CN114342732A - Cultivation method for improving fruit quality of protected grapes - Google Patents
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- CN114342732A CN114342732A CN202111651724.9A CN202111651724A CN114342732A CN 114342732 A CN114342732 A CN 114342732A CN 202111651724 A CN202111651724 A CN 202111651724A CN 114342732 A CN114342732 A CN 114342732A
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- 241000219094 Vitaceae Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 235000021021 grapes Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
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- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000014787 Vitis vinifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000219095 Vitis Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000009754 Vitis X bourquina Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000012333 Vitis X labruscana Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
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- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- LAZOHFXCELVBBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].[Ca].[Si] Chemical compound [Mg].[Ca].[Si] LAZOHFXCELVBBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WZLMXYBCAZZIRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P].[K] Chemical compound [N].[P].[K] WZLMXYBCAZZIRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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Landscapes
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of protected grapes, which comprises shaping pruning and fertilization management, wherein the shaping pruning comprises a tree form selection mode and a young sprout management mode, and the fertilization management comprises a fertilization mode and a fertilization period (fertilization in a germination stage, fertilization in a young fruit stage, fertilization in a color conversion stage and fertilization in a harvesting stage); by the method, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree body are balanced, the permeability of the soil rhizosphere is improved by changing a fertilization mode (ditching fertilization is carried out, fruit sawdust, organic matters and inorganic fertilizers with different proportions are filled in ditches), and the application of fertilizers with different proportions (meeting the requirements of grapes in different growth and development periods) is realized, so that the tree vigor is adjusted, the transfer of tree nutrient substances to fruits is promoted, the rhizosphere micro-domain environment is improved, and the root system absorption capacity is enhanced, so that the fruit quality is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural production, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of protected grapes.
Background
The grapes are used as one of four fruit trees in the world, the fruit flesh is soft and juicy, the taste is good, the effects of digestion assistance, aging resistance, blood vessel softening and the like are achieved, and the grapes are deeply loved by wide consumers. According to FAO statistics, the grape cultivation area in China reaches 74.6 ten thousand hm by 2019 years2Yield 1437.2 ten thousand t; the cultivation area of the facility grapes is about 23 kilohm2Accounting for more than 30% of the total area of the grape cultivation; the cultivation area of fine varieties can be enlarged through facility cultivation, the supply period of fresh fruits is prolonged, annual supply is realized, natural disasters are prevented and plant diseases and insect pests are controlled in the aspect of cultivation, safe, high-quality and pollution-free fruits are produced, and the social benefit and the economic benefit of grape production are increased. However, in the current production of the grapes under protected cultivation, unreasonable fertilization phenomena such as blind fertilization and empirical fertilization exist, so that the problems of soil hardening, acidification and salinization of the grapes under protected cultivation are increasingly prominent, and the non-point source pollution is further aggravated; the problems of weak growth of grapevine bodies, poor fruit coloring, low sugar content, light taste, uneven product quality, poor market competitiveness, low selling price and the like caused by soil problems are increasingly prominent, and the soil improvement in facilities needs to be developed urgently, so that the soil permeability is improved, the root system environment is improved, the root system activity is improved, the nutrient level of the grapevine bodies is enhanced, and the fruit quality is improved.
The conventional method for solving the problems comprises the following steps: firstly, soil organic matters are improved by planting green manure and additionally applying organic fertilizer; secondly, the PH value of the soil is increased or decreased by applying calcareous substances or gypsum; the measures have the defects that the content of organic matters on the surface layer of the soil is increased, the soil organic matters of deep root systems are not favorably improved, the problem of floating of the root systems is caused, and the safe overwintering of the tree bodies is not favorably realized; the pH value of the soil is adjusted by acidic or alkaline fertilizers, which is not beneficial to enriching the diversity of soil microorganisms.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of protected grapes.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of protected grapes comprises the following steps:
shaping and trimming:
1) and (3) tree-shaped culture: selecting a single-trunk double-arm tree form + 'V' -shaped leaf curtain, wherein the plant spacing is 1.0-1.5 m, the row spacing is 2.5-3.0 m, and the north and south directions are in the row direction; 2 main vines are cultured in a trunk-fixed mode at a position 70cm away from the ground, pinching is conducted at the joint of two adjacent trees, the main vines are promoted to sprout auxiliary tips, all the auxiliary tips are reserved, pinching is conducted repeatedly when the leaves grow to 3-4, and fruiting mother branches are cultured;
2) young sprout management mode: in the growth period of new shoots, lightly pinching 3-5 leaves above clusters, completely removing secondary shoots below clusters, lightly pinching 2-3 leaves on the opposite side of clusters and above secondary shoots, keeping the secondary shoots at the top for prolonged growth, repeatedly and lightly pinching 4-6 leaves, and keeping 2-3 leaves on secondary shoots for lightly pinching;
fertilization management:
1) and (3) harvesting: ditching is carried out at a position 30cm away from a grape trunk, the ditch length is 20-40 cm, the width is 30-50 cm, the depth is 30-40 cm, a backfill material is a mixture of organic fertilizer, fruit sawdust and soil, and the proportion of the backfill material is 1-2: 3-4: 1-2, simultaneously mixing a silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer, a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer and a medium trace element fertilizer; the dosage of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium accounts for 10 to 20 percent of the annual dosage;
2) and (3) in the sprouting stage: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 25% -35% of the annual dosage, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the annual dosage, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the annual dosage, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 40% -50% of the annual dosage, 30kg of compound fertilizer with high nitrogen proportion and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied, and alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizer are applied;
3) and (3) during the young fruit period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 20-30% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, 30kg of a compound fertilizer with a high nitrogen proportion and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied, and alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizers are applied in a matched manner;
4) color conversion period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water and fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the usage amount of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the whole year, the usage amount of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 20% -40%, the usage amount of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30% -40%, 25-30 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer and 30-40 kg of potassium sulfate are applied, and humic acid liquid fertilizer is matched.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the method effectively improves the rhizosphere soil environment, improves the root activity by 26.3 percent compared with the conventional method, and improves the absorption utilization rate of the fertilizer;
2) the variety of soil microorganisms is enriched, the diversity of the soil microorganisms is increased, and compared with the conventional cultivation, the abundance ratio of acidobactermatorium and verrucomicrobia is increased;
3) the content of organic fertilizer in the orchard is improved, the permeability of soil is increased, a stable growth environment is provided for root systems, the application amount of the fertilizer is reduced, and the cost is saved;
4) environmental pollution is reduced, field backfilling is carried out by using branches trimmed in winter, soil organic matters are increased, and meanwhile, the orchard environment is maintained;
5) the regulation of root system and branch tip growth is favorable for transferring nutrient substances to fruits, so that the reducing sugar content of the fruits is increased by 15.3-21.6%, the characteristic aroma substance content of the fruits is increased, and the fruit quality is obviously improved.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail.
A cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of protected grapes comprises the following steps:
shaping and trimming:
1) and (3) tree-shaped culture: selecting a single-trunk double-arm tree form + 'V' -shaped leaf curtain, wherein the plant spacing is 1.0-1.5 m, the row spacing is 2.5-3.0 m, and the north and south directions are in the row direction; and (3) carrying out trunk setting on the trees 70cm away from the ground to culture 2 main vines, pinching the joint of two adjacent trees to promote the main vines to sprout auxiliary tips, reserving all the auxiliary tips, repeatedly pinching when the leaves grow to 3-4, and culturing to obtain fruiting mother branches.
2) Young sprout management mode: in the growth period of the young shoots, the fruits with 3-5 leaves above the ears are lightly cored, the secondary shoots below the ears are completely removed, 2-3 leaves are reserved on the opposite sides of the ears and above the secondary shoots for light coring, the secondary shoots at the top are reserved for prolonged growth, the ears grow to 4-6 leaves for repeated light coring, and 2-3 leaves are reserved for secondary shoots for light coring.
Fertilization management:
1) and (3) harvesting: ditching is carried out at a position 30cm away from a grape trunk, the ditch length is 20-40 cm, the width is 30-50 cm, the depth is 30-40 cm, a backfill material is a mixture of organic fertilizer, fruit sawdust and soil, and the proportion of the backfill material is 1-2: 3-4: 1-2, simultaneously mixing a silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer, a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer and a medium trace element fertilizer; the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounts for 10-20% of the annual dosage.
2) And (3) in the sprouting stage: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water and fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 25% -35% of the dosage of the whole year, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the dosage of the whole year, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the dosage of the whole year, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 40% -50% of the dosage of the whole year, 10kg of compound fertilizer with a high nitrogen ratio, 50kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 25-35 kg of magnesium sulfate and 2-3 kg of borax are applied; 50kg of silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied in matching with alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizer.
3) And (3) during the young fruit period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 40-50% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, 30kg of a compound fertilizer with a high nitrogen proportion and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied, and alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizers are applied.
4) Color conversion period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water and fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the usage amount of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the whole year, the usage amount of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 20% -40%, the usage amount of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30% -40%, 25-30 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer and 30-40 kg of potassium sulfate are applied, and humic acid liquid fertilizer is matched.
Example (b): the facility sun rose is taken as an example for explanation.
Shaping and trimming:
1) culturing grape tree forms: adopting a single-stem double-arm + V-shaped leaf curtain, wherein the length of an upright post is 2.3m, the lower end of the upright post is buried with 50cm of soil, a first steel wire is pulled at the position of 70cm of the upright post, two cross beams are arranged at the positions of 1.1m and 1.6m, the length of the lower cross beam is 60cm, 2 holes are drilled at the position 25cm away from the middle point of the cross beam, and two iron wires are pulled; the length of the upper beam is 1.2m, holes are punched from the middle point of the beam to the two sides every 30cm, 4 holes are punched, and 4 steel wires are pulled; and then fixing the upper cross beam of each upright post and the steel wire by using an iron wire. The plant row spacing is 1.0-1.50 m, the cost is about 2.0-2.5 m, and the north and south directions are in; and (3) carrying out trunk setting on the trees 70cm away from the ground to culture 2 main vines, pinching at the joint of two adjacent trees to promote the main vines to sprout auxiliary tips, reserving all the auxiliary tips, repeatedly pinching when the leaves grow to 3-4, and culturing to obtain fruiting mother branches.
2) Young sprout management mode: in the growth period of the young shoots, the fruits with 3-5 leaves above the ears are lightly cored, the secondary shoots below the ears are completely removed, 2-3 leaves are reserved on the opposite sides of the ears and above the secondary shoots for light coring, the secondary shoots at the top are reserved for prolonged growth, the ears grow to 4-6 leaves for repeated light coring, and 2-3 leaves are reserved for secondary shoots for light coring.
Fertilization management:
1) and (3) harvesting: ditching is carried out at a position 30cm away from a grape trunk, the ditch length is 20-40 cm, the width is 30-50 cm, the depth is 30-40 cm, a backfill material is a mixture of organic fertilizer, fruit sawdust and soil, and the proportion of the backfill material is 1-2: 3-4: 1-2, simultaneously mixing a silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer, a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer and a medium trace element fertilizer; the dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounts for 10-20% of the annual dosage.
2) And (3) in the sprouting stage: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water and fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 25% -35% of the dosage of the whole year, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the dosage of the whole year, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the dosage of the whole year, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 40% -50% of the dosage of the whole year, 10kg of compound fertilizer with a high nitrogen ratio, 50kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 25-35 kg of magnesium sulfate and 2-3 kg of borax are applied; 50kg of silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied in matching with alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizer.
3) And (3) during the young fruit period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 40-50% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, 30kg of a compound fertilizer with a high nitrogen proportion and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied, and alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizers are applied.
4) Color conversion period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water and fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the usage amount of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the whole year, the usage amount of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 20% -40%, the usage amount of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30% -40%, 25-30 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer and 30-40 kg of potassium sulfate are applied, and humic acid liquid fertilizer is matched.
Results of the implementation
The sunshine rose grape cultivated by the method has stable tree vigor and slow growth of new shoots, and the growth speed of the new shoots is reduced by 35 percent compared with that of the sunshine rose grape cultivated by the traditional technology; the method has the advantages that the single particle weight is improved by 20 percent compared with the traditional method; the fruit quality is greatly improved, the soluble solid content of the grapes is 21.1%, the titratable acid is 0.32%, the soluble solid content of the grapes is 16.2% in the traditional method, the titratable acid is 0.38%, and the high-quality fruit rate of the grapes reaches 90% in the method; the root system activity of the tree body is improved by 23.5 percent; the organic matter content of the soil is improved by 0.3 percent.
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any structural changes made under the teaching of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention, which is similar or similar to the technical solutions of the present invention.
The techniques, shapes, and configurations not described in detail in the present invention are all known techniques.
Claims (1)
1. A cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of protected grapes is characterized by comprising the following steps:
shaping and trimming:
1) and (3) tree-shaped culture: selecting a single-trunk double-arm tree form + 'V' -shaped leaf curtain, wherein the plant spacing is 1.0-1.5 m, the row spacing is 2.5-3.0 m, and the north and south directions are in the row direction; 2 main vines are cultured in a trunk-fixed mode at a position 70cm away from the ground, pinching is conducted at the joint of two adjacent trees, the main vines are promoted to sprout auxiliary tips, all the auxiliary tips are reserved, pinching is conducted repeatedly when the leaves grow to 3-4, and fruiting mother branches are cultured;
2) young sprout management mode: in the growth period of new shoots, lightly pinching 3-5 leaves above clusters, completely removing secondary shoots below clusters, lightly pinching 2-3 leaves on the opposite side of clusters and above secondary shoots, keeping the secondary shoots at the top for prolonged growth, repeatedly and lightly pinching 4-6 leaves, and keeping 2-3 leaves on secondary shoots for lightly pinching;
fertilization management:
1) and (3) harvesting: ditching is carried out at a position 30cm away from a grape trunk, wherein the ditch is 20-40 cm in length, 30-50 cm in width and 30-40 cm in depth, a backfill material is a mixture of organic fertilizer, fruit sawdust and soil, and the proportion of the backfill material is 1-2: 3-4: 1-2, simultaneously mixing a silicon-calcium-magnesium fertilizer, a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer and a medium trace element fertilizer; the dosage of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium accounts for 10 to 20 percent of the annual dosage;
2) and (3) in the sprouting stage: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 25% -35% of the annual dosage, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the annual dosage, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the annual dosage, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 40% -50% of the annual dosage, 30kg of compound fertilizer with high nitrogen proportion and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied, and alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizer are applied;
3) and (3) during the young fruit period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, the dosage of a calcium fertilizer accounts for 20-30% of the total dosage of the fertilizer, 30kg of a compound fertilizer with a high nitrogen proportion and 30kg of calcium nitrate are applied, and alginic acid and humic acid liquid fertilizers are applied in a matched manner;
4) color conversion period: fertilizing in a ditching area by a water and fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the usage amount of a nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 10% -20% of the whole year, the usage amount of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 20% -40%, the usage amount of a potassium fertilizer accounts for 30% -40%, 25-30 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer and 30-40 kg of potassium sulfate are applied, and humic acid liquid fertilizer is matched.
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2021
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111109002A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-05-08 | 武汉市仟果园现代农业科技发展有限公司 | Method for managing young trees of sunshine rose grapes |
| CN111557157A (en) * | 2020-05-19 | 2020-08-21 | 刘丽媛 | Simple water and fertilizer integrated fertilization gun cultivation method for Turpan grapes |
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