CN114105616B - 一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料 - Google Patents
一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料 Download PDFInfo
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;silicic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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Abstract
本发明属于隔热材料技术领域，涉及一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料。涉及的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料的原料组分及重量分数：刚玉30~40%，棕刚玉冶炼烟尘10~20%，氢氧化铝10~20%，蓝晶石3~6%，氧化铝纤维1~3%，聚丙烯纤维0.05~0.2%，胶凝剂10~30%，减水剂0.05~0.1%，水0~20%。本发明易于施工，养护方便，烘后坯体强度高，隔热耐火涂料作用于防护平台表面后，其可以完全适应防护平台的工作环境。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于隔热材料技术领域，主要涉及一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料。
背景技术
在运载火箭的发射过程中，火箭发动机喷管喷出高温燃气，为此，火箭发射平台需设置防护材料；防护材料一经投入使用就需要长期接受发射任务的考验，对于需要承受较大压力的关键性部位，它必须要有足够的抗冲刷、耐烧蚀、耐腐蚀能力和低损耗的特点，才能保证长期的使用和尽量少的维护；然而其发动机喷射出的燃气流致使发射平台防护材料表面温度约为2000℃以上，可对发射台增加热防护措施，即在基体材料表面涂覆热防护涂料，这样既可使金属表面隔热，又可减轻发射台的重量，减少热冲击和热烧蚀，并防止发射台在多次热冲击载荷作用下产生热疲劳、热龟裂和热断裂，从而确保发射台工作的可靠性，延长发射台的使用寿命；随着长征5号火箭的成功研制，我国运载火箭的规模实现了从中型到大型的跨越，因此防护材料服役条件更加苛刻。
目前发射平台无机防护材料主要采用将环氧树脂等有机耐烧蚀涂层涂覆于发射台钢结构表面的方法对发射台进行热防护，该方法是利用高分子材料在高温下碳化吸热并形成具有辐射散热和阻塞热流作用的碳化层，但是使用寿命短；还有一种采用耐火混凝土构筑的方法，该方法虽然使发射台具有优良的抗燃气流吹扫和耐烧蚀性能，但缺点是材料厚度厚，重量大，不方便移动发射平台；因此针对我国重型运载火箭移动平台需要开发新一代低损耗防护材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，使其具有耐烧蚀，抗冲刷，抗热震，不开裂不剥落，强度高密度低的特点，并且易施工。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，平台防护材料的原料组分及重量分数如下：
刚玉 30~40%，
棕刚玉冶炼烟尘 10~20%，
氢氧化铝 10~20%，
蓝晶石 3~6%，
氧化铝纤维 1~3%，
聚丙烯纤维 0.05~0.2%，
胶凝剂 10~30%，
减水剂 0.05~0.1%，
水 0~20%。
所述的刚玉为电熔刚玉或是板状刚玉，其中Al2O3＞99.2%，粒度为3-1mm，1-0.047mm。
所述棕刚玉冶炼烟尘中(Al2O3+SiO2)＞60.0%，粒度＜0.047mm。
所述的蓝晶石(Al2O3+SiO2)＞97.0%，粒度＜0.047mm；。
所述的氢氧化铝中Al2O3＞64.5%，粒度＜10μm。
所述的氧化铝纤维中Al2O3＞64.5%，长度＜3mm。
所述的胶凝剂为铝溶胶或磷酸二氢铝溶胶，其中铝溶胶固含量为25%，磷酸二氢铝溶胶固含量为40%。
所述的减水剂为三聚磷酸钠或六偏磷酸钠。
一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料的制备方法为：1）按照所述的比例关系，先将氧化铝纤维在溶胶中进行分散，可以选用机械分散或是超声分散，分散时间20~40min；2）按照所述的比例关系，将刚玉、棕刚玉冶炼烟尘、蓝晶石、氢氧化铝、聚丙烯纤维、减水剂在碾砂机中进行干混5~10min；3）按照所述的比例关系，将水和配制好的含有氧化铝纤维的溶胶倒入混砂机进行混炼，时间2~5min后即可以在火箭发射移动防护平台龟甲网上开展喷涂或涂抹施工，施工完后开展养护。
本发明提出的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，采用上述技术方案，具有如下有益效果：易于施工，可采取喷涂或手工涂抹等方式，并且该防护材料易施工，养护方便，可以直接超过100℃以上烘拷，烘后坯体强度高，隔热耐火涂料作用于防护平台表面后，其可以完全适应防护平台的工作环境；并且该防护材料有机物极少，不会产生有害烟尘；材料的主要组成为刚玉等耐火度较高、可防护温度超过2000℃；采用的胶凝剂为铝溶胶或磷酸二氢铝溶胶具有较好的高温机械强度、抗热震性和高温韧性等，同时又不降低刚玉等材料的耐火度和使用温度；防护材料中氧化铝导热系数低，并且材料内部气孔率高，隔热效果好，防护作用突出；氧化铝纤维均匀分布在材料内部，大大提高了材料的韧性，受热冲击后抗剥落性能好，不易损耗。当火箭发射热流冲击在防护材料表面时，氢氧化铝受热脱水反应：2Al(OH)3→Al2O3+3H2O↑，形成较多微孔，同时促进氧化铝材料自身其烧结并导致体积收缩，同时蓝晶石在1100℃开始分解，分解产生莫来石和SiO2，同时伴随16%~18%的体积膨胀，而蓝晶石受热膨胀可以弥补材料烧结导致的收缩缺陷，从而保证防护材料整体的体积稳定性。分解产生的游离SiO2与体系中和Al2O3，则分解产生的SiO2和Al2O3反应，即二次莫来石化反应，体积膨胀一般为10%左右，反应式如下:
3(Al2O3·SiO2) →3Al2O3·2SiO2 +SiO2
2SiO2 +3Al2O3→3Al2O3·2SiO2
随着温度的升高，莫来石晶体发育长大，形成针柱状莫来石晶体；莫来石是常压下唯一稳定的二元硅酸铝相，可耐1800℃高温，具有较高的机械强度、较低的热膨胀系数和热导率以及较好的抗剥落和抗腐蚀、抗蠕变和高温性能优异等特点。该防护材料经养护后，常高温强度高、密度较低隔热显著，并且具有耐冲蚀和抗腐蚀的特点，因此其在发射平台时损耗低，防护效果好。因此本发明具有突出的创新性和经济价值，该低损耗防护材料经施工养护后具有以下特点：
200℃烘后耐压强度/MPa >15.0
1200℃烧后线变化率/% <0.5
1200℃烧后体密/g/cm3 <2.0
1200℃烧后气孔/% >25
1200℃烧后耐压强度/MPa >35
800℃导热系数/W/m·K <0.75
1200℃导热系数/W/m·K <0.90。
具体实施方式
结合具体实施例对本发明加以详细说明：
实施例
按照所述的比例关系，利用高速搅拌机将占所有原料重量（下同）3%的氧化铝纤维在30%铝溶胶（固含量25%）进行分散，分散时间40min；2）将30%刚玉（3~1mm，20%；1-0.047mm，10%）、棕刚玉冶炼烟尘20%、蓝晶石6%、氢氧化铝10.9%、聚丙烯纤维0.05%、三聚磷酸钠0.05%在碾砂机中进行干混8min；3）按照所述的比例关系，将上述溶液倒入混砂机进行混炼，时间5min后即可以在火箭发射移动防护平台龟甲网上开展喷涂或涂抹施工，施工完后开展养护。
实施例
按照所述的比例关系，利用高速搅拌机将1%的氧化铝纤维在20%的水和10%铝溶胶（固含量25%）进行分散，分散时间40min；2）将40%刚玉（3~1mm，25%；1-0.047mm，15%）、棕刚玉冶炼烟尘10%、蓝晶石3%、氢氧化铝15.7%、聚丙烯纤维0.2%、三聚磷酸钠0.1%在碾砂机中进行干混5min；3）按照所述的比例关系，将上述溶液倒入混砂机进行混炼，时间2min后即可以在火箭发射移动防护平台龟甲网上开展喷涂或涂抹施工，施工完后开展养护。
实施例
按照所述的比例关系，利用超声波分散仪将2%的氧化铝纤维在5%的水和12.8%灰磷酸二氢铝（固含量40%）进行分散，分散时间30min；2）将35%刚玉（3~1mm，25%；1-0.047mm，10%）、棕刚玉冶炼烟尘15%、蓝晶石5%、氢氧化铝25%、聚丙烯纤维0.12%、三聚磷酸钠0.08%在碾砂机中进行干混10min；3）按照所述的比例关系，将上述溶液倒入混砂机进行混炼，时间5min后即可以在火箭发射移动防护平台龟甲网上开展喷涂或涂抹施工，施工完后开展养护。
实施例
按照所述的比例关系，利用超声波分散仪将2%的氧化铝纤维在16%的水和13.8%磷酸二氢铝（固含量40%）进行分散，分散时间20min；2）将36%刚玉（3~1mm，20%；1-0.047mm，16%）、棕刚玉冶炼烟尘17%、蓝晶石5%、氢氧化铝10%、聚丙烯纤维0.12%、三聚磷酸钠0.08%在碾砂机中进行干混10min；3）按照所述的比例关系，将上述溶液倒入混砂机进行混炼，时间5min后即可以在火箭发射移动防护平台龟甲网上开展喷涂或涂抹施工，施工完后开展养护。
Claims (7)
1.一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：平台防护材料的原料组分及重量分数如下：
刚玉 30~40%，
棕刚玉冶炼烟尘 10~20%，
氢氧化铝 10~20%，
蓝晶石 3~6%，
氧化铝纤维 1~3%，
聚丙烯纤维 0.05~0.2%，
胶凝剂 10~30%，
减水剂 0.05~0.1%，
水 0~20%；
所述的胶凝剂为铝溶胶或磷酸二氢铝溶胶，其中铝溶胶固含量为25%，磷酸二氢铝溶胶固含量为40%。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：所述的刚玉为电熔刚玉或是板状刚玉，其中Al2O3＞99.2%，粒度为3-1mm，1-0.047mm。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：所述棕刚玉冶炼烟尘中(Al2O3+SiO2)＞60.0%，粒度＜0.047mm。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：所述的蓝晶石(Al2O3+SiO2)＞97.0%，粒度＜0.047mm。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：所述的氢氧化铝中Al2O3＞64.5%，粒度＜10μm。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：所述的氧化铝纤维中Al2O3＞64.5%，长度＜3mm。
7.如权利要求1所述的一种火箭发射平台低损耗防护材料，其特征在于：所述的减水剂为三聚磷酸钠或六偏磷酸钠。
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