CN114470144A - Prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN114470144A
CN114470144A CN202210034918.2A CN202210034918A CN114470144A CN 114470144 A CN114470144 A CN 114470144A CN 202210034918 A CN202210034918 A CN 202210034918A CN 114470144 A CN114470144 A CN 114470144A
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parts
prostate
rhizoma
radix
herba
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CN114470144B (en
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朱闽
买鹏宇
梁明坤
钟静
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RUIKANG HOSPITAL AFFILIATED TO GUANGXI UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE MEDICINE
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RUIKANG HOSPITAL AFFILIATED TO GUANGXI UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE MEDICINE
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Abstract

The invention discloses a prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis, which is mainly prepared from main materials and auxiliary materials; the main materials comprise the following raw materials: cortex Phellodendri, rhizoma Atractylodis, semen Armeniacae amarum, pulvis Talci, rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, herba Lysimachiae Christinae, Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix, radix Isatidis, Massa Medicata Fermentata, cortex Magnolia officinalis, herba asari, rhizoma Phragmitis and Glycyrrhrizae radix; the auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials: rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, medulla Tetrapanacis, Coicis semen, herba Agastaches, Cistanchis herba, Zingiberis rhizoma, radix Ophiopogonis, fructus forsythiae and Achyranthis radix; wherein the weight percentage of the main material and the auxiliary material is 4:1 respectively. The prostate eliminating decoction for inhibiting prostate fibrosis can effectively prevent prostate fibrosis, improve local blood circulation and help to eliminate inflammation. The preparation method is simple and convenient, and is convenient for large-scale production.

Description

Prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, in particular to a prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The prostate fibrosis is mainly caused by long-term chronic inflammation stimulation to the prostate, so that inflammatory infiltration of the prostate gland causes gland fibrosis, the generation of gland fibrosis can cause bladder neck contracture and stenosis, progressive dysuria, frequent micturition, nocturia, incomplete urine, thin urinary line and the like with different degrees, the symptoms are shown as lower urinary tract obstruction, and various complications can be caused if the treatment cannot be carried out in time.
In the prior art, some western medicines are mainly used for treating prostate, the traditional treatment scheme focuses on improvement of lower urinary tract symptoms, the existing scheme has an unclear control effect on gland fibrosis, and is not ideal in clinical effects of more complications, older patients, adverse reactions caused by long-term administration of western medicines and the like. From the clinical practical and social requirements, a new traditional Chinese medicine composition with good clinical treatment effect on chronic prostatitis is still needed.
The information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide the prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting the prostate fibrosis, and the prostate eliminating soup has obvious effect, reliable curative effect and small side effect on controlling the prostate fibrosis in the treatment of the chronic prostatitis.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a prostate dissolving soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis, which is mainly prepared from main materials and auxiliary materials; the main materials comprise the following raw materials: cortex Phellodendri, rhizoma Atractylodis, semen Armeniacae amarum, pulvis Talci, rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, herba Lysimachiae Christinae, Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix, radix Isatidis, Massa Medicata Fermentata, cortex Magnolia officinalis, herba asari, rhizoma Phragmitis and Glycyrrhrizae radix; the auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials: rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, medulla Tetrapanacis, Coicis semen, herba Agastaches, Cistanchis herba, Zingiberis rhizoma, radix Ophiopogonis, fructus forsythiae and Achyranthis radix; wherein the weight percentage of the main material and the auxiliary material is 4:1 respectively.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis comprises the following main materials in parts by weight: 5-15 parts of phellodendron, 5-15 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 1-11 parts of bitter apricot seed, 15-25 parts of talcum, 5-15 parts of giant knotweed, 10-20 parts of desmodium, 10-20 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 10-20 parts of isatis root, 5-15 parts of medicated leaven, 5-15 parts of magnolia officinalis, 0.5-8 parts of asarum, 10-20 parts of reed rhizome and 1-11 parts of liquorice.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis comprises the following main materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of phellodendron, 10 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 6 parts of bitter almond, 20 parts of talcum, 10 parts of polygonum cuspidatum, 15 parts of lysimachia christinae hance, 15 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 15 parts of isatis root, 10 parts of medicated leaven, 10 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 3 parts of asarum, 15 parts of rhizoma phragmitis and 6 parts of liquorice.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-15 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 1-11 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 10-20 parts of semen coicis, 10-20 parts of agastache rugosus, 5-15 parts of herba cistanches, 5-15 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 5-15 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 5-15 parts of fructus forsythiae and 5-15 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the prostate hyperplasia treating decoction for inhibiting prostate fibrosis comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 6 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 15 parts of semen coicis, 15 parts of wrinkled gianthyssop herb, 10 parts of herba cistanches, 10 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 10 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 10 parts of fructus forsythiae and 10 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae.
The application also provides a preparation method of the prostate digestion decoction for inhibiting prostate fibrosis, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing main materials and auxiliary materials: weighing the raw materials of the main material according to the weight ratio, and respectively washing and airing the phellodendron, the rhizoma atractylodis, the bitter apricot seed, the talcum, the giant knotweed, the lysimachia christinae hance, the salvia miltiorrhiza, the isatis root, the medicated leaven, the magnolia officinalis, the asarum, the reed rhizome and the liquorice for later use; weighing the following raw materials of auxiliary materials in parts by weight: washing rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, medulla Tetrapanacis, Coicis semen, herba Agastaches, Cistanchis herba, Zingiberis rhizoma, radix Ophiopogonis, fructus forsythiae and Achyranthis radix respectively, and air drying;
(2) decocting: adding 3-5 times of water into the main material and the auxiliary material, decocting for 20-30 minutes with slow fire, and filtering to obtain 200-300 ml of filtrate.
