CN114303007A - 具有对置活塞内燃发动机的混合动力驱动系统 - Google Patents

具有对置活塞内燃发动机的混合动力驱动系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114303007A
CN114303007A CN202080060148.8A CN202080060148A CN114303007A CN 114303007 A CN114303007 A CN 114303007A CN 202080060148 A CN202080060148 A CN 202080060148A CN 114303007 A CN114303007 A CN 114303007A
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Prior art keywords
motor
opposed
crankshaft
generator
drive system
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CN202080060148.8A
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English (en)
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F·G·勒东
A·A·萨尔维
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Achates Power Inc
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Achates Power Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/28—Engines with two or more pistons reciprocating within same cylinder or within essentially coaxial cylinders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/24—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the combustion engines
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    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
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    • B60K17/22—Arrangement or mounting of transmissions in vehicles characterised by arrangement, location, or type of main drive shafting, e.g. cardan shaft
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    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/30—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by chargeable mechanical accumulators, e.g. flywheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B60K6/46—Series type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
    • F01B7/00—Machines or engines with two or more pistons reciprocating within same cylinder or within essentially coaxial cylinders
    • F01B7/02—Machines or engines with two or more pistons reciprocating within same cylinder or within essentially coaxial cylinders with oppositely reciprocating pistons
    • F01B7/14—Machines or engines with two or more pistons reciprocating within same cylinder or within essentially coaxial cylinders with oppositely reciprocating pistons acting on different main shafts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • F02N11/006—Starting of engines by means of electric motors using a plurality of electric motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles

Abstract

一种混合动力驱动系统，其包括：对置活塞内燃发动机(52)，该对置活塞内燃发动机包括至少一个汽缸(56)和设置在汽缸的膛孔中用于在其中进行反向滑动运动的一对活塞(57a、57b)；被耦合以由对置活塞内燃发动机(52)驱动的动力换能器装置(53)；以及被配置为从动力换能器装置(53)接收动力的混合动力总成系统(55)。

Description

具有对置活塞内燃发动机的混合动力驱动系统
技术领域
本发明涉及混合动力驱动系统。特别地，本发明涉及一种用于车辆的混合动力驱动系统，其中非燃烧驱动装置向驱动轴提供机械转矩和旋转，并且对置活塞内燃发动机装置为非燃烧驱动系统提供能量。
背景技术
各种国际考量正在推动提高能量效率和减少由内燃发动机供应动力的车辆的非期望排放物的需求。这些目标导致电动车辆和用于车辆的混合动力电动系的发展。传统的内燃发动机提供了具有高功率和能量密度的低成本平台，其满足了消费者对车辆续航里程的期望，但仍表现出低燃料效率。电动车辆产生具有良好的驾驶特性的低碳特征(假设为低CO2电网)。然而由于销量低、成本高、基础设施支持低下和车辆续航里程有限，因此电动车辆的能量影响低下。逐渐地，混合动力电动车辆在续航里程、便利性和提高效率方面呈现出两种驱动技术的理想组合。然而，目前配置的传统内燃发动机的效率和排放限制逐渐约束了混合动力电动车辆的潜在优势。因此，改进这些车辆的内燃效率和排放特性可对全球能量消耗和排放产生显著的有益影响。
分析调查已经表明对置活塞发动机比传统的内燃发动机拥有基本的燃料效率优势。Herold，R.，Wahl，M.，Regner，G.，Lemke，J.和Foster，D.，(2011)，“ThermodynamicBenefits of Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke Engines”，SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-2216,2011。另一项调查证实了对置活塞发动机在满足严格的排放法规方面的潜力，特别是与NOX相关的排放法规。Kalebjian，C.，Redon，F.和Wahl，M.，(2012)，“Low Emissions andRapid Catalyst Light-Off Capability for Upcoming Regulations with an Opposed-Piston,Two-Stroke Diesel Engine”，Global Automotive Management Council andEmissions 2012,Ypsilanti,MI。汽油动力对置活塞发动机性能的最新进展表明，与混合应用中使用的传统二冲程和四冲程内燃发动机相比，可实现燃料效率和排放的显著裕度。Hanson，R.，Strauss，S.，Redon，F.，Salvi，A.，(2017)，“Progress in Light-Duty OPGCIEngine Design and Testing”，SIA Powertrain International Conference,Versailles。
然而，迄今为止，用于车辆(诸如机动车、公共车辆和卡车)的混合动力驱动系统已被设计成并适用于基于每缸单活塞配置的传统内燃发动机架构。因此，为了获得提高燃料效率并减少混合动力驱动系统内燃部件的不良排放，考虑用对置活塞内燃发动机代替混合动力驱动系统中的传统内燃发动机是合理的。
发明内容
鉴于降低或消除与传统内燃发动机相关联的不良效率和排放特征的驱动，构造了根据本发明的包括两个动力源的混合动力驱动系统，使得非燃烧驱动装置为驱动轴提供机械转矩和旋转，并且对置活塞内燃发动机装置将用于非燃烧驱动装置的能量提供至向非燃烧驱动装置供应能量的蓄能装置。
