CN114287528B - High-grain low-grain cassava feed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-grain low-grain cassava feed and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention provides a high-grain low-grain cassava feed and a preparation method thereof, wherein the method comprises the following steps: (1) Peeling cassava, cutting the cassava into blocks, soaking the cassava in clear water, drying and crushing the cassava to obtain cassava powder; (2) Soaking the cassava leaves and the cassava barks in a sodium chloride solution, cleaning, sun-drying and crushing to obtain a cassava leaf and barks mixed material; (3) Cleaning, drying and crushing sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves, adding an acetic acid aqueous solution, acidizing at 10-15 MPa, adding a biological agent and a sugar solution, and fermenting to obtain a digestion-promoting fermentation mixture; (4) Mixing the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixture, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture to obtain a cassava feed base material; (5) Adding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning auxiliary agents, mixing, granulating and obtaining low-grain cassava feed; the low-grain cassava feed prepared by the invention is more suitable for feeding piglets and pregnant sows, promotes the growth and development of piglets, shortens the time for slaughtering, reduces the weaning backfat loss of sows, and ensures the reproductive performance of sows.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of feed processing, in particular to a high-grain low-grain cassava feed and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the increasing price of current feed raw materials, more or energy materials are sought to replace raw materials so as to meet the daily ration energy requirements of livestock and poultry. The research shows that the cassava is a rhizome type energy feed raw material, contains abundant carbohydrate, always reaches 3560kcal/kg, and has little difference with 3870kcal/kg of corn, so that the use of the cassava to replace energy feeds such as corn, wheat and the like in the existing pig compound feed gradually appears.
However, as the nutritional value of the cassava, such as protein, amino acid, fat-soluble vitamins and the like, is low, and contains the defects of hydrocyanide-linolenic acid (Linamarin), and chlorotolulin (Lotauline), the cassava is used for the conventional feed of pigs, the dosage of the cassava is usually lower than 40%, the cassava is more limited to be used for feeding pork pigs, the pigs are fed less, the sows are fed less, the dosage of the cassava is too high, the growth and the development of the pigs are often influenced, the requirements on the nutrient and the quality of the feed formula are improved, the digestive system is sensitive to the reaction in low-grain compound feed, the existing low-grain compound feed containing the cassava with higher proportion is difficult to meet the growth requirements of the piglets and the pregnant sows, the piglet growth is slow, the slaughtering period is prolonged, the body condition of the pregnant sows is reduced, the feed intake is low, and the weaning backfat loss is high. Therefore, the low-grain cassava feed suitable for raising piglets and pregnant sows is prepared, so that popularization and application of cassava in pig and poultry compound feed are promoted, and the utilization rate of cassava is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a high-grain low-grain cassava feed and a preparation method thereof, and the prepared low-grain cassava feed is more suitable for feeding piglets and pregnant sows, shortens the slaughtering time and effectively ensures the reproductive capacity of the pregnant sows.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
the invention provides a preparation method of a high-grain low-grain cassava feed, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: peeling cassava, cutting the cassava into pieces, soaking the pieces in clear water for 10-20 min, drying the pieces at 60-65 ℃ until the water content is 10-13%, and crushing the pieces to 40-50 meshes to obtain cassava powder;
step 2: soaking cassava leaves and cassava barks in 0.5-1% w/w sodium chloride solution for 0.5-1 h, cleaning with clear water, sun-drying, and crushing to 40-50 meshes to obtain a cassava leaf and barks mixture;
step 3: cleaning sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves, drying, crushing, adding acetic acid aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.15-0.25% w/w, mixing, wherein the solid-liquid ratio is 1 (20-30) g/ml, performing acidification treatment for 15-30 min under 10-15 MPa, adding biological bacteria and sugar solution, and fermenting for 3-5 d in a fermentation tank at 30-33 ℃ to obtain a digestion promoting fermentation mixture;
step 4: mixing the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixture, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture to obtain a cassava feed base material;
step 5: and adding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning additives into the cassava feed base material, stirring and mixing, granulating, and thus obtaining the low-grain cassava feed.
Further, the mass ratio of the sugarcane tail to the ramie is (1-2) to (1-5); the biological agent comprises aspergillus niger and lactobacillus plantarum in a mass ratio of 1:2; the addition amount of the biological bacterial agent and the sugar solution is 0.3-0.5% and 1-3% of the mass of the powder materials of the sugarcane tail leaves and the ramie leaves.