Preferably, in the above technical scheme, the usage of the Qianliexiao decoction is that 200ml of the Qianliexiao decoction is taken twice to three times a day in the morning and at night.
The pharmaceutical mechanism of the raw materials used in the invention is as follows:
phellodendron bark: bitter taste, cold nature, kidney and bladder meridians; has effects in clearing away heat, eliminating dampness, purging pathogenic fire, removing steam, removing toxic materials, and treating sore; can be used for treating dysentery due to damp-heat pathogen, jaundice, dark urine, leukorrhagia, pudendal pruritus, pyretic stranguria, pain, tinea pedis, atrophic debility cramped, hectic fever, night sweat, nocturnal emission, pyocutaneous disease, toxic swelling, eczema, and eczema. Salted cortex phellodendri is used for nourishing yin and reducing internal heat. Can be used for treating hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency, night sweat and steaming bone.
Rhizoma atractylodis: pungent and bitter with warm nature. It enters spleen, stomach and liver meridians. Dry dampness and invigorate spleen, dispel wind and cold, improve vision. The main treatment is as follows: can be used for treating damp obstruction of middle warmer, abdominal distention, diarrhea, edema, tinea pedis, atrophic debility cramped, rheumatalgia, wind-cold type common cold, night blindness, dim eyesight, and astringency.
Bitter apricot seeds: has the main functions of depressing qi, relieving cough and asthma, and relaxing bowel. Can be used for treating cough, asthma, chest fullness, excessive phlegm, blood deficiency, dry body fluid, intestinal dryness, and constipation.
Talc: sweet, bland and cold. It enters bladder, lung and stomach meridians, and has the effects of inducing diuresis, treating stranguria, clearing away summer-heat, eliminating dampness and healing sore. Can be used for treating pyretic stranguria, urolithiasis, odynuria, summer-heat dampness polydipsia, damp-heat watery diarrhea; it can be used for treating eczema, and miliaria. For dysuria, dribbling urination, pain, etc., it can be combined with che Qian Zi, mu Tong, etc.; for watery diarrhea due to damp-heat, it is combined with Fu Ling, Yi ren and che Qian Zi, etc. For summer-heat syndrome, it can be combined with fresh radix Glycyrrhizae, fresh herba Pogostemonis, and fresh herba Eupatorii; for chest stuffiness due to damp-warm and scanty and brownish urine, it is combined with Sheng Yi ren, Tong Cao and Zhu Ye, etc. In addition, it can be used for external application to clear heat and astringe dampness, and is indicated for eczema and miliaria, and combined with Shi Gao, Lian Shi and Ku Fan.
Giant knotweed rhizome: slightly bitter and cold, entering liver, gallbladder and lung channels, dispelling wind and removing dampness, removing blood stasis and relieving pain, relieving cough and reducing sputum. Can be used for treating arthralgia, jaundice due to damp-heat pathogen, amenorrhea, abdominal mass, scald due to hot water or fire, traumatic injury, carbuncle, swelling, sore, and cough with excessive phlegm.
Herba Lysimachiae Christinae: bitter, sour and slightly cold in taste. It enters liver, gallbladder, kidney and bladder meridians. Has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic material, promoting urination, removing urinary calculus, promoting blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis. Can be used for treating liver calculus, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, icterohepatitis, urinary calculus, edema, traumatic injury, venomous snake bite, and muscarinic poisoning.
Red sage root: bitter taste and slight cold, which enter heart and liver channels, has the effects of activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis, clearing channels and relieving pain, clearing heart and relieving restlessness, cooling blood and eliminating carbuncle; the functions are used for treating thoracic obstruction, heart pain, epigastric and abdominal hypochondriac pain, abdominal mass accumulation, heat arthralgia pain, vexation, insomnia, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrheal, amenorrhea and sore and ulcer with swelling and pain.
Radix isatidis: bitter taste and cold nature. It enters heart and stomach meridians. Clear heat and remove toxicity, cool blood and relieve sore throat. Mainly treats exogenous fever, early warm disease, swollen and sore throat, warm poison and macula, mumps, erysipelas, carbuncle and sore toxin.
Medicated leaven: sweet, pungent and warm. It enters spleen and stomach meridians. Strengthen spleen and stomach, promote digestion and resolve stagnation. Can be used for treating food stagnation, dyspepsia, abdominal distention, anorexia, emesis, and dysentery.
Magnolia officinalis: bitter; pungent; and (4) temperature. Spleen meridian; the stomach channel; the large intestine channel. Promoting qi circulation and removing food retention; drying dampness and removing fullness; direct adverse-rising energy downward and relieve dyspnea. Food retention and qi stagnation; abdominal distension and constipation; dampness obstructing the middle energizer, gastric fullness, vomiting and diarrhea; phlegm obstructing the adverse flow of qi; fullness in chest, dyspnea and cough.
Asarum: pungent and warm in property, they enter heart, lung and kidney meridians. Relieving exterior syndrome, dispelling cold, dispelling pathogenic wind, relieving pain, dredging orifices, warming lung, and eliminating phlegm. Wind-cold type common cold, headache, toothache, rheumatism, nasosinusitis, cough due to lung cold.
Reed rhizome: sweet and cold in nature. It enters lung and stomach meridians. Clear heat and promote fluid production, relieve restlessness, stop vomiting and induce diuresis. Can be used for treating pyrexia, polydipsia, stomach heat emesis, lung heat cough, pulmonary abscess, purulence, pyretic stranguria, and pain.