根据本发明，混合动力驱动系统可以包括对置活塞内燃发动机、被耦合以由对置活塞内燃发动机驱动的动力换能器装置，以及被配置为从动力换能器装置接收动力的混合动力总成系统。
优选地，混合动力总成系统可以包括第一电动机/发电机装置，并且动力换能器装置可以包括第二电动机/发电机装置。
在一些实例中，该对置活塞内燃发动机可以包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴以及将第一曲轴和第二曲轴互连的机械连接件，并且第二电动机/发电机装置的电机轴可以耦合到第一曲轴、第二曲轴和机械连接件中的一个。
在其他实例中，该对置活塞内燃发动机可以包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴以及将第一曲轴和第二曲轴互连的机械连接件，动力换能器装置可以包括第三电动机/发电机装置，第二电动机/发电机装置的电机轴可以耦合到第一曲轴，并且第三电动机/发电机装置的电机轴可以耦合到第二曲轴。
在进一步的实例中，该对置活塞内燃发动机可以包括第一曲轴和第二曲轴，动力换能器装置可以进一步包括第三电动机/发电机装置，并且第二电动机/发电机装置的电机轴可以耦合到第一曲轴，并且第三电动机/发电机装置的电机轴可以耦合到第二曲轴。
从其他方面来看，本发明可以涉及串联混合动力系统或增程(extended-range)电动发动机系统，其被构造成使得电驱动装置被配置为向驱动轴提供机械转矩和旋转，并且对置活塞内燃发动机装置被配置为将用于电驱动装置的电能提供至向电驱动装置供电的电能蓄积装置。
附图说明
图1是现有技术的示例性对置活塞内燃发动机的示意图。
图2是被配置为用于根据本发明的混合动力驱动系统的对置活塞内燃发动机装置的示意图。
图3是根据本发明配置成串联布置的混合动力驱动系统的第一实施例的示意图。
图4是根据本发明配置成串联布置的混合动力驱动系统的第二实施例的示意图。
图5是根据本发明配置成串联布置的混合动力驱动系统的第三实施例的示意图。
图6是流程图，其示出用于操作由根据本发明的包括对置活塞内燃发动机的混合动力驱动系统提供动力的混合动力车辆的一般控制规程的示例。
具体实施方式
对置活塞发动机是一种内燃发动机，其特征在于设置在汽缸的膛孔中用于沿汽缸的纵轴线在相反方向上往复运动的两个活塞的布置。对置活塞内燃发动机在许多方面不同于汽缸中具有单个活塞的传统内燃发动机。在对置活塞发动机中，燃烧室在汽缸中形成于在汽缸中移动的两个对置活塞的端面之间；在传统发动机中，燃烧室形成在汽缸盖和在汽缸中移动的单个活塞的端面之间。在对置活塞发动机中，空气通过活塞控制的进气口进入汽缸，该进气口在汽缸的两端中的一端附近打开通向汽缸，并且排气通过活塞控制的排气口排出汽缸，该排气口在汽缸的两端中的另一端附近打开通向汽缸。在传统发动机中，空气和排气经由汽缸盖中相应的气门控制的进气口和排气口穿过汽缸的一端。
通常，对置活塞发动机通过曲轴的单次完整旋转和连接到曲轴的活塞的两个冲程完成操作循环。这些冲程被表示为压缩冲程和做功冲程。每个活塞在汽缸中的底部中心(BC)区域和汽缸内的顶部中心(TC)之间运动，该BC区域最接近汽缸的相应端并且距另一活塞最远，该TC区域距相应端最远并且最靠近另一活塞。汽缸在相应的BC区域附近具有端口。对置活塞中的每个活塞控制端口中的相应端口，当其运动到BC区域时打开端口，并且当其从BC朝向其TC区域运动时关闭端口。一个端口用于允许增压空气(有时称为“扫气”)进入膛孔，另一端口为燃烧产物离开膛孔提供通道；这些分别称为“进气口”和“排气口”(在一些描述中，进气口被称为“空气口”或“扫气口”)。在直流扫气的对置活塞发动机中，当加压增压空气通过汽缸的一端附近的进气口进入汽缸时，排气从接近相对端的排气口流出；因此，气体在单个方向上流过汽缸(“直流”)，即从进气口到排气口。
图1是示例性对置活塞发动机的代表性示意图。优选地，该发动机是二冲程循环直流扫气对置活塞发动机(在下文中称为“对置活塞发动机8”)，其包括至少一个汽缸。对置活塞发动机可以按压缩点火原理进行操作，或者其可以借助于电子或光学点火辅助进行操作。对置活塞发动机8可以具有一个汽缸，或其可以包括两个汽缸，或三个或更多个汽缸。在任何情况下，汽缸10都代表对置活塞发动机8的单汽缸配置和多汽缸配置两者。汽缸10包括膛孔12，以及在汽缸中其相应端部附近机加工、模制或以其他方式形成的纵向间隔开的进气口14和排气口16。对置活塞发动机8的空气处理系统15管理增压空气34通过这些端口进入发动机和从发动机排出的输送。进气口和排气口中的每个包括一个或多个开口，这些开口在汽缸膛孔和相关联的歧管或增压室之间连通。在许多情况下，端口包括一个或多个周向开口阵列，其中相邻的开口被汽缸壁(也称为“桥”或“杆”)的实心部分隔开。在一些描述中，每个开口被称为“端口”；然而，此类“端口”的周向阵列的构造与图1所示的端口构造没有不同。燃料喷射器17包括固定在通向汽缸的孔洞中的喷嘴。对置活塞发动机8的燃料系统18提供用于通过喷射器17直接侧喷射到汽缸中的燃料。两个活塞20、22被设置在膛孔12中，它们的端面20e、22e彼此相对。为方便起见，活塞20被称为“进气”活塞，因为它打开和关闭进气口14。类似地，活塞22被称为“排气”活塞，因为它打开和关闭排气口16。优选但非必须地，进气活塞20和所有其他进气活塞耦合到对置活塞发动机8的曲轴30；并且排气活塞22和所有其他排气活塞耦合到发动机8的曲轴32。
