CN114376111A - 一种青鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种青鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/10—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by agglomeration; by granulation, e.g. making powders
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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- Sustainable Development (AREA)
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- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明涉及鱼类饲料技术领域,尤其是一种青鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用,其制备方法包括以下步骤:1)将鱼粉8~10%、豆粕35~40%、麦麸20~25%、玉米20~25%、多维0.1~0.2%、无机盐1~1.5%、豆油1~2%、粘合剂1.5~2.0%,混合均匀后制粒;2)制备活化菌液;3)取活化菌液制成混合菌液;4)将青鱼配合饲料与稀释后的混合菌液按比例混合搅拌,待所有菌液被颗粒饲料完全吸收后,平铺、晾晒;5)发酵。本发明制备的饲料在青鱼养殖过程中可以降低饲料系数、增加个体体重。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鱼类饲料技术领域,具体领域为一种青鱼饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
青鱼是鲤科、青鱼属鱼类。青鱼通常栖息在水的中下层,生性不活泼。其主要的食物来源为螺蛳、蚌、蚬、蛤等,偶尔也捕食虾和昆虫幼虫。其分布广泛,主要分布于中国、俄罗斯、越南、阿尔巴尼亚、亚美尼亚、奥地利、保加利亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、捷克、匈牙利、日本、哈萨克斯坦、拉脱维亚、马来西亚、墨西哥、摩尔多瓦、摩洛哥、巴拿马、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、泰国、土库曼斯坦、乌克兰、美国、乌兹别克斯坦等国家。青鱼是中国传统的四大淡水养殖鱼类之一。
青鱼含有糖类、多种维生素、锌、钙、磷、铁、镁等矿物质。青鱼含丰富的硒、碘等微量元素。青鱼体内还含有二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。青鱼肉中富含的核酸是人体细胞所必需的物质,可延缓衰老,辅助疾病的治疗。青鱼含丰富的硒、碘等微量元素,能帮助维护细胞的正常复制,强化免疫功能,有延缓衰老、抑制肿瘤的作用。
青鱼肉具有多种食用价值,益气补虚、健脾养胃、养肝明目、化湿和中、截疟等功效。
青鱼肉味鲜美,深受人们喜爱,被视为上等食用鱼类,具有较高的经济价值。目前,国内青鱼年养殖产量达到70万吨。
青鱼的养殖周期比较长,幼龄期生长缓慢。体重足够大的青鱼才能有比较好的经济效益,所以相对来说养殖青鱼的投资汇报周期长。
因此,开发出一种加快青鱼生长速度、降低饵料系数的饲料对于青鱼养殖而言具有深远意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种青鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用。本发明制备的饲料能够降低饲料系数、增加个体体重。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种青鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备青鱼配合饲料
将鱼粉8~10%、豆粕35~40%、麦麸20~25%、玉米20~25%、多维0.1~0.2%、无机盐1~1.5%、豆油1~2%、粘合剂1.5~2.0%,混合均匀后制粒;
(2)制备活化菌液
活化菌液A:将嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:水=1:1:10:88比例混合,厌氧活化2~4小时备用;
活化菌液B:将酿酒酵母:红糖:水=5:3:42充氧活化2-3小时备用;
活化菌液C:将枯草芽孢杆菌:红糖:水=5:3:42充氧活化2-3小时备用;
(3)制备混合菌液
取活化菌液A、活化菌液B和活化菌液C中的至少一种,制成混合菌液;混合菌液与水按照1:100比例稀释后备用;
(4)接种
青鱼配合饲料与稀释后的混合菌液按比例混合搅拌,待所有菌液被颗粒饲料完全吸收后,平铺、晾干;
(5)发酵
将已晾好的半成品青鱼饲料装入塑料袋中,封口保装;将包装好的饲料在32℃的温室中进行站立静置发酵,静置堆放发酵7~10天后,即得成品青鱼饲料。
其中,所述步骤(1)中,制粒后的青鱼配合饲料的水分含量为10~12%,粒径为2.0mm-3.0mm。
其中,所述步骤(3)中,直接将活化菌液A作为混合菌液;
或者,将活化菌液A和活化菌液C混合制得混合菌液,使得嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌的比例为1:1:x,其中x为1.5~2.5;
或者,将活化菌液A和活化菌液B混合制得混合菌液,使得嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:酿酒酵母的比例为1:1:x,其中x为1.5~2.5;
或者,将活化菌液A、活化菌液B和活化菌液C混合制得混合菌液,使得嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酿酒酵母的比例为1:1:x:x,其中x为1.5~2.5。
其中,所述步骤(4)中,青鱼配合饲料与稀释后的混合菌液按照1:0.48~0.53的比例,将准备好的青鱼颗粒料倒入圆盘搅拌机中,每次搅拌20kg,计算使用菌液量,分三次喷洒搅拌,待完全吸收,然后在干净的薄膜上平铺晾干。
其中,所述步骤(5)中,每袋装20kg半成品青鱼饲料。
其中,所述步骤(5)中,发酵过程经常检查袋口扎带有无松动现象,及时扎紧复原。发酵7-10天后经化验室检测合格后即可入库到成品库中。化验室定期对青鱼饲料进行pH、水分、酸溶蛋白、挥发性盐基氮、总酸进行检测,评估。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
本发明制备的青鱼饲料是一种新型的发酵饲料,饲料中的益生菌会产生一些菌体蛋白和利于青鱼生长的代谢产物,同时饲料发酵后会增加饲料的适口性,提高青鱼的采食,促进青鱼生长。饲料中的活性益生菌的生长过程中会产生一些蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶,促进了青鱼对饲料的消化,提高青鱼的生长。饲料中生存的活性益生菌可以促进消化系统的发育,通过饲喂微生物发酵饲料,饲料中的活性微生物进入肠道,可以促进消化系统的发育,提高肠道对营养物质的消化吸收,降低青鱼的饵料系数和发病率。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种青鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备青鱼配合饲料
将鱼粉10%、豆粕38.3%、麦麸22%、玉米25%、多维0.2%、无机盐1.5%、豆油1.5%、粘合剂1.5%,混合均匀后制粒。颗粒的水分含量为10~12%,粒径为2.0mm-3mm。
需要注意的是,在其他的变形实施例中,青鱼配合饲料的组分比例可在“鱼粉8~10%、豆粕35~40%、麦麸20~25%、玉米20~25%、多维0.1~0.2%、无机盐1~1.5%、豆油1~2%、粘合剂1.5~2.0%”的范围中调整。根据实验证实,在此比例范围内进行组分加量调整对本发明效果并无负面影响,因此不再一一赘述各种配比下的实验。
(2)制备活化菌液
活化菌液A:将嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:水=1:1:10:88比例混合,厌氧活化2~4小时备用;
活化菌液B:将酿酒酵母:红糖:水=5:3:42充氧活化2-3小时备用;
活化菌液C:将枯草芽孢杆菌:红糖:水=5:3:42充氧活化2-3小时备用;
(3)制备混合菌液
按照以下处理方式制备混合菌液:
处理方式a:直接使用活化菌液A;即,嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌=1:1;
处理方式b:使用5份活化菌液A和1份活化菌液C混合;即,嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌=1:1:2;
处理方式c:使用5份活化菌液A和1份活化菌液B混合;即,嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:酿酒酵母=1:1:2;
处理方式d:使用5份活化菌液A、1份活化菌液B及1份活化菌液C混合;即,嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酿酒酵母=1:1:2:2。
以上混合菌液与水按照1:100比例稀释后备用;
(4)接种
青鱼配合饲料与混合菌液按照1:0.5的比例进行混合:将准备好的青鱼配合饲料倒入圆盘搅拌机中(每次搅拌20kg),计算使用菌液量,分三次喷洒搅拌,待完全吸收后,平铺在薄膜上晾干,直至无明显水分,得到半成品青鱼饲料。
其中,根据实际生产需要,将青鱼配合饲料与混合菌液按照1:0.48~0.53的比例混合均可满足要求。
(5)发酵
将已晾好的半成品青鱼饲料称量装袋,每袋20kg。将包装好的半成品青鱼饲料在32℃的温室中进行站立静置发酵,发酵过程经常检查袋口扎带有无松动现象,及时扎紧复原,发酵7-10天后经化验室检测合格后即可入库到成品库中,等待发货。
化验室定期对青鱼饲料进行pH、水分、酸溶蛋白、挥发性盐基氮、总酸进行检测,评估。
实施例2
取发酵30d的实施例1制得的青鱼饲料,检测饲料的微生物菌群、pH值及酸溶蛋白含量。
微生物菌群数数检测方法:发酵过程中采用稀释涂布平板的方法检测30d后,发酵料中微生物的数量。
其中,乳酸菌(包括嗜酸乳杆菌和屎肠球菌)检测使用MRS培养基平板,培养基组成为(1L):蛋白胨10.0g,牛肉粉5.0g,葡萄糖20.0g,酵母粉4.0g,乙酸钠5.0g,磷酸氢二钾2.0g,硫酸镁0.2g,柠檬酸三铵2.0g,硫酸锰0.05g,吐温80 1ml,琼脂粉15.0g。灭菌条件,121℃15min。
芽孢杆菌(即枯草芽孢杆菌)使用营养琼脂培养基,培养基组成为(1L):蛋白胨10.0g,牛肉膏3.0g,氯化钠5.0g,琼脂粉15.0g。121℃20min。
酵母菌(即酿酒酵母)使用虎红培养基:培养基成分为(1L):蛋白胨5.0g,磷酸二氢钾1.0g,葡萄糖10.0g,孟加拉红(虎红)0.033g,硫酸镁0.5g,琼脂18.5g,氯霉素0.1g。
发酵饲料pH值检测方法:10g青鱼饲料,粉碎后加入40ml蒸馏水,静止30min,检测。
表1不同混合菌液制得的饲料的30天理化参数和微生物菌群数量
实施例3
将实施例1中的产品进行养殖试验,评价应用效果,选择体质健康、大小基本一致的青鱼幼鱼800尾,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复100尾鱼,试验于内循环鱼缸中进行,对照组饲喂常规青鱼配合饲料,实验组在饲喂常规青鱼配合饲料基础上添加20%实施例1中的产品,两组实验条件均一致、养殖周期60天,试结束时每组测算平均数来分析实验效果,结果统计如下:
表2
另外,经过大量实验发现,在制备混合菌液时,可以将嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌的比例控制在1:1:x,其中x为1.5~2.5;或者,将嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:酿酒酵母的比例控制在1:1:x,其中x为1.5~2.5;或者,将嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酿酒酵母的比例控制在1:1:x:x,其中x为1.5~2.5。在以上比例范围内,均可以取得较好的饲喂效果,因实验过程与实施例1-3类似,在此不重复赘述。
综上,通过上述实验结果可以看出:
(1)应用本发明产品青鱼增重率提高32%,饵料系数降低11%,成活率提高8%,能显著提高青鱼的生长性能,节约饲料,降低养殖成本;
(2)腹脂率降低3%,消化酶能够催化动物体内各种化学反应,为生物体提供能量和营养,肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均明显提升,促进饲料中蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪等营养物质的转化吸收,提高饲料消化效率,减少脂肪在腹部的沉积,促进体内脂肪的合理分配与利用,鱼体健康体型好。超氧化物歧化酶可以清除机体内多余的自由基,缓解饥饿产生的氧化反应,而丙二醛为动物体内自由基作用于脂质发生过氧化反应的氧化产物,会引起蛋日质、核酸等大分子物质的交联聚合,且具有细胞毒性。应用本发明的饲料,青鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶提高47%,丙二醛降低34%,能增强机体清除自由基的能力,减少体内的脂质过氧化反应,保护肝脏健康。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。
Claims (10)
1.一种青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备青鱼配合饲料
将鱼粉8~10%、豆粕35~40%、麦麸20~25%、玉米20~25%、多维0.1~0.2%、无机盐1~1.5%、豆油1~2%、粘合剂1.5~2.0%,混合均匀后制粒;
(2)制备活化菌液
活化菌液A:将嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:水=1:1:10:88比例混合,厌氧活化2~4小时备用;
活化菌液B:将酿酒酵母:红糖:水=5:3:42充氧活化2-3小时备用;
活化菌液C:将枯草芽孢杆菌:红糖:水=5:3:42充氧活化2-3小时备用;
(3)制备混合菌液
取活化菌液A、活化菌液B和活化菌液C中的至少一种,制成混合菌液;混合菌液与水按照1:100比例稀释后备用;
(4)接种
青鱼配合饲料与稀释后的混合菌液按比例混合搅拌,待所有菌液被颗粒饲料完全吸收后,平铺、晾干;
(5)发酵
将已晾好的半成品青鱼饲料装入塑料袋中,封口保装;将包装好的饲料在32℃的温室中进行站立静置发酵,静置堆放发酵7~10天后,即得成品青鱼饲料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中,制粒后的青鱼配合饲料的水分含量为10~12%,粒径为2.0mm-3.0mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)中,直接将活化菌液A作为混合菌液;
或者,将活化菌液A和活化菌液C混合制得混合菌液,使得嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌的比例为1:1:x,其中x为1.5~2.5;
或者,将活化菌液A和活化菌液B混合制得混合菌液,使得嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:酿酒酵母的比例为1:1:x,其中x为1.5~2.5;
或者,将活化菌液A、活化菌液B和活化菌液C混合制得混合菌液,使得嗜酸乳杆菌:屎肠球菌:枯草芽孢杆菌:酿酒酵母的比例为1:1:x:x,其中x为1.5~2.5。
4.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(4)中,青鱼配合饲料与稀释后的混合菌液按照1:0.48~0.53的比例,将准备好的青鱼颗粒料倒入圆盘搅拌机中,每次搅拌20kg,计算使用菌液量,分三次喷洒搅拌,待完全吸收。
5.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(4)中,在干净的薄膜上平铺晾干。
6.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(5)中,每袋装20kg半成品青鱼饲料。
7.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(5)中,发酵过程经常检查袋口扎带有无松动现象,及时扎紧复原。
8.根据权利要求1所述的青鱼饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(5)中,发酵7-10天后经化验室检测合格后即可入库到成品库中。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一所述制备方法制得的青鱼饲料。
10.权利要求9所述青鱼饲料在青鱼养殖中的应用。
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