Licorice root: light smell, sweet and special taste. The functions are mainly used for clearing away heat and toxic material, eliminating phlegm and relieving cough, and treating abdominal cavity and the like.
Rhizoma pinelliae preparata: pungent and warm. Is toxic. It enters spleen, stomach and lung meridians. Dry dampness and resolve phlegm, check adverse rise of qi and arrest vomiting, relieve stuffiness and dissipate nodulation. Can be used for treating cough due to damp phlegm, dizziness due to wind-phlegm, headache due to phlegm syncope, emesis, regurgitation, feeling of fullness in chest and epigastrium, globus hystericus, goiter, phlegm nodule, carbuncle, cellulitis, and toxic swelling.
Ricepaperplant pith: sweet in nature and taste and mild in nature. It enters spleen, lung and kidney meridians. Has the main functions of tonifying qi and yin, strengthening spleen, moistening lung and tonifying kidney. Can be used for treating weakness of spleen and stomach, asthenia, xerostomia, anorexia, lung deficiency, cough, essence and blood deficiency, and internal heat diabetes.
Coix seed: sweet and light in flavor, cool in nature, and entering spleen, stomach and lung meridians. Has effects in promoting water penetration, removing dampness, invigorating spleen, relieving diarrhea, relieving arthralgia, expelling pus, removing toxic substance, and resolving hard mass.
Agastache rugosus: pungent and warm. It enters spleen, stomach and lung meridians. Fragrant, resolving turbidity, regulating the middle warmer, arresting vomiting, relieving exterior syndrome and clearing summer-heat. Can be used for treating damp obstruction in middle warmer, abdominal distention, emesis, summer-heat dampness exterior syndrome, early stage of damp-warm syndrome, fever, listlessness, chest distress, cold-dampness, summer-heat, abdominal pain, emesis, diarrhea, nasosinusitis, and headache.
Herba cistanches processed with wine: tonify kidney, generate sperm, moisten intestine and relax bowels. Cistanche deserticola is a traditional Chinese medicine which is clinically used in andrology in traditional Chinese medicine, has sweet and salty taste and warm nature, enters kidney and large intestine channels, has the functions of tonifying kidney yang, benefiting essence and blood and moistening intestines, and is clinically used for treating impotence, spermatorrhea, turbid urine, frequent micturition, lumbago and weak feet and constipation due to kidney yang deficiency and essence and blood deficiency.
Dried ginger: pungent flavor and warm property. It enters spleen, stomach, kidney, heart and lung meridians. Warming the middle energizer to dispel cold, restoring yang to activate collaterals, warming the lung to resolve retained fluid. It can be used for treating abdominal psychroalgia, emesis, diarrhea, cold limbs, slight pulse, cough and asthma due to cold fluid retention.
Radix ophiopogonis: sweet, slightly bitter and slightly cold. Moistening lung, clearing heart fire, purging heat, promoting fluid production, eliminating phlegm, relieving vomit, and promoting diuresis.
Fructus forsythiae: bitter and cool. Enter heart, liver and gallbladder meridians. Clear heat, remove toxicity, dissipate nodulation and resolve swelling. It is indicated for warm heat, erysipelas, macula, superficial infection, abscess, swelling, scrofula and stranguria.
Achyranthes root: dried roots of plants. Bitter, sweet, sour and neutral. It enters liver and kidney meridians. Dispel blood stasis and dredge channels, tonify liver and kidney, strengthen tendons and bones, induce diuresis and treat stranguria, and draw blood downward. Can be used for treating amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, soreness of waist and knees, myasthenia of bones and muscles, stranguria, edema, headache, vertigo, toothache, skin ulcer, hematemesis, and epistaxis.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the prostate eliminating soup for inhibiting the prostate fibrosis, disclosed by the invention, takes the main materials as main materials and the auxiliary materials as auxiliary materials, concretely takes the desmodium, the rhizoma atractylodis and the bitter apricot kernel as monarch drugs for clearing heat, promoting diuresis and removing toxicity, and takes the medulla tetrapanacis, the radix ophiopogonis and the achyranthes bidentata as auxiliary materials to play the effects of clearing heat, promoting diuresis, treating stranguria, removing toxicity and relieving swelling; radix isatidis, giant knotweed rhizome, salvia miltiorrhiza, fructus forsythiae and rhizoma pinellinae praeparata are used as ministerial drugs for strengthening monarch drugs to clear heat, promote diuresis, remove toxicity, promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis and relieve pain; phellodendron, medicated leaven, coix seed, wrinkled gianthyssop herb and dwarf lilyturf tuber which are used as adjuvant drugs for strengthening the spleen and stomach, tonifying qi and strengthening the body resistance, and preventing the spleen and the stomach from being too cold and too cold; the liquorice has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials and harmonizing the effects of the other medicines as guiding medicines, and furthermore, the auxiliary materials improve the stimulation of the main materials to the spleen and the stomach, so that patients can better accept and effectively absorb the medicine.
(2) The prostate eliminating decoction for inhibiting prostate fibrosis can effectively inhibit prostate fibrosis, improve local blood circulation and help to eliminate inflammation. The preparation method is simple and convenient, and is convenient for large-scale production.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the structures shown in the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 shows the comparison of the cytokines after the treatment of the control group, the treated group and the normal group of the Qianliexiao decoction of the present application;
FIG. 2 shows the PrF cell proliferation induced by TGF-. beta.1 groups (CCK8 method) in the Qianliexiao decoction of the present application;
FIG. 3 shows the positive expression regions of the PrF apoptosis-related factors Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 proteins stimulated by TGF-beta 1;
FIGS. 4 and 5 are flow cytometric assays of prostate hyperplasia and PrF apoptosis rates in groups stimulated by TGF- β 1;
FIG. 6 shows the purity of prostate CD4+ T cells from various groups of mice measured by flow cytometry;
FIG. 7 shows Western Blot to detect the protein expression level of key factors of IL-6-JAK2-STAT3 pathway in prostate tissue of each group of mice;
FIG. 8 shows the Western Blot to detect the protein expression level of apoptosis-related factors in prostate tissues of various groups of mice;
FIG. 9 shows the Western Blot to detect the expression level of Th 17-related factor protein in prostate tissue of each group of mice.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention will be given with reference to specific examples, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
Example 1
A soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis is prepared from main material and adjuvant;
the main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: the main materials comprise the following raw materials: 5 parts of phellodendron, 5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 1 part of bitter almond, 15 parts of talcum, 5 parts of giant knotweed, 10 parts of longhairy antenoron herb, 10 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 10 parts of isatis root, 5 parts of medicated leaven, 5 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 0.5 part of asarum, 10 parts of reed rhizome and 1 part of liquorice.
The auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: the auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials: 5 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 1 part of ricepaperplant pith, 10 parts of semen coicis, 10 parts of agastache rugosus, 5 parts of herba cistanches, 5 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 5 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 5 parts of coptis chinensis and 5 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae, wherein the weight percentages of the main material and the auxiliary material are respectively 4: 1.
A preparation method of Qianliexiao decoction for inhibiting prostate fibrosis comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing main materials and auxiliary materials: weighing the raw materials of the main material according to the weight ratio, and respectively washing and airing the phellodendron, the rhizoma atractylodis, the bitter apricot seed, the talcum, the giant knotweed, the lysimachia christinae hance, the salvia miltiorrhiza, the isatis root, the medicated leaven, the magnolia officinalis, the asarum, the reed rhizome and the liquorice for later use; weighing the following raw materials of auxiliary materials in parts by weight: washing rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, medulla Tetrapanacis, Coicis semen, herba Agastaches, Cistanchis herba, Zingiberis rhizoma, radix Ophiopogonis, fructus forsythiae and Achyranthis radix respectively, and air drying;
(2) decocting: adding 3-5 times of water into the main material and the auxiliary material, decocting for 20-30 minutes with slow fire, and filtering to obtain 200-300 ml of filtrate.
The application method of the prostate digestion decoction for inhibiting the prostate fibrosis is that the decoction is taken twice to three times a day, 200ml each time, and in the morning and at night after meals. 28d is a course of treatment.
Example 2
This example is substantially the same as example 1 except that the prostate fibrosis inhibiting soup for prostate contains different raw material components of the main material and the supplementary material.
The main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of phellodendron, 10 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 6 parts of bitter almond, 20 parts of talcum, 10 parts of polygonum cuspidatum, 15 parts of lysimachia christinae hance, 15 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 15 parts of isatis root, 10 parts of medicated leaven, 10 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 3 parts of asarum, 15 parts of rhizoma phragmitis and 6 parts of liquorice.
The auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 6 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 15 parts of semen coicis, 15 parts of agastache rugosus, 10 parts of herba cistanches, 10 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 10 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 10 parts of fructus forsythiae and 10 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae, wherein the weight percentages of the main material and the auxiliary material are respectively 4: 1.
Example 3
This example is substantially the same as example 1 except that the prostate fibrosis inhibiting soup for prostate contains different raw material components of the main material and the supplementary material.
The main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of phellodendron, 15 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 11 parts of bitter almond, 25 parts of talcum, 15 parts of giant knotweed, 20 parts of desmodium, 20 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 20 parts of isatis root, 15 parts of medicated leaven, 15 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 8 parts of asarum, 20 parts of reed rhizome and 11 parts of liquorice.
The auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 11 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 20 parts of semen coicis, 20 parts of agastache rugosus, 15 parts of herba cistanches, 15 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 15 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 15 parts of fructus forsythiae and 15 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae, wherein the weight percentages of the main material and the auxiliary material are respectively 4: 1.
Example 4
This example is substantially the same as example 1 except that the prostate fibrosis inhibiting soup for prostate contains different raw material components of the main material and the supplementary material.
The main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 7 parts of phellodendron, 7 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 3 parts of bitter almond, 17 parts of talcum, 7 parts of polygonum cuspidatum, 13 parts of lysimachia christinae hance, 13 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 13 parts of isatis root, 7 parts of medicated leaven, 7 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 1.5 parts of asarum, 13 parts of reed rhizome and 3 parts of liquorice.
The auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 7 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 3 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 13 parts of semen coicis, 13 parts of agastache rugosus, 7 parts of herba cistanches, 7 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 7 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 7 parts of fructus forsythiae and 7 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae, wherein the weight percentages of the main material and the auxiliary material are respectively 4: 1.
Example 5
This example is substantially the same as example 1 except that the prostate fibrosis inhibiting prostate digestion decoction contains different raw material components of the main ingredient and the supplementary ingredient.
The main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12 parts of phellodendron, 12 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 8 parts of bitter almond, 22 parts of talcum, 12 parts of polygonum cuspidatum, 17 parts of lysimachia christinae hance, 10-20 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 17 parts of isatis root, 12 parts of medicated leaven, 12 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 5 parts of asarum, 17 parts of reed rhizome and 8 parts of liquorice.
The auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 8 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 17 parts of semen coicis, 17 parts of agastache rugosus, 12 parts of herba cistanches, 12 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 12 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 12 parts of fructus forsythiae and 12 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae.
In order to prove the effectiveness of the Qianliexiao decoction of the invention, the applicant has made a great deal of clinical research and basic research, which are as follows:
first, clinical study
1. Observing an object:
80 rows of clinical patients with IIIA type (damp-heat and stasis type) Chronic Prostatitis (CP) are selected and divided into two groups, and the two groups are compared with age, sex, weight and illness state, and the difference has no significance (P is more than 0.05);
2. medication and observation of results
Control group: the honeysuckle flower inflammation-secreting tablets are orally taken;
treatment groups: example 2 was used;
both groups were treated for 28 days, and after the treatment period was completed, the treatment effect, NIH-CPSI score, and IL-17A, Foxp3 factor expression were evaluated in both groups, with the following results:
(1) after treatment, the clinical curative effect of the treatment group is 86.49%, the curative effect of the control group is 71.05%, and the difference has statistical significance when the sum of orders tests that the P is less than 0.05; the syndrome curative effect treatment group is 89.19%, the comparison group is 73.68%, the difference has statistical significance through the rank sum test P <0.05, the prostate eliminating decoction of the treatment group is better than the honeysuckle flower secretion inflammation tablet of the comparison group in curative effect, and the specific results are shown in the following tables 1 and 2:
TABLE 1 comparison of the post-treatment efficacy of the two groups
Figure BDA0003467963070000101
Note: the test of Z shows that P is less than 0.05
TABLE 2 comparison of the two therapeutic syndromes
Figure BDA0003467963070000102
Note: the test of Z shows that P is less than 0.05
(2) The leucocyte condition of the two groups of prostate massage liquid after treatment: after treatment, both groups were able to reduce WBC, and the difference in the mean values of two different time measurements of leukocytes was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the treatment group was better than Yinhua Miyanling pian in reducing WBC count in patients, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05), as shown in Table 3:
TABLE 3 leukocyte changes in two groups of patients after treatment
Figure BDA0003467963070000103
Note: by Z test, <0.05 and Δ <0.05 compared to before treatment.
(3) NIH-CPSI scores and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome integration conditions, the NIH-CPSI scores after two groups of treatment and the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome integration are compared, the difference has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05) before and after the two groups of treatment; the difference between the treatment groups and the honeysuckle flower Miyanling tablets after treatment has statistical significance (P < 0.05). The symptoms of the prostate hyperplasia-eliminating decoction in the treatment group are better than those in the control group in the treatment of the damp-heat and blood stasis type CP patients, and the symptoms are shown in the table 4:
TABLE 4 score of two groups of symptoms after treatment and score comparison of Chinese medical syndrome
Figure BDA0003467963070000111
Note: Δ <0.05 compared to before treatment.
(4) The severity of the disease was compared between the two groups after treatment: the comparison of the severity of the disease states of the two groups after treatment shows that the difference of the two groups has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05), which indicates that the effect of the Qianliexiao decoction of the treatment group on the disease state relieving degree is better than that of the control group, and the specific results are shown in Table 5:
TABLE 5 comparison of severity of disease in the two groups after treatment
Figure BDA0003467963070000112
Note: by Z test, P is less than 0.05 in the two groups before treatment.
(5) IL-17A and Foxp3 level status in the two groups after treatment: after treatment, the two groups can effectively reduce the IL-17A level and improve the Foxp3 level compared with the two groups before treatment, and the difference has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05). Compared with the improvement of Foxp3, the prostate elimination soup group has statistical difference (P is less than 0.05) with the honeysuckle secretion inflammation tablet group, which indicates that the prostate elimination soup can better improve the level of Foxp 3; on the comparison of IL-17A reduction, the difference between the Qianliexiao decoction and the Yinhua Miyanling tablet group in the treatment group has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05), which indicates that the Qianliexiao decoction in the treatment group is more effective than the Yinhua Miyanling tablet on the influence on the IL-17A content in EPS of patients, and the specific results are shown in Table 6:
TABLE 6 comparison of IL-17A and Foxp3 levels in the two groups after treatment
Figure BDA0003467963070000121
Note: Δ <0.05 compared to before treatment.
(6) Referring to FIG. 1, IL-17A and Foxp3 levels in the post-treatment two and normal groups: after treatment, the difference between the treatment group and the normal group in comparison of the Foxp3 level has no statistical significance (P is more than 0.05), the difference between the control group and the normal group in comparison of the Foxp3 level has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05), and the result shows that the Foxp3 expression level is improved and has statistical significance in comparison with that of a Yinhua Miyanling group after the treatment group and the normal group take Qianliexiao decoction, and the difference is closer to the normal group; the difference between the treated group and the normal group in comparison of the IL-17A level is not statistically significant (P is more than 0.05), and the difference between the control group and the normal group in comparison of the IL-17A level is statistically significant (P is less than 0.05), which indicates that the composition is more effective in reducing the IL-17A level after being taken for prostate cancer than the Yinhua Miyanling group and is closer to the normal group.
Second, study of therapeutic action mechanism
In order to further confirm the clinical curative effect and the mechanism of inhibiting fibrosis of the Qianliexiao decoction for treating chronic prostatitis, provide theoretical basis for clinical application, and develop specific cell experiments and animal experiments:
first, cell experiment
1. Grouping of cell experiments
Blank group: PrF + DMEM complete medium
Model group: PrF + DMEM complete medium (containing 5ng/mL TGF-beta 1)
Solvent set: PrF + DMEM complete medium (containing 5ng/mL TGF-beta 1) + PBS
Prostate-disappear decoction low dose group: PrF + DMEM complete Medium (containing 5ng/ml TGF-. beta.1) + Low dose prostate Reptile dilution of example 2
The dosage groups in the Qianliexiao decoction are as follows: PrF + DMEM complete Medium (containing 5ng/mL TGF-. beta.1) + dosage prostate Rexton Diluent of example 2
The high-dose group of Qianliexiao decoction comprises: PrF + DMEM complete Medium (containing 5ng/mL TGF-. beta.1) + high dose prostate Rexton Diluent of example 2
2. Experimental method
In vitro culturing EAP mouse prostate fibroblast (PrF), preparing prostate decoction drug-containing serum from C57BL/6 mouse, and performing intervention experiment with 5%, 10% and 20% of the drug-containing serum as low, medium and high dose groups according to cytotoxicity experiment result; establishing an EAP mouse model by adopting ' prostatic protein purified liquid + Freund's complete adjuvant ', taking out prostatic tissue under an aseptic condition, separating and culturing PrF, purifying the PrF by adopting a differential wall-pasting method, detecting the purity of the PrF by an immunofluorescence method, and modeling by using culture solution with the concentration of 5ng/ml TGF-beta 1 when the purity reaches more than 90%; randomly dividing PrF in logarithmic growth phase after modeling into a blank group, a model group, a solvent group, a prostate elimination decoction low, medium and high dose group, and 6 compound holes in each group; after the intervention culture is carried out for 24h, the proliferation condition of PrF in each group is detected by adopting a CCK8 method, the apoptosis rate of cells in each group is detected by adopting a flow cytometry method, and the expression of apoptosis pathway related proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 is detected by adopting an immunohistochemical method.
(1) Magnetic bead sorting of prostate CD4+ T cells
The obtained specimen was repeatedly cut into pieces of about 0.5cm in size, and added to PBS containing 1mM EDTA and 1mM DTT, and shaken at 37 ℃ for 1 hour to remove tissues such as epithelial cells and blood vessels. The remaining tissue was repeatedly digested with 0.25% pancreatin in a 37 ℃ incubator, and the digestion was stopped with DMEM containing 10% FBS. Centrifuging at 1000r for 5min, discarding supernatant, resuspending and precipitating with DMEM containing 20% FBS to obtain cell suspension, and filtering with 200 mesh sieve for 2 times to obtain single cell suspension. CD4+ T cells were sorted by immunomagnetic positive sorting (according to kit instructions).
(2) CCK8 method for detecting activity of prostate CD4+ T cells of mice in each group
Inoculating each group of cells obtained by sorting into a 96-well plate, adding 100ul of cells into each well, paving the plate to ensure that the density of the cells to be detected reaches 5000 cells/well, and setting 5 multiple wells/group;
② 5 percent CO2, culturing at 37 ℃ until the cells adhere to the wall;
adding 10ul of 7sea-cell counting kit solution in the kit into each hole, and synchronously setting zero-setting holes;
fourthly, continuously culturing for 2 hours;
and fifthly, detecting the light absorption value (OD) at 450nm by using an enzyme-labeling instrument, and calculating the survival rate of the cells.
(3) Flow cytometry for detecting purity of prostate CD4+ T cells of mice of each group
Preparing sorted groups of mouse prostate CD4+ T cells into 5 x 105 cell suspension reaction tubes per tube;
② incubating antibodies CD3-FITC and CD4-PE for 15min at room temperature; washing with 1ml of precooled PBS for 2 times;
③ 1ml of precooled PBS is resuspended and then is put on the machine.
The results are as follows:
(1) detecting the proliferation condition of the group of TGF-beta 1 induced PrF cells by the prostate hyperplasia soup of the application: PrF cell proliferation was evident in the TGF- β 1 stimulated model group, solvent group and Qianlietang group compared to the blank group (P < 0.05); compared with the solvent group, the low, medium and high dose groups of the prostatitis soup have obvious difference (P <0.05), and the low dose group of the prostatitis soup has no obvious difference (P > 0.05). The cell viability and the cell inhibition rate of the solvent group and the low, medium and high dose groups of the prostatitis soup are calculated, and the results are shown in figure 2, wherein the results show that compared with the solvent group, the cell proliferation of the low, medium and high dose groups of the prostatitis soup is inhibited, and the dose of the prostatitis soup is positively correlated with the cell inhibition rate.
(2) The immunohistochemical method detects the influence of the prostatic hyperplasia soup on the expression of the apoptosis factors of PrF cells Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in each group stimulated by TGF-beta 1: the detection result of the prostatic hyperplasia soup intervention on PrF cell apoptosis related factors stimulated by TGF-beta 1 shows that positive expression regions of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 proteins are dyed into tan or tan and mainly exist in cytoplasm, referring to fig. 3, the result shows that the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase-3 in a model group and a solvent group are not significantly different (P is more than 0.05) compared with a blank group, the expression levels in a low, medium and high dose group of the prostatic hyperplasia soup intervention group are higher than those in the blank group, the model group and the solvent group, and the difference has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05); the expression level of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein Bcl-2 in the model group and the solvent group is not obviously different (P is more than 0.05) compared with that in the blank group, the expression levels in the low, medium and high dose groups of the prostate soup group are lower than those in the blank group, the model group and the solvent group, and the difference has statistical significance (P is less than 0.05), specifically referring to the following table 7:
TABLE 7 AOD values for Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 protein expression in groups: (
Figure BDA0003467963070000151
n=5)
Figure BDA0003467963070000152
Note: in comparison with the blank set, the results,*p is less than 0.05; in comparison with the solvent set,#P<0.05
(3) flow cytometry detection of prostate hyperplasia soup intervention PrF apoptosis rates in various groups stimulated by TGF- β 1: referring to fig. 4 and 5, the results show that there is no significant difference in the apoptosis rate of PrF cells between the model group and the solvent group compared to the blank group (P > 0.05). Compared with the solvent group, the low, medium and high dose groups of the prostatitis soup have significant difference in apoptosis rate (P <0.05), and the prostatitis soup concentration is higher, the apoptosis rate is higher, as shown in fig. 4 and fig. 5.
(4) The CCK8 method detection result shows that the activity of the mouse prostate CD4+ T cells obtained by sorting is more than 94%, and the test requirements are met, and the method specifically refers to the following table 8:
TABLE 8 CCK8 method for detecting the activity of prostate CD4+ T cells of each group of mice
Figure BDA0003467963070000161
(5) The flow cytometry detection result shows that: the positive expression rate of prostate CD4+ in each group of mice is higher than 90%, meeting the experimental requirements, please refer to table 9 and fig. 6 specifically:
TABLE 9 CCK8 method for detecting the purity of prostate CD4+ T cells of each group of mice
Figure BDA0003467963070000162
Second, animal experiment method
1. Preparation of purified liquid of prostate protein
A method for producing a prostate gland tissue comprises the steps of collecting 20 male Wistar rats (240-300 g, 2-3 months old), killing the rats, aseptically exfoliating the prostate gland tissue, adding a physiological saline solution containing 0.5% triton X-100, and homogenizing the mixture in an ice-water bath using a glass homogenizer. 10000rmp centrifugation for 10min, supernatant fluid is taken, the protein concentration of the supernatant fluid is detected by a biuret method, the supernatant fluid is diluted to 2mg/ml by 0.1M PBS buffer solution with pH7.2, and the supernatant fluid is placed in a refrigerator at minus 80 ℃ for standby.
2. Immunological modeling method and Chinese medicine syndrome multi-factor modeling method
120 male C57BL/6 mice of 16-21 g and 7-8 weeks old are taken, 30 blank groups are randomly extracted, and the rest are modeling groups. Injecting 0.5ml of physiological saline into mice in the blank group at multiple points, subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, and repeatedly injecting for 1 time after 30 days; the model building mice are injected subcutaneously with 0.5ml of prostatic tissue protein purification solution at multiple points, the injection is repeated for 1 time 30 days later, and the model building is completed 30 days after 2 times of immunization. During the molding period, two groups are free to drink water and eat, and the blank group is fed conventionally; the building block is fed with high-fat feed (common feed plus cholesterol 25g/kg plus lard 100g/kg plus yolk powder 80g/kg), 1000ml of common purified water plus 50ml of rice wine with the alcoholicity of 56 degrees is given on one day in the aspect of drinking, 20 percent honey beverage is given on two days, and the building block is put into a climatic chamber (the temperature is 35 ℃ and the humidity is 95 percent) at 10-15 days every day.
3 grouping and intervention measures
The body mass of each group of mice is weighed, the average number is taken, the dosage is calculated and converted according to a conversion formula of dosage of experimental pharmacology (scientific publishing company) people and mice compiled by Dinghong, the mice of each group are respectively intervened according to the method of the following table 10, and the animals are treated by continuously intervening for 4 weeks.
TABLE 10 drug grouping and intervention modes
Figure BDA0003467963070000171
4. Index detection and experimental results
4.1Western Blot to detect protein expression levels of key factors of the IL-6-JAK2-STAT3 pathway in prostate tissue of various groups of mice, see Table 11 and FIG. 7:
TABLE 11IRelative expression quantity of L-6-JAK2-STAT3 pathway key factor/beta-actin protein
Figure BDA0003467963070000181
Figure BDA0003467963070000182
P < 0.01 compared to control group; in comparison with the set of EAPs,##P<0.01,#P<0.05。
4.2 Western Blot to detect the protein expression level of apoptosis-related factor in prostate tissue of each group of mice, see Table 12 and FIG. 8:
TABLE 12 relative expression levels of apoptosis-related factor/beta-actin protein
Figure BDA0003467963070000183
Figure BDA0003467963070000184
P < 0.01 compared to control group; in comparison with the set of EAPs,##P<0.01。
4.3 Western Blot to detect the protein expression level of Th 17-related factor in prostate tissue of each group of mice, see Table 13 and FIG. 9:
TABLE 13 relative expression levels of Th 17-related factor/beta-actin protein
Figure BDA0003467963070000185
Figure BDA0003467963070000186
Figure BDA0003467963070000191
P < comparing with control group0.01; in comparison with the set of EAPs,##P<0.01。
4.4 Real-time PCR assay for mRNA expression levels of key factors of the IL-6-JAK2-STAT3 pathway in prostate tissue of each group of mice, see Table 14:
TABLE 14 relative expression of IL-6-JAK2-STAT3 pathway key factor/beta-actin mRNA
Figure BDA0003467963070000192
Figure BDA0003467963070000193
P < 0.01 compared to control group; in comparison with the set of EAPs,##P<0.01。
4.5Real-time PCR assay of the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related factors in prostate tissue of mice in each group, see Table 15:
TABLE 15 relative expression levels of apoptosis-related factor/beta-actin mRNA
Figure BDA0003467963070000194
Figure BDA0003467963070000195
P < 0.01 compared to control group; in comparison with the set of EAPs,##P<0.01。
4.6 Real-time PCR assay of mRNA expression levels of Th 17-related factor in prostate tissue of mice in each group, see Table 16:
TABLE 16 relative expression levels of Th 17-related factor/beta-actin mRNA
Figure BDA0003467963070000201
Figure BDA0003467963070000202
P < 0.01 compared to control group; in comparison with the set of EAPs,##P<0.01。
third, comparative study
1. Observing an object:
selecting 120 rows of clinical patients with IIIA type (damp-heat and stasis type) Chronic Prostatitis (CP), dividing the patients into two groups, comparing the ages, sexes, weights and disease conditions of the two groups, wherein the difference has no significance (the P is more than 0.05);
2. medication and observation of results
Control group 1: this example is substantially the same as example 2 except that the main material and the auxiliary material have different raw material components.
The main materials lack cortex Phellodendri, semen Armeniacae amarum, pulvis Talci, herba asari, and rhizoma Phragmitis;
the raw materials of the auxiliary materials lack rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, ricepaperplant pith, coix seed and wrinkled gianthyssop;
control group 2: the preparation method of the embodiment is basically the same as that of the embodiment 2, except that no auxiliary materials are used;
treatment groups: example 2 was used;
the three groups are all 28 days as a treatment course, the treatment effect is observed after the treatment course is finished, the clinical treatment effect of the treatment group is 86.49%, the treatment effect of the control group 1 is 69.23%, the treatment effect of the control group 2 is 76.23%, and the difference has statistical significance, which indicates that the prostate eliminating decoction of the treatment group is better than the control group 1 and the control group 2 in the treatment effect comparison, and is specifically shown in table 17:
TABLE 17 comparison of the post-treatment efficacy of the three groups
Figure BDA0003467963070000211
As indicated above, in the present application, the selection of the drug substance is very important, and if one or more of the drug substances is absent, the therapeutic effect is significantly reduced.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims (7)

1. A prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis is characterized by being mainly prepared from main materials and auxiliary materials;
the main materials comprise the following raw materials: cortex Phellodendri, rhizoma Atractylodis, semen Armeniacae amarum, pulvis Talci, rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati, herba Lysimachiae Christinae, Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix, radix Isatidis, Massa Medicata Fermentata, cortex Magnolia officinalis, herba asari, rhizoma Phragmitis and Glycyrrhrizae radix;
the auxiliary materials comprise the following raw materials: rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, medulla Tetrapanacis, Coicis semen, herba Agastaches, Cistanchis herba, Zingiberis rhizoma, radix Ophiopogonis, fructus forsythiae and Achyranthis radix;
wherein the weight percentage of the main material and the auxiliary material is 4:1 respectively.
2. The prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis according to claim 1, wherein the main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-15 parts of phellodendron, 5-15 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 1-11 parts of bitter almond, 15-25 parts of talcum, 5-15 parts of giant knotweed, 10-20 parts of desmodium, 10-20 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 10-20 parts of isatis root, 5-15 parts of medicated leaven, 5-15 parts of magnolia officinalis, 0.5-8 parts of asarum, 10-20 parts of reed rhizome and 1-11 parts of liquorice.
3. The prostate digestion soup for inhibiting prostate fibrosis according to claim 2, wherein the main material comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of phellodendron, 10 parts of rhizoma atractylodis, 6 parts of bitter almond, 20 parts of talcum, 10 parts of polygonum cuspidatum, 15 parts of lysimachia christinae hance, 15 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 15 parts of isatis root, 10 parts of medicated leaven, 10 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 3 parts of asarum, 15 parts of rhizoma phragmitis and 6 parts of liquorice.
4. The prostate digestion solution for inhibiting prostate fibrosis according to claim 1, wherein the raw materials of the auxiliary materials comprise, by weight: 5-15 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 1-11 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 10-20 parts of semen coicis, 10-20 parts of agastache rugosus, 5-15 parts of herba cistanches, 5-15 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 5-15 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 5-15 parts of coptis chinensis and 5-15 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae.
5. The prostate digestion solution for inhibiting prostate fibrosis according to claim 1, wherein the raw materials of the auxiliary materials comprise, by weight: 10 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 6 parts of ricepaperplant pith, 15 parts of semen coicis, 15 parts of wrinkled gianthyssop herb, 10 parts of herba cistanches, 10 parts of rhizoma zingiberis, 10 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 10 parts of fructus forsythiae and 10 parts of radix achyranthis bidentatae.
6. A method for preparing the prostate dissolving soup for inhibiting the prostate fibrosis according to claim 15, comprising the steps of:
(1) preparing main materials and auxiliary materials: weighing the raw materials of the main material according to the weight ratio, and respectively washing and airing the phellodendron, the rhizoma atractylodis, the bitter apricot seed, the talcum, the giant knotweed, the lysimachia christinae hance, the salvia miltiorrhiza, the isatis root, the medicated leaven, the magnolia officinalis, the asarum, the reed rhizome and the liquorice for later use; weighing the following raw materials of auxiliary materials in parts by weight: washing rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata, medulla Tetrapanacis, Coicis semen, herba Agastaches, Cistanchis herba, Zingiberis rhizoma, radix Ophiopogonis, fructus forsythiae and Achyranthis radix respectively, and air drying;
(2) decocting: adding 3-5 times of water into the main material and the auxiliary material, decocting for 20-30 minutes with slow fire, and filtering to obtain 200-300 ml of filtrate.
7. The method for preparing the prostate digestion decoction for inhibiting prostate fibrosis according to claim 6, wherein the prostate digestion decoction is administered twice to three times a day, 200ml each time, in the morning and at night.
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