Further, the mass ratio of the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixed material, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture is as follows: (20-25): (8-10): 3-7): 1-2.
Further, the cassava feed base material accounts for 55-65% of the mass of the low-grain cassava feed.
Further described, the protein supplement comprises one or more of fish meal, wheat bran, feather meal, bran, soybean, mouse bean and peanut vine meal.
Further described, the mineral supplement comprises one or more of mineral trace elements, calcium hydrophosphate, shell powder, peanut bran and bone meal; the mineral microelements comprise one or more of zinc fumarate, manganese citrate, ferrous fumarate, copper methionine, selenium yeast and calcium iodate.
Further illustratively, the nutritional flavoring aid comprises one or more of salt, multi-vitamins, limiting amino acids, yeast, and honey; the limiting amino acids include lysine and/or methionine.
The low-grain cassava feed prepared by the preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed comprises, by mass, 60% of cassava feed base material, 10% of soybeans, 4% of fish meal, 6% of peanut vines, 5% of bran, 10% of peanut bran, 0.6% of calcium hydrophosphate, 2% of shell powder, 1% of mineral trace elements, 0.4% of salt and 1% of honey.
The low-grain cassava feed prepared by the preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed comprises, by mass, 65% of cassava feed base stock, 17% of soybeans, 2% of fish meal, 4% of bran, 8% of peanut bran, 1% of bone meal, 1% of shell powder, 0.5% of mineral trace elements, 0.2% of yeast, 0.1% of limiting amino acids, 0.2% of multi-vitamins, 0.4% of salt and 0.6% of honey.
The low-grain cassava feed prepared by the preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed comprises, by mass, 55% of cassava feed base material, 6% of wheat bran, 16% of mouse beans, 2% of feather meal, 1% of fish meal, 7% of bran, 10% of peanut bran, 2% of shell powder, 0.4% of salt and 0.6% of honey.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The invention adopts the acidification treatment and fermentation treatment of sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves to obtain the digestion promoting fermentation mixture, combines the cassava powder, the cassava leaf skin mixture, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture as the cassava feed base material, is used for replacing the traditional single cassava raw material, is used as the main capability feed of pig feed, is matched with protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning auxiliary agents to form the low-grain cassava feed, is more beneficial to raising piglets and pregnant sows, and overcomes the problem that the existing high-duty cassava compound feed has low feeding quality for piglets and pregnant sows.
(2) Compared with the simple combined fermentation treatment of the energy feed directly prepared from the cassava, the pine needle powder, the sugarcane tail leaf and the ramie leaf, the cassava feed base material prepared by the invention not only improves the palatability of the feed and improves the feeding amount of piglets and sows, but also is more beneficial to promoting the growth and development of the piglets, shortening the slaughtering time, obviously reducing the weaning backfat loss of the sows and ensuring the reproductive performance of the sows.
(3) The invention realizes the capability feed of replacing rice and corn in piglets and pregnant sows by cassava, wherein the proportion of the cassava feed base material prepared by the invention can reach 55-65%, the utilization rate of cassava is improved, the cassava feed base material is formed by combining cassava powder, cassava leaf skin mixing, pine needle powder and digestion promoting fermentation mixture, the Crude Protein (CP) and the digestion energy of the low-grain cassava feed are ensured, meanwhile, the palatability is good, the feeding is carried out along with the feeding, the traditional low-grain feed is broken through to be limited to the feeding of medium and large pork pigs, the growth quality of piglets and pregnant sows is improved, and the slaughtering time is shortened.
Detailed Description
In order to better understand the technical content of the present invention, the following provides specific examples to further illustrate the present invention.
