method of wormwood feed for preventing African swine fever | |
| CN1205876C (en) | Concentrated feed for pigs in all phases | |
| CN101597235B (en) | Copper-threonine and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN101602684B (en) | Threonine manganese as well as preparation method and application thereof | |
| JP2008019236A (en) | Feed additive | |
| TW202415297A (en) | Method for improving the health of mammals or livestock |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |