CN114450877A - 电力电子转换器 - Google Patents

电力电子转换器 Download PDF

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CN114450877A
CN114450877A CN202080065578.9A CN202080065578A CN114450877A CN 114450877 A CN114450877 A CN 114450877A CN 202080065578 A CN202080065578 A CN 202080065578A CN 114450877 A CN114450877 A CN 114450877A
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power electronic
electronic converter
switch
voltage
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沃尔夫冈·贝克
迈克尔·诺伊多夫霍费尔
格尔德·施拉格
拉克希米·瓦拉哈·耶尔
菲利普·科塔
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Magna International Inc
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Magna International Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/337—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration
    • H02M3/3376—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H02M1/15—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output using active elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0043—Converters switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
    • H02M1/0058—Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0064—Magnetic structures combining different functions, e.g. storage, filtering or transformation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/003—Constructional details, e.g. physical layout, assembly, wiring or busbar connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H02M3/1586—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33515—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with digital control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/003—Constructional details, e.g. physical layout, assembly, wiring or busbar connections
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

电力电子转换器向输出总线供应DC输出电力以用于为负载诸如电池供电。电力电子转换器包括DC链路电容器，该DC链路电容器被配置成提供具有80V峰‑峰的纹波的DC链路电压。电力电子转换器还包括具有DC/AC转换器的DC/DC级，该DC/AC转换器包括一个或更多个开关以选择性地传导来自DC链路总线的电流，来向变压器供应AC电力。DC/AC转换器的开关安装到与变压器壳体热接触的绝缘金属基板，以用于从其消散热量。控制器控制DC/AC转换器的一个或更多个开关，并且使响应于DC链路电压的纹波的切换频率变化。

Description

电力电子转换器
相关申请的交叉引用
本PCT国际专利申请要求于2019年8月16日提交的并且标题为“Power ElectronicConverter”的美国临时专利申请序列第62/887,836号的权益和优先权，其全部公开内容通过引用并入本文。
背景技术
电力电子转换器具有包括在固定应用或移动应用中调节电流的流动的许多实际应用。这样的电力电子转换器的示例包括：交流电(AC)到直流电(DC)转换器(或简称AC/DC转换器)、DC到AC转换器(或简称DC/AC转换器)和DC到DC转换器(简称DC/DC转换器)。每个类型的电力电子转换器使用一个或更多个电力电子开关以将输入电力转换为输出电力。针对电力电子转换器的示例应用包括用于电子器件或电器、电机驱动器和电池充电器的电源。
发明内容
本公开内容提供了一种电力电子转换器，该电力电子转换器包括DC链路总线，该DC链路总线包括DC正节点和DC负节点，并且限定了它们之间的DC链路电压。DC链路电压具有作为周期性变化的纹波。电力电子转换器包括DC链路电容器，该DC链路电容器连接在DC正节点与DC负节点之间，以调节DC链路电压的纹波。电力电子转换器还包括开关级，该开关级包括被配置成选择性地传导来自DC链路总线的电流的开关。电力电子转换器还包括控制器，该控制器被配置成控制开关，并且使响应于DC链路电压的纹波的开关的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化。
本公开内容还提供了一种操作电力电子转换器的方法。该方法包括以下步骤：命令开关选择性地传导来自DC链路总线的电流，以转换来自DC链路总线的DC电力；以及使响应于DC链路总线上的DC链路电压的纹波的开关的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化。
本公开内容还提供了一种电力电子转换器，该电力电子转换器包括开关级，该开关级包括被配置成选择性地传导来自链路总线的电流的开关。电力电子转换器还包括变压器，该变压器与开关级电通信并且具有变压器壳体。开关安装到与变压器的壳体热接触的绝缘金属基板，用于将热量从开关传导至变压器壳体。
附图说明
本发明的设计的进一步细节、特征和优点由以下参照相关联的附图对实施方式示例的描述得到。
图1示出了根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的示意框图；
图2示出了说明根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的DC/DC级的操作的功能图；
图3示出了根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的侧视图；
图4示出了根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的侧视图；
图5示出了显示根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的各个部分的温度的透视图；
图6示出了显示根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的各个部分的温度的俯视图；
图7示出了显示根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的各个部分的温度的正面视图；
图8示出了显示根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器的各个部分的温度的侧视图；以及
图9示出了根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的操作电力电子转换器的方法中的步骤的流程图。
具体实施方式
参照附图，将根据以下实施方式详细描述本发明。DC到DC转换器形式的电力电子转换器10的示例实施方式。然而，本公开内容的方面还可以在其他类型的电力电子转换器诸如AC到DC转换器或DC到AC转换器或AC到AC转换器内实施。
图1示出了电力电子转换器10的示意图，该电力电子转换器被配置成：使用来自DC电源32的DC电力向输出总线28提供DC输出电力，以用于为负载30诸如电池供电，DC电源32可以是例如电池或AC/DC转换器，用于接收来自例如电网或公用线路电源的AC电流。负载30可以包括一个或更多个不同的装置，例如诸如电池、DC电机，或者用于将DC输出电力转换为另一形式诸如AC电力或者具有与输出总线28上的DC输出电力不同电压的DC电力的另一电力转换器。
仍然参照图1，DC电源32经由DC链路总线34、36向电力电子转换器10提供DC电力。具体地，DC链路总线34、36包括DC正节点34和DC负节点36，在它们之间限定了DC链路电压VDC_BUS。DC链路电容器38连接在DC正节点34与DC负节点36之间，用于调节和稳定DC链路电压VDC_BUS。电力电子转换器10还包括DC/DC级40，该DC/DC级40具有向变压器44供应AC电力的开关级42。DC/DC级40还包括整流器46，该整流器46被配置成转换来自变压器44的次级侧的AC电力以用DC电力为输出总线28提供电力。更具体地，开关级42通过选择性地切换来自DC链路总线34、36的电流来用AC电力为第一内部总线50提供电力。谐振槽52耦接至第一内部总线50，并且将来自第一内部总线50的AC电压改变为第二内部总线54上的不同的AC电压。在一些实施方式中，谐振槽52具有电感器—电感器—电容器(LLC)配置，其可以包括与谐振电容器串联并且耦接至开关级42的谐振电感器。
变压器44包括耦接至第二内部总线54的初级绕组(未示出)和耦接至第三内部总线56的次级绕组(未示出)。变压器44在第二内部总线54与第三内部总线56之间提供AC电压的隔离和/或变化。整流器46耦接至第三内部总线56，并且将来自第三内部总线56的AC电力转换为输出总线28上的DC输出电力。因此，第一内部总线50承载AC电力，该AC电力通过谐振槽52和变压器44的组合转换为第三内部总线56上的不同的电压电平。在一些实施方式中，并且尤其是在DC/DC级40包括具有电感器—电感器—电容器(LLC)配置的谐振槽52的情况下，开关70的切换频率可以响应于DC链路总线34、36上的DC链路电压VDC_BUS的纹波而变化。
整流器46可以包括作为桥式整流器连接的四个二极管。然而，整流器46可以具有其他配置，诸如单个二极管、波整流器、和/或被配置成提供有源整流的一个或更多个开关，有源整流还可以被称为同步整流(SR)。
在一些实施方式中，DC链路电压VDC_BUS具有作为周期性变化的纹波。纹波可能是正弦的，尽管也可能是其他波形。在常规的转换器设计中，纹波力求最小化。然而，在本公开内容的一些实施方式中，允许DC链路电压VDC_BUS的纹波具有比常规的设计中更大的振幅。例如，在一些实施方式中，DC链路电压VDC_BUS可以具有80V的峰-峰纹波。DC链路电容器38的大小是确定DC链路电压VDC_BUS的纹波的振幅的主要因素。在本公开内容的一些实施方式中，DC链路电容器38具有100μF的值以提供80V的峰-峰纹波，其中，常规的设计可能具有500μF的值以提供基本上小于80V的峰-峰纹波。
仍然参照图1，电力电子转换器10包括具有一个或更多个开关70的开关级42，开关70被配置成选择性地传导来自DC链路总线34、36的电流，以将来自DC链路总线34、36的DC电力转换成具有与DC链路电压VDC_BUS不同的输出电压的输出DC电力。电力电子转换器10还包括控制器84，该控制器84被配置成控制开关70，并且使响应于DC链路电压VDC_BUS的纹波的开关的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化。更具体地，控制器84包括处理器86和保持指令90的机器可读存储存储器88，指令90通过处理器86执行以使处理器86命令开关70中的一个或更多个来选择性地传导响应于DC链路电压VDC_BUS的纹波的来自DC链路总线34、36的电流。处理器86可以包括微处理器、微控制器、可编程门阵列或专用集成电路(ASIC)中的一个或更多个。如图所示，开关级42的开关70可以是负型金属氧化物半导体(NMOS)型场效应晶体管(FET)。然而，开关70中的一个或更多个可以是不同类型的装置，诸如另一类型的FET、结型晶体管或双向晶闸管。
图2示出了说明根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的DC/DC级40的操作的功能图。具体地，图2示出了求和块130，该求和块130被配置成从实际输出电压信号134中减去参考电压132以生成电压误差信号Verror。电压误差信号Verror被发送到频率比例积分(PI)控制器138，该频率比例积分(PI)控制器138基于电压误差信号Verror随时间变化生成LLC切换频率。在一些实施方式中，控制器84被配置成基于电压误差信号Verror使开关70的切换频率变化。在一些实施方式中，控制器84被配置成使开关70的切换频率以标称频率以上或以下至少40kHz变化。例如，LLC切换频率可以具有210kHz的标称频率，并且LLC切换频率可以在170kHz与250kHz之间变化(即变化了+/-40kHz)，尽管可以使用其他频率。LLC切换频率被提供至生成脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号的LLC PWM发生器140。脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号可以被配置为50％占空比方波。脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号被提供至初级H桥，该初级H桥可以包括例如上文参照图1描述的开关级42。脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号被提供至初级H桥142。脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号还被提供至次级H桥144。DC/DC级40还可以包括输出电压监测器146，该输出电压监测器146可以被配置成周期性地采样和保持输出电压VOUT的值以生成实际输出电压信号134。
图3示出了根据本公开内容的一些实施方式的电力电子转换器10的侧视图。具体地，图3示出了主板150诸如印刷电路板，该主板150在平面中延伸并且保持包括变压器44的变压器壳体152。变压器壳体152可以包括诸如铝或其他导热材料的金属的外壳。DC/DC级40的开关70各自安装到与变压器壳体152热接触的绝缘金属基板(IMS)160。例如，开关70中的一个或更多个可以焊接到绝缘金属基板160上。因此，来自开关70的操作的废热可以通过IMS 160传导至变压器壳体152，从该变压器壳体152可以去除热量。热量可以通过与变压器壳体152导热接触的一个或更多个散热器从变压器壳体152进一步消散。
在一些实施方式中，如图3所示，绝缘金属基板160布置在变压器壳体152的垂直于主板150的侧壁162上。这种构造可以简化主板150与绝缘金属基板160上的开关70之间的布线连接，从而使组件更加紧凑。
在一些实施方式中，如图4所示，绝缘金属基板160布置在变压器壳体152的与主板150隔开并且平行于主板150的上部164上。
本公开内容的电力电子转换器10可能比具有类似电力转换能力的常规的转换器明显地更小和/或更轻。这些节省可以通过以下的组合来实现：1)减小DC链路电容器38的尺寸，以及2)将IMS 160附接到变压器壳体152。
图5至图8各自示出了根据一些实施方式的电力电子转换器10的不同视图。具体地，图5至图8示出了从在绝缘金属基板160处和/或绝缘金属基板160附近的最热区域170到在主板150处和/或主板150附近的最冷区域的不同温度。图5至图8示出了最高温度出现在开关70处(387K＝114℃)，这远低于开关70为氮化镓(GaN)装置的情况下的150C极限。
图9的流程图中示出了操作电力电子转换器的方法200。方法200包括：在步骤202处，命令开关70选择性地传导来自具有DC链路电压VDC_BUS的DC链路总线34、36的电流，以将来自DC链路总线34、36的DC电力转换为输出DC电力，该输出DC电力具有与DC链路总线34、36上的DC链路电压VDC_BUS不同的输出电压VOUT。
方法200还包括：在步骤204处，使响应于DC链路总线34、36上的DC链路电压VDC_BUS的纹波的开关70的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化。步骤204可以包括通过下述方式来使开关70的切换频率变化：响应于DC链路电压VDC_BUS小于标称电压，以小于标称频率的低频率操作切换频率，以及响应于DC链路电压VDC_BUS大于标称电压，以大于标称频率的高频率操作切换频率。
以上描述的系统、方法和/或处理及其步骤可以在适用于特定应用的硬件、软件或硬件和软件的任何组合中实现。硬件可以包括通用计算机和/或专用计算装置或特定计算装置或特定计算装置的特定方面或部件。处理可以在一个或更多个微处理器、微控制器、嵌入式微控制器、可编程数字信号处理器或其他可编程装置以及内部存储器和/或外部存储器中实现。处理还可以或可替选地实施在专用集成电路、可编程门阵列、可编程阵列逻辑或可以被配置成处理电子信号的任何其他装置或装置的组合中。还应当理解，处理中的一个或更多个可以实现为能够在机器可读介质上执行的计算机可执行代码。
计算机可执行代码可以使用结构化编程语言诸如C、面向对象的编程语言诸如C++、或任何其他高级或低级编程语言(包括汇编语言、硬件描述语言和数据库编程语言和技术)来创建，计算机可执行代码可以存储、编译或解释为在上述装置之一以及处理器架构的异构组合、或不同的硬件和软件的组合或任何其他能够执行程序指令的机器上运行。
因此，在一个方面，上述每个方法及其组合可以实施在计算机可执行代码中，该计算机可执行代码当在一个或多个计算设备上执行时，执行其步骤。在另一方面，方法可以实施在执行其步骤的系统中，以及可以以多种方式分布在装置之间，或者所有功能可以集成到专用的、独立的设备或其他硬件中。在另一方面，用于执行与上述处理相关联的步骤的装置可以包括上述硬件和/或软件中的任何一个。所有这样的排列和组合旨在落入本公开内容的范围内。
前述描述并不旨在详尽或限制本公开内容。特定实施方式的单个元素或特征通常不限于该特定实施方式，但在适用的情况下是可互换的并且可以在选定的实施方式中使用，即使没有具体示出或描述。同样的情况也可能以许多方式变化。这样的变化不应被视为脱离本公开内容，并且所有这样的修改都旨在包括在本公开内容的范围内。

Claims (15)

1.一种电力电子转换器，包括：
DC链路总线，其包括DC正节点和DC负节点，并且限定了所述DC正节点与所述DC负节点之间的DC链路电压，所述DC链路电压具有作为周期性变化的纹波；
DC链路电容器，其连接在所述DC链路总线的DC正节点与DC负节点之间，以调节所述DC链路电压的纹波；
开关级，其包括被配置成选择性地传导来自所述DC链路总线的电流的开关；以及
控制器，其被配置成控制所述开关，并且使响应于所述DC链路电压的纹波的所述开关的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述DC链路电容器具有小于500μF的值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述DC链路电容器具有小于100μF的值。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述DC链路电压的纹波至少为约80V峰-峰。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述控制器被配置成：使响应于所述DC链路电压的纹波的所述开关的切换频率变化。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述控制器被配置成：使所述开关的切换频率以标称频率以上或以下至少40kHz变化。
7.根据权利要求5所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述控制器被配置成：使所述开关的切换频率从响应于所述DC链路电压小于标称电压的、小于标称频率的低频率变化到响应于所述DC链路电压大于所述标称电压的、大于所述标称频率的高频率。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述控制器被配置成：使响应于所述DC链路电压的纹波的所述开关的占空比变化。
9.根据权利要求1所述的电力电子转换器，其中，所述控制器被配置成：使响应于所述DC链路电压的纹波的所述开关的相移变化。
10.一种操作电力电子转换器的方法，包括：
命令开关选择性地传导来自DC链路总线的电流，以转换来自所述DC链路总线的DC电力；以及
使响应于所述DC链路总线上的DC链路电压的纹波的所述开关的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中，使所述开关的切换频率或占空比或相移中的至少之一变化包括使所述开关的切换频率变化。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中，使所述开关的切换频率变化包括：响应于所述DC链路电压小于标称电压，以小于标称频率的低频率操作所述切换频率，以及响应于所述DC链路电压大于所述标称电压，以大于所述标称频率的高频率操作所述切换频率。
13.一种电力电子转换器，包括：
开关级，其包括被配置成选择性地传导来自DC链路总线的电流的开关；
变压器，其与所述开关级电通信并且具有变压器壳体；以及
其中，所述开关安装到与所述变压器壳体热接触的绝缘金属基板，用于将热量从所述开关传导至所述变压器壳体。
14.根据权利要求13所述的电力电子转换器，还包括：
主板，其在平面中延伸并且保持所述变压器壳体；以及
其中，所述绝缘金属基板布置在所述变压器壳体的与所述主板间隔开并且平行于所述主板的上部上。
15.根据权利要求13所述的电力电子转换器，还包括：
主板，其在平面中延伸并且保持所述变压器壳体；以及
其中，所述绝缘金属基板布置在所述变压器壳体的与所述主板垂直的侧壁上。
CN202080065578.9A 2019-08-16 2020-08-14 电力电子转换器 Pending CN114450877A (zh)

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