响应于对置活塞的端面之间发生的燃烧，对置活塞远离相应的TC位置运动，在该TC位置处，对置活塞处于汽缸10中的其最内位置。在从活塞的TC位置运动时，该活塞保持其相关联端口关闭，直到它们接近BC位置，在该BC位置，该活塞处于汽缸中的其最外位置，并且其相关联端口打开。当增压空气通过进气口14流入汽缸10中时，进气口开口的形状和对置活塞端面的表面特征会在增压空气中引起湍流，其促进空气/燃料混合、有效燃烧和减少污染物。
图2展示了根据本发明的混合动力驱动系统中的对置活塞内燃发动机装置(“对置活塞发动机装置”)。对置活塞发动机装置50包括以图1所示的方式构造和操作的对置活塞发动机52，以及由从对置活塞发动机传输的机械动力操作的动力换能器装置53。对置活塞发动机52可以包括发动机缸体54，该缸体容纳有设置在两个间隔开的曲轴58和59之间的至少一个汽缸56。例如，对置活塞发动机52可以包括一个、两个或三个或更多个汽缸。在任何情况下，汽缸56都代表对置活塞发动机52的单汽缸配置和多汽缸配置两者。两个曲轴58和59被支持以便在发动机缸体54的相应曲轴箱部分60和61中旋转。动力换能器装置53适用于将曲轴的机械旋转转换成特定形式的动力，该动力被输出以供电动混合动力驱动系统类型、液压混合动力驱动系统或气动混合动力驱动系统类型的非燃烧元件使用。两个活塞57a和57b被设置在汽缸56的膛孔中以便沿汽缸56的纵轴线在相反方向上往复运动。活塞57a耦合到曲轴58，并且活塞57b耦合到曲轴59。
在下文中示出和讨论的本发明的示例和实施例是针对电动混合动力驱动系统类型的，但这并不意味着排除本发明应用于其他混合动力驱动系统类型。这些示例和实施例还涉及包括轮式混合动力车辆的应用。该应用仅是说明性的，并不旨在排除其他类型的平台应用，其可包括但不限于轮式混合动力车辆(诸如机动车、货车、卡车和公共汽车)、农业、建筑和采矿车辆、军用车辆、海运船和淡水船、机车和飞行器。
进一步参考图2，动力换能器装置53适用于将曲轴58和59的机械旋转转换成电能，动力换能器装置53将电能输出到电气类型的混合动力总成系统。电动混合动力总成系统可以包括蓄电池装置65和至少一个电动机装置(在这种情况下是电动机/发电机装置67)。动力换能器装置53被耦合以用于通过电气总线62将电力输送到混合动力总成系统55。电动机/发电机装置67的AC电动机部分具有相关联的旋转电机轴69，该电机轴可以被耦合以通过驱动轴、车轴和轮毂凸缘中的一个或多个向混合动力车辆的一个或多个车轮提供机械转矩和旋转。例如，电动机/发电机装置67可以通过变速器组合件71耦合到驱动轴72，以便提供给混合动力车辆的一个或多个车轮73。可替换地，混合动力总成系统可以包括一个或多个电机/发电机装置，以经由每个车轮处的轮毂凸缘驱动多轮混合动力车辆的多个车轮中的每一个。
根据本发明的混合动力驱动系统还可以包括控制机械化设备，其是基于计算机的系统，该系统包括程序控制器、多个传感器、多个致动器和分布在整个混合动力驱动系统和/或混合动力车辆中的其他机器装置。该控制机械化设备管制混合动力驱动系统的各种部件的操作。经编程的控制器包括与相关联的传感器、致动器和其他机器装置电连接的一个或多个控制单元(CU)。按照图2，对置活塞发动机装置50和混合动力总成系统55(以及可能与混合动力驱动系统相关联的其他系统)的控制由控制机械化设备实施，该控制机械化设备包括经编程的电子控制单元(ECU)80。ECU 80可以由一个或多个微处理器、存储器、I/O部分、转换器、驱动器等构成，并且被编程为在各种混合动力驱动系统操作条件下执行控制算法。此类算法可以体现在控制模块(其为由ECU 80执行的系统控制程序的部分)中，以调节混合动力驱动系统的操作。在一些情况下，算法可被构造和执行以用于以手动模式或以自主自动驾驶模式操作的轮式混合动力车辆。
除了ECU 80之外，控制机械化设备还可以包括各种传感器(物理的和/或虚拟的)。这些传感器可以包括车辆操作传感器(钥匙、换档、加速需求、制动需求、车速等)。混合动力驱动系统传感器可以包括发动机传感器(发动机操作状态、发动机速度、发动机系统等)、电机传感器(电机速度、发电机电流等)以及电池状况传感器(充电状态、电压、电流、温度等)。此外，控制机械化设备可以包括各种致动器，诸如在对置活塞发动机的燃料、空气处理和冷却系统中发现的各种致动器。在这方面，参见例如PCT公开WO 2013/062921 A1和WO 2015/026628A1。控制机械化设备可以进一步包括用于电动机、发电机和电池装置(转换器、逆变器等)的各种致动器。
在图2示出的示例中，动力换能器装置53可以包括具有机械耦合到对置活塞发动机52的旋转电机轴的一个或多个电机/发电机装置。此外，该对置活塞发动机52的两个曲轴58和59可以机械地互连，也可以不机械地互连。图3、图4和图5示出根据图2的混合动力驱动系统的实施例。
图3是本发明的第一实施例的示意图，其中对置活塞内燃发动机装置50与混合动力总成系统55串联布置在能够将动力传输到混合动力车辆的一个或多个车轮的混合动力驱动系统中。在该实施例中，对置活塞发动机52包括将曲轴58和59进行互连的机械连接件63。机械连接件63可以包括皮带、链条、齿轮系，或者可能是另一种链接件。动力换能器装置53包括能够经由逆变器91向电池装置65供电和从电池装置65接收电力的电动机/发电机(M/G)装置90。电动机/发电机装置90的AC电动机部分的旋转电机轴93可以直接耦合或通过例如齿轮系的空转齿轮由传动组合件(未示出)耦合到对置活塞内燃发动机52，或者到曲轴58、59中的任一个。
对置活塞发动机52具有内燃类型，其响应于ECU 80对燃料和空气的调节来通过燃烧汽油、柴油燃料、气体燃料或其任何组合产生动力。电动机/发电机装置67(指定为第一电动机/发电机装置)是能够作为电动机或发电机进行操作的动力换能器。类似地，电动机/发电机装置90(指定为第二电动机/发电机装置)是能够作为电动机或发电机操作的动力换能器。就此而言，当被提供储存在电池装置65中的电能时，电动机/发电机装置67主要作为电动机进行操作，以通过其电机轴69提供混合动力驱动系统的输出功率。可能有这种情况，在包括再生制动系统的某些混合动力车辆应用中，电动机/发电机装置67也可以作为发电机进行操作。电动机/发电机装置67通过逆变器68从电池装置65接收电力并且可以向该电池装置供电。当电动机/发电机装置90的电机部件由对置活塞发动机52经由其电机轴93驱动时，电机/发电机装置90作为发电机进行操作。由此产生的电力可被引导至电池装置65，或者引导至电动机发电机67(经由逆变器68)，或者引导至两者。电动机/发电机装置90通过逆变器91供应电力至电池装置65，并可以从电池装置65接收电力。逆变器68和91中的每个通过电气总线62连接到电池装置65。逆变器68和91被构造成使得电动机发电机装置67和90中的任一个能够直接向另一个和/或向电池装置65供电。每个电动机/发电机装置的电动机功能通过其相关联的逆变器来调节。因此，逆变器68根据由ECU 80发出的第一转矩命令的大小和极性来控制提供给电动机/发电机装置67或从电动机/发电机装置67获得的电力的量，并且逆变器91根据由ECU 80发出的第二转矩命令的大小和极性来控制从电动机/发电机装置90获得或者提供给电动机/发电机装置90的电力的量。
图3所示的混合动力驱动系统可以由ECU 80以串联混合动力的方式来控制，该ECU可以经由相应的转矩命令来调节电动机/发电机装置67和90的每个在作为电动机操作和作为发电机操作之间的切换。在混合动力驱动系统操作的第一模式中，在对置活塞内燃发动机关闭的情况下，电动机/发电机装置67可以在电动机模式下操作，电力由电池装置65提供。在混合动力驱动系统为混合动力车辆供应动力的情况下，当由电池装置65供电的电动机/发电机装置67在电动机模式下进行操作时，其输出将被耦合以驱动一个或多个车轮71。如果混合动力车辆配备有再生制动系统，则电动机/发电机装置67可以在发电机模式下进行操作，从而对电池装置65充电。在混合动力驱动系统操作的第二模式中，在对置活塞发动机25工作的情况下，电动机/发电机装置67可以在电动机模式下进行操作，电力由电池装置65提供，而在发电机模式下进行操作的电动机/发电机装置90维持或补充电池装置65的电量。在混合动力驱动系统操作的第三模式中，在对置活塞发动机53操作的情况下，电动机/发电机装置67可以在电动机模式下进行操作，电力由电池装置65和发电机/电动机装置90提供，电动机/发电机装置90在发电机模式下进行操作。在要启动对置活塞发动机52的操作的情况下，电动机/发电机装置90可以在电动机模式下进行操作，从而转动启动(crank)对置活塞发动机52。
图4是本发明的第二实施例的示意图，该第二实施例是图3所示的第一实施例的变型，其中对置活塞内燃发动机装置50与混合动力总成系统55串联布置在能够将动力传输到混合动力车辆的一个或多个车轮的混合动力驱动系统中。在这个实施例中，第二电动机/发电机装置90的电机轴93耦合到曲轴58(指定为第一曲轴)，并且具有电机轴96的第三电动机/发电机装置95经由其电机轴96耦合到曲轴59(指定为第二曲轴)。因此，在第二实施例中，动力换能器装置53包括第二电动机/发电机装置(M/G)90和具有相关联的逆变器97的第三电动机/发电机装置(M/G)95。在第二实施例中，对置活塞发动机52包括将曲轴58和59进行互连的机械连接件63。与第一实施例相同，机械连接件63可以包括皮带、链条、齿轮系，或者可能是另一种链接件。
在电动机/发电机装置95的电动机部件由对置活塞发动机52经由其电机轴96驱动时，该电动机/发电机装置作为发电机进行操作。由此产生的电力要么被引导至电池装置65，要么被引导至电动机发电机装置67的发电机部分(经由逆变器68)，或者引导至两者。电动机/发电机装置95通过逆变器97向电池装置65供应电力，或者可以从电池装置65接收电力，该逆变器通过电气总线62连接到电池装置65。逆变器97被构造成使得电动机/发电机装置96能够直接向其他电动机/发电机装置67和90中的任一个或两个供应电力或从其接收电力。电动机/发电机装置95的电动机功能通过其相关联的逆变器97来调节。因此，逆变器97根据由控制单元80发出的第三转矩命令的大小和极性来控制提供给电动机/发电机装置95或者从电动机/发电机装置95获得的电力的量。
图4所示的混合动力驱动系统可以由ECU 80以串联混合动力系统的方式来控制，该ECU可以经由相应的转矩命令来调节电动机/发电机装置67、90和95中的每个在作为电动机操作和作为发电机操作之间的切换。在混合动力驱动系统的第一模式中，在对置活塞发动机52关闭的情况下，电动机/发电机装置67可以在电动机模式下进行操作，由电池装置65供电。在混合动力驱动系统为混合动力车辆供应动力的情况下，当由电池装置65供电的电动机/发电机装置67在电动机模式下进行操作时，其输出将被耦合以驱动一个或多个车轮71。如果混合动力车辆配备有再生制动系统，则电动机/发电机装置67可以在发电机模式下进行操作，从而对电池装置65充电。在混合动力驱动系统操作的第二模式中，在对置活塞发动机52工作的情况下，电动机/发电机装置67可以在电动机模式下进行操作，由电池装置65供电，而电动机/发电机装置90和电动机/发电机装置95两者在发电机模式下进行操作以维持电池装置65的电量。在混合动力驱动系统操作的第三模式中，在对置活塞发动机52工作的情况下，电动机/发电机装置67可以在电动机模式下进行操作，由电池装置65、电动机/发电机装置90和电动机/发电机装置95供电，电动机/发电机装置90和电动机/发电机装置95在发电机模式下进行操作。在要启动对置活塞52的操作的情况下，电动机/发电机装置90或电动机/发电机装置95可以在电动机模式下进行操作，从而转动启动对置活塞发动机52。
图5是本发明的第三实施例的示意图，该第三实施例是图4所示的第二实施例的变型，其中对置活塞内燃发动机装置50与混合动力总成系统55以串联方式布置在能够将动力传输到混合动力车辆的一个或多个车轮的混合动力驱动系统中。在这个实施例中，第二电动机/发电机装置90的电机轴93耦合到第一曲轴58，并且第三电动机/发电机装置95的电机轴96耦合到第二曲轴59。然而，在第三实施例中，对置活塞发动机52不包括并因此排除将曲轴58和59进行互连的任何机械连接件。
按照图2至图5，曲轴58和59耦合到一个或多个电动机/发电机装置。如何构造此种耦合是设计选择的问题。就此而言，通过皮带、通过可能包括离合器的齿轮布置或通过另一种变速器布置，相应的电动机/发电机装置的旋转电机轴可以直接耦合到曲轴或与曲轴链接的布置。
根据图3、图4和图5的三个实施例中的任一个，包括对置活塞内燃发动机的混合动力驱动系统使用两个曲轴58和59来发电。这使得该系统适合在串联混合动力或增程混合动力应用中进行操作。
图6是流程图，其展示了用于操作配备有根据图2至图5所示的实施例中的任一个的混合动力驱动系统的混合动力车辆的一般控制规程的示例。当混合动力车辆关闭时，在步骤S605中，输入到ECU 80(由其接收)的车辆“钥匙开启”信号(点火信号、起动信号)启动混合动力驱动系统的操作。混合动力车辆的初始化包括由ECU 80确定由电池装置65保持的充电水平(充电状态或SOC)。这通过在步骤S610中执行GET SOC规程来实行，其中通过ECU80来测量由电池装置65保持的充电水平。在步骤S615中，ECU 80评估充电水平(SOC)是否足以使混合动力车辆能够通过电动机/发电机装置67进行移动并且为各种其他车辆系统供电。在步骤S615中由ECU 80进行的评估可以包括将测量的SOC与初始充电状态阈值SOCt1进行比较。假定由电池装置65保持的充电水平(测量的SOC)至少等于(或大于)初始充电状态阈值SOCt1，则ECU 80在步骤S617中发出适当的转矩命令Tm1以导致电动机/发电机67在驾驶员或自主自动驾驶车辆请求时移动混合动力车辆。