The experimental methods used in the embodiment of the invention are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
Materials, reagents, and the like used in the examples of the present invention are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
A preparation method of a high-grain low-grain cassava feed comprises the following steps:
step 1: peeling cassava, cutting the cassava into pieces, soaking the pieces in clear water for 10min, drying the pieces at 60 ℃ until the water content is 10%, and crushing the pieces to 40-50 meshes to obtain cassava powder;
step 2: soaking cassava leaves and cassava barks in 0.5% w/w sodium chloride solution for 0.5h, cleaning with clear water, sun-drying, and crushing to 40-50 meshes to obtain a cassava leaf and barks mixture;
step 3: cleaning sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves with the mass ratio of 1:1, drying, crushing, adding an acetic acid aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.15% w/w, mixing, acidizing for 15min under 15MPa with the solid-liquid ratio of 1:20g/ml, and adding 0.3wt% of biological bacteria and 1wt% of sugar solution, wherein the biological bacteria are aspergillus niger and lactobacillus plantarum with the mass ratio of 1:2, and the viable count of aspergillus niger is 5-8 multiplied by 10 8 CFU/g, the viable count of the lactobacillus plantarum is 10-12 multiplied by 10 8 Fermenting CFU/g in a fermenter at 30deg.C for 3d to obtain digestion promoting fermentation mixture;
step 4: mixing cassava powder, cassava leaf and skin, pine needle powder and digestion promoting fermentation mixture according to the mass ratio: mixing the materials in a ratio of 20:8:3:1 to obtain a cassava feed base material;
step 5: adding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning auxiliary agents into the cassava feed base material, stirring and mixing, granulating to obtain low-grain cassava feed;
the low-grain cassava feed comprises, by mass, 55% of cassava feed base stock, 6% of wheat bran, 16% of mouse beans, 2% of feather meal, 1% of fish meal, 7% of bran, 10% of peanut bran, 2% of shell powder, 0.4% of salt and 0.6% of honey.
Example 2
A preparation method of a high-grain low-grain cassava feed comprises the following steps:
step 1: peeling cassava, cutting the cassava into pieces, soaking the pieces in clear water for 20min, drying the pieces at 65 ℃ until the water content is 13%, and crushing the pieces to 40-50 meshes to obtain cassava powder;
step 2: soaking cassava leaves and cassava barks in 1% w/w sodium chloride solution for 1h, cleaning with clear water, sun-drying, and crushing to 40-50 meshes to obtain a cassava leaf and barks mixture;
step 3: cleaning sugarcane tail leaf and ramie leaf with the mass ratio of 2:5, drying, crushing, adding acetic acid aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.25% w/w, mixing, acidizing for 30min under the solid-liquid ratio of 1:30g/ml and the pressure of 10MPa, and adding 0.5wt% biological bacterial agent and 3wt% sugar solution, wherein the biological agent is aspergillus niger and lactobacillus plantarum with the mass ratio of 1:2, and the viable count of aspergillus niger is 5-8 multiplied by 10 8 CFU/g, the viable count of the lactobacillus plantarum is 10-12 multiplied by 10 8 Fermenting CFU/g in a fermentation tank at 33 ℃ for 5d to obtain a digestion promoting fermentation mixture;
step 4: mixing the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixture, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture to obtain a cassava feed base material;
step 5: adding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning auxiliary agents into the cassava feed base material, stirring and mixing, granulating to obtain low-grain cassava feed;
the low-grain cassava feed comprises, by mass, 65% of a cassava feed base material, 17% of soybeans, 2% of fish meal, 4% of bran, 8% of peanut bran, 1% of bone meal, 1% of shell powder, 0.5% of mineral trace elements, 0.2% of yeast, 0.1% of limiting amino acids, 0.2% of multi-vitamins, 0.4% of salt and 0.6% of honey.
Example 3
A preparation method of a high-grain low-grain cassava feed comprises the following steps:
step 1: peeling cassava, cutting the cassava into pieces, soaking the pieces in clear water for 15min, drying the pieces at 63 ℃ until the water content is 12%, and crushing the pieces to 40-50 meshes to obtain cassava powder;
step 2: soaking cassava leaves and cassava barks in 0.8% w/w sodium chloride solution for 0.8h, cleaning with clear water, sun-drying, and crushing to 40-50 meshes to obtain a cassava leaf and barks mixture;
step 3: cleaning sugarcane tail leaf and ramie leaf with the mass ratio of 1:3, drying, crushing, adding acetic acid aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.2% w/w, mixing, acidizing for 20min under 13MPa, adding biological bacterial agent with the mass ratio of 0.4% of the powder materials of the sugarcane tail leaf and the ramie leaf and sugar solution with the mass ratio of 2% into the mixture, wherein the biological bacterial agent is aspergillus niger and lactobacillus plantarum with the mass ratio of 1:2, and the viable count of aspergillus niger is 5-8 multiplied by 10 8 CFU/g, the viable count of the lactobacillus plantarum is 10-12 multiplied by 10 8 Fermenting CFU/g in a fermentation tank at 32 ℃ for 4d to obtain a digestion promoting fermentation mixture;
step 4: mixing cassava powder, cassava leaf and skin, pine needle powder and digestion promoting fermentation mixture according to the mass ratio: mixing the materials according to a ratio of 22:9:5:1.5 to obtain a cassava feed base material;
step 5: and adding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning additives into the cassava feed base material, stirring and mixing, granulating, and thus obtaining the low-grain cassava feed.
The low-grain cassava feed comprises, by mass, 60% of cassava feed base stock, 10% of soybeans, 4% of fish meal, 6% of peanut vines, 5% of bran, 10% of peanut bran, 0.6% of calcium hydrophosphate, 2% of shell powder, 1% of mineral trace elements, 0.4% of salt and 1% of honey.
Comparative example 1
According to the preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed in the embodiment 3, sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves are cleaned, dried and crushed to 40-50 meshes, the sugarcane tail leaves and the ramie leaves are mixed with prepared cassava powder, cassava leaf skin mixed materials and pine needle powder according to the ratio of 1.5:22:9:5, the same amount of biological bacteria and sugar solution as in the embodiment 3 are added for mixing, fermentation is carried out in a fermentation tank at 32 ℃ for 4d, and the mixture obtained by fermentation is used as a cassava feed base material;
and the low-grain cassava feed formula in the embodiment 3 is prepared by mixing the cassava feed base with the low-grain cassava feed base accounting for 60 percent, and stirring and mixing the low-grain cassava feed base with corresponding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional flavoring additives, and granulating the mixture.
Comparative example 2
According to the preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed in the embodiment 3, the influence on the low-grain cassava feed is changed when different preparation methods of digestion promoting fermentation mixtures are changed, wherein in the step 3, sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves are cleaned, dried and crushed, acetic acid aqueous solution, biological bacteria and sugar solution with the same dosage as the embodiment 3 are directly added for mixing, the biological bacteria are in the same formula, and fermentation is carried out in a fermentation tank at 32 ℃ for 4d, so that the digestion promoting fermentation mixture is obtained, and the rest is the same as the embodiment 3.
Comparative example 3
The preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed in the embodiment 3 adopts the cassava powder, the cassava leaf skin mixed material and the pine needle powder, the mixture is mixed according to the mass ratio of 22:9:5 to be used as the cassava feed base material, the ratio of the cassava feed base material to be 60 percent, and the low-grain cassava feed is obtained by stirring and mixing the cassava feed base material, the corresponding protein supplement, the mineral supplement and the nutrition seasoning auxiliary agent according to the low-grain cassava feed formula in the embodiment 3, and granulating the mixture.
In order to verify the technical effects of the invention, feeding experiments of pregnant sows and piglets were carried out by using the low-grain type cassava feeds prepared in the above examples and comparative examples, respectively.
(1) The 90 sows with the same variety and good growth condition and similar weight and expected to produce after pregnancy are randomly divided into 6 groups, 15 sows in each group are respectively counted under the same feeding mode and management, the feeding effects of different feeds on pregnant sows are respectively counted, and the daily average feed intake, weaning backfat loss and oestrus rate after one week are counted, so that the results are shown in the following table 1:
from the table, the low-grain cassava feeds prepared in the embodiments 1-3 are used for feeding pregnant sows, the daily average feed intake of the pregnant sows is high, the loss thickness of the weaning backfat is low, and the reproductive capacity of the sows is ensured. In comparative example 1, which is directly treated by simple combined fermentation of energy feeds of cassava, pine needle powder, sugarcane tail and ramie leaves, the feed intake of sows is insufficient, palatability is poor, and weaning backfat loss of sows is increased; the results in comparative examples 2 and 3 show that the invention is beneficial to feeding pregnant sows by combining the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixed material, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture as the cassava feed base material, and overcomes the problem that the existing high-ratio cassava compound feed has low feeding quality for the pregnant sows.