步骤S620代表ECU 80连续检验输入到ECU 80(由其接收)的车辆“钥匙开启”信号，如果没有该信号则导致ECU 80发出适当的转矩命令Tm1以导致电动机/发电机67停止操作，从而阻止混合动力车辆的移动。返回到步骤S615，在由电池装置65保持的充电水平(测量的SOC)小于初始充电状态阈值SOCt1的情况下，ECU 80在步骤S625中启动对置活塞内燃发动机52的操作，以便产生提供给混合动力系统55的电力。ECU 80通过使动力换能器装置53转动启动(crank)发动机52来起动发动机52。随着对置活塞内燃发动机52被转动启动，ECU 80在步骤S630中设置使发动机52在期望的操作点进行操作的操作参数(发动机速度、增压、气流、燃料等)。当发动机52被带到期望的操作点时，ECU 80在步骤S635中切换动力换能器装置53，以向对置活塞内燃发动机52提供发电机操作，并且向电气总线62提供电力，从而补充电池装置65的充电水平。取决于动力换能器装置53的构造，ECU 80可以用一个转矩命令(Tm2，针对图3的实施例)或两个转矩命令(Tm2和Tm3，针对图4和图5的实施例中的任一个)启用此种切换。在一般控制规程中的这一点处，如果ECU 80已经接收来自驾驶员或自动驾驶控制器的转矩需求，则ECU 80还可以利用转矩命令(Tm1)来驱动电动机/发电机67。一旦发动机52正在操作并且产生用于混合动力总成系统55的动力，则ECU 80在步骤S637中对照第二充电状态阈值SOCt2检验电池装置65的充电水平(SOC)；优选地，SOCt2具有高于SOCt1的值(SOCt2＞SOCt1)。只要由电池装置65保持的充电水平(测量的SOC)小于第二充电状态阈值SOCt2并且维持“钥匙开启”信号(步骤S640)，则ECU 80将维持发动机52通过回路S630、S635、S637、S40(“充电回路”)进行操作。当由电池装置65保持的充电水平(测量的SOC)大于第二充电状态阈值SOCt2时，ECU 80将随后从步骤S637否定退出并且在步骤S645中关闭发动机52。类似地，如果在步骤S640中ECU 80未能检测到车辆“钥匙开启”信号，则ECU 80将随后从步骤S640否定退出并且在步骤S645中关闭发动机52。
尽管图6展示了对置活塞内燃发动机52响应于SOC和车辆钥匙信号的操作状态的控制，但这不应排除使用需要由ECU 80进行更详细分析的其他控制因素。在这点上，ECU 80还可以响应于从连接的和自动驾驶的车辆接收到的信息和/或响应于采用预测方法来分析未来的车辆要求的算法机器学习活动，来开启或关闭对置活塞内燃发动机52。
本发明的实施例是参考许多因实施方式而异的具体细节描述的。可以对所描述的实施例进行某些适配和修改。考虑到本文中公开的本发明的说明书和实践，其他实施例对本领域技术人员来说可以是显而易见的。本发明旨在将说明书和示例仅视为示例性的，其中本发明的真实范围和精神由所附权利要求指示。

Claims (21)

1.一种混合动力驱动系统，其包括：
对置活塞内燃发动机，其包括至少一个汽缸和设置在所述汽缸的膛孔中用于在其中进行反向滑动运动的一对活塞；
动力换能器装置，其被耦合以由所述对置活塞内燃发动机驱动；以及
混合动力总成系统，其被配置为从所述动力换能器装置接收动力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述混合动力总成系统包括第一电动机/发电机装置，并且所述动力换能器装置包括第二电动机/发电机装置。
3.根据权利要求2所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞内燃发动机包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴以及将所述第一曲轴和所述第二曲轴互连的机械连接件，并且所述第二电动机/发电机装置的电机轴耦合到所述第一曲轴、所述第二曲轴和所述机械连接件中的一个。
4.根据权利要求2所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中：
所述对置活塞内燃发动机包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴以及将所述第一曲轴和所述第二曲轴互连的机械连接件；
所述动力换能器装置进一步包括第三电动机/发电机装置；以及
所述第二电动机/发电机装置的电机轴耦合到所述第一曲轴，并且所述第三电动机/发电机装置的电机轴耦合到所述第二曲轴。
5.根据权利要求2所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中：
所述对置活塞内燃发动机包括第一曲轴和第二曲轴；
所述动力换能器装置进一步包括第三电动机/发电机装置；以及
所述第二电动机/发电机装置的电机轴耦合到所述第一曲轴，并且所述第三电动机/发电机装置的电机轴耦合到所述第二曲轴。
6.根据权利要求2所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞内燃发动机进一步包括将所述第一曲轴和所述第二曲轴互连的机械连接件。
7.一种混合动力驱动系统，其包括：
对置活塞内燃发动机，其包括两个曲轴、至少一个汽缸、设置在所述汽缸的膛孔中用于在所述膛孔中进行反向滑动运动的一对活塞；
第一动力换能器，其电机轴被耦合以向驱动轴提供机械转矩和旋转；
第二动力换能器，其适于将所述曲轴的机械旋转转换为电力；以及
电力储存装置，其被耦合以接收和储存来自所述第二动力换能器的电力，并将储存的电力提供给所述第一动力换能器。
8.根据权利要求7所述的混合动力驱动系统，进一步包括驱动轴、车轴和轮毂凸缘中的一个，以用于将所述第一动力换能器的所述电机轴可旋转地耦合到车辆的至少一个车轮。
9.根据权利要求7所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述第一动力换能器包括第一电动机/发电机，并且所述第二动力换能器包括第二电动机/发电机。
10.根据权利要求7所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述电力储存装置包括电池装置。
11.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力驱动系统，进一步包括驱动轴、车轴和轮毂凸缘中的一个，以用于将所述第一动力换能器可旋转地耦合到车辆的至少一个车轮。
12.根据权利要求7所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述混合动力总成系统进一步包括适于将所述曲轴的机械旋转转换为电力的第三动力换能器，并且所述电力储存装置被耦合以接收和储存来自所述第三动力换能器的电力。
13.根据权利要求12所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述第一动力换能器包括第一电动机/发电机，所述第二动力换能器包括第二电动机/发电机，所述第三动力换能器包括第三电动机/发电机，并且所述电力储存装置包括电池。
14.一种增程驱动系统，其包括：
驱动轴；
电驱动装置，其被配置为向所述驱动轴提供机械转矩和旋转；以及
对置活塞内燃发动机装置，其被配置为向电能蓄积装置提供用于所述电驱动装置的电能，所述电能蓄积装置被配置为向所述电驱动装置供电。
15.根据权利要求14所述的增程驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞内燃发动机装置包括：
对置活塞内燃发动机，其具有两个曲轴；
至少一个电动机/发电机，其适于将所述曲轴的机械旋转转换为电力。
16.根据权利要求15所述的增程驱动系统，进一步包括控制机械化设备，所述控制机械化设备被配置为使所述至少一个电动机/发电机转动启动所述对置活塞发动机以用于起动所述对置活塞发动机。
17.根据权利要求14所述的增程驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞发动机装置包括具有两个曲轴的对置活塞内燃发动机、耦合到所述两个曲轴中的第一曲轴的电动机/发电机、耦合到所述两个曲轴中的第二曲轴的电动机/发电机、汽缸以及被设置用于在所述汽缸中进行反向运动的一对活塞。
18.一种混合动力驱动系统，其包括；
驱动轴；
电混合动力总成系统，其向所述驱动轴提供机械转矩和旋转；以及
对置活塞内燃发动机装置，其被配置为生成用于所述混合动力总成系统的电力。
19.根据权利要求18所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞内燃发动机装置包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴、链接所述第一曲轴与所述第二曲轴的齿轮系，以及通过从所述齿轮系传输的机械动力进行操作的电力换能器装置。
20.根据权利要求18所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞内燃发动机装置包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴，以及通过从所述第一曲轴和所述第二曲轴传输的机械动力进行操作的电力换能器装置。
21.根据权利要求18所述的混合动力驱动系统，其中所述对置活塞内燃发动机装置包括第一曲轴、第二曲轴、通过从所述第一曲轴传输的机械动力进行操作的电动机/发电机装置，以及通过从所述第二曲轴传输的机械动力进行操作的电动机/发电机装置。
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