(2) 180 piglets with similar weight at the stage of 20-23 days of birth are randomly divided into 6 groups, 30 piglets are fed with different feeds for 2 weeks under the same feeding mode and management, the change of initial weight and final weight of the piglets is counted, the output time and diarrhea rate of the piglets are counted, and the weight of the piglets reaches 1 as shown in the following table 2:
from the table, the low-grain cassava feed prepared in the embodiments 1 to 3 can effectively promote the growth and development of piglets, shorten the time for slaughtering, and simultaneously have low diarrhea rate. Compared with the example 3, the growth rate of the piglets in the comparative examples 1-3 is reduced, the slaughtering time is prolonged, the diarrhea rate of the piglets is increased, and the results in the comparative examples 2 and 3 show that the cassava feed base material prepared by the invention is used for replacing the traditional single cassava raw material, is used as the main capability feed of the pig feed, is beneficial to improving the palatability of the feed, quickens the food intake of the piglets, and simultaneously is more suitable for the digestion of the intestinal tracts of the piglets, reduces the reaction of the digestion system of the piglets in the cassava low-grain compound feed with high proportion, promotes the absorption of nutrient substances and has low diarrhea rate of the piglets.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, alternatives, and improvements that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of a high-grain low-grain cassava feed is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: peeling cassava, cutting the cassava into pieces, soaking the pieces in clear water for 10-20 min, drying the pieces at 60-65 ℃ until the water content is 10-13%, and crushing the pieces to 40-50 meshes to obtain cassava powder;
step 2: soaking the cassava leaves and the cassava barks in 0.5-1% w/w sodium chloride solution for 0.5-1 h, cleaning with clear water, sun-drying, and crushing to 40-50 meshes to obtain a cassava leaf and barks mixture;
step 3: cleaning sugarcane tail leaves and ramie leaves, drying, crushing, adding an acetic acid aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.15-0.25% w/w, mixing, wherein the solid-liquid ratio is 1 (20-30) g/ml, performing acidification treatment for 15-30 min under 10-15 MPa, adding a biological agent and a sugar solution, and fermenting for 3-5 d in a fermentation tank at the temperature of 30-33 ℃ to obtain a digestion promoting fermentation mixture; the mass ratio of the sugarcane tail leaves to the ramie leaves is (1-2): 1-5; the biological agent comprises aspergillus niger and lactobacillus plantarum in a mass ratio of 1:2; the addition amount of the biological bacterial agent and the sugar solution is 0.3-0.5% and 1-3% of the mass of the powder materials of the sugarcane tail leaves and the ramie leaves;
step 4: mixing the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixture, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture to obtain a cassava feed base material; the mass ratio of the cassava powder, the cassava leaf and skin mixed material, the pine needle powder and the digestion promoting fermentation mixture is as follows: (20-25): (8-10): (3-7): (1-2);
step 5: and adding protein supplements, mineral supplements and nutritional seasoning additives into the cassava feed base material, stirring and mixing, granulating, and thus obtaining the low-grain cassava feed.
2. The method for preparing the high-grain low-grain cassava feed according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the cassava feed base material accounts for 55-65% of the mass of the low-grain cassava feed.
3. The method for preparing the high-grain low-grain cassava feed according to claim 2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the protein supplement comprises one or more of fish meal, wheat bran, feather meal, bran, soybean, mouse bean and peanut vine meal.
4. The method for preparing the high-grain low-grain cassava feed according to claim 3, which is characterized in that: the mineral supplement comprises one or more of mineral trace elements, calcium hydrophosphate, shell powder, peanut bran and bone meal; the mineral microelements comprise one or more of zinc fumarate, manganese citrate, ferrous fumarate, copper methionine, selenium yeast and calcium iodate.
5. The method for preparing the high-grain low-grain cassava feed as in claim 4, which is characterized in that: the nutritional seasoning auxiliary comprises one or more of salt, multi-vitamins, limiting amino acids, yeast and honey; the limiting amino acids include lysine and/or methionine.
6. The low-grain cassava feed prepared by the preparation method of the high-grain low-grain cassava feed as claimed in claim 5, wherein the low-grain cassava feed comprises 60% of cassava feed base material, 10% of soybeans, 4% of fish meal, 6% of peanut vines, 5% of bran, 10% of peanut bran, 0.6% of calcium hydrophosphate, 2% of shell powder, 1% of mineral trace elements, 0.4% of salt and 1% of honey according to mass percentage.
7. The high-grain low-grain cassava feed as in claim 5, wherein: according to the mass percentage, the feed comprises 65% of cassava feed base stock, 17% of soybean, 2% of fish meal, 4% of bran, 8% of peanut bran, 1% of bone meal, 1% of shell powder, 0.5% of mineral trace elements, 0.2% of yeast, 0.1% of limiting amino acid, 0.2% of multi-vitamins, 0.4% of salt and 0.6% of honey.
8. The high-grain low-grain cassava feed as in claim 5, wherein: according to the mass percentage, the feed comprises 55% of cassava feed base material, 6% of wheat bran, 16% of mouse beans, 2% of feather meal, 1% of fish meal, 7% of bran, 10% of peanut bran, 2% of shell powder, 0.4% of salt and 0.6% of honey.
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