CN114079090A - 全固体电池 - Google Patents
全固体电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114079090A CN114079090A CN202110798933.XA CN202110798933A CN114079090A CN 114079090 A CN114079090 A CN 114079090A CN 202110798933 A CN202110798933 A CN 202110798933A CN 114079090 A CN114079090 A CN 114079090A
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- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 52
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- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 11
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- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
全固体电池具备固体电极体和收纳固体电极体的层压膜,固体电极体包含正极层、固体电解质层和负极层。层压膜包含对于针状异物(X)脆弱的脆弱部。脆弱部的强度低于层压膜中的脆弱部以外的部分的强度。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及全固体电池。
背景技术
包含层压膜作为框体(外装体)的“层压型电池”正被使用。层压膜包含金属箔和覆盖金属箔的树脂膜。另外,相对于电池元件(电极活性物质和电解质)包含液体的液系电池,近年来,正在推进电池元件仅由固体构成的“全固体电池”的开发。例如,日本专利公开2018-133175公开了一种层压型全固体电池。
发明内容
可能发生对层压型全固体电池施加外部刺激(按压异物等)的状况。当该异物具有针状的顶端形状的情况下,异物可能贯穿层压膜。此时,在异物贯穿层压膜为止期间,收纳在层压膜内的固体电极体(固体的电池元件)通过层压膜被施加压力。固体电极体之中通过层压膜被施加压力(面压)的部分的面积大于针状异物的面积。因此,固体电极体可能开裂和/或破碎(以下概括称为“裂纹”)。
本公开抑制异物被按压到全固体电池时的固体电极体的裂纹。
(1)本公开涉及一种全固体电池,具备固体电极体和收纳固体电极体的层压膜,固体电极体包含正极层、固体电解质层和负极层。层压膜包含对于针状的外部刺激脆弱的脆弱部。脆弱部的强度低于层压膜中的脆弱部以外的部分的强度。
(2)层压膜可以包含金属箔以及被覆金属箔的树脂膜。脆弱部可以是金属箔。脆弱部可以是金属箔中的配置有至少一个贯穿孔的部分。
(3)上述至少一个贯穿孔可以是多个贯穿孔。金属箔可以是冲孔金属(punchingmetal)、膨胀合金(expand metal)和板条金属(lath metal)中的任一者。
(4)树脂膜可以具有厚度彼此不同的厚壁部和薄壁部。脆弱部可以包含配置有至少一个贯穿孔的部分和薄壁部。
(5)层压膜可以包含金属箔以及被覆金属箔的树脂膜。树脂膜可以具有厚度彼此不同的厚壁部和薄壁部。脆弱部可以是薄壁部。
上述(1)~(5)的技术构成中,针对针状外部刺激(异物)脆弱的脆弱部被设在层压膜上。异物容易在脆弱部贯穿层压膜,由此能够防止直到异物贯穿为止持续的压力增加,能够降低施加于电极体的压力的最大值(详情后述)。因而,根据上述(1)~(5)的技术构成,能够抑制固体电极体的裂纹。
根据本公开,能够抑制异物按压到全固体电池上时的固体电极体的裂纹。
附图说明
以下,参照附图说明本发明的示例性实施例的特征、优点以及技术和产业意义,相同的数字表示相同的元件。
图1是概略地表示实施方式1的全固体电池的整体结构一例的截面图。
图2是电池的平面图。
图3是沿着图2的III-III'线的电池的截面图。
图4是表示实施方式1中的金属箔的结构一例的俯视图。
图5是表示实施方式1中的金属箔的结构另一例的俯视图。
图6是示意地表示因异物的按压而施加到固体电极体上的压力的时间变化的图。
图7是实施方式2中的电池的截面图。
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图详细说明本公开的实施方式。再者,对附图中相同或相当的部分赋予相同的标记,不重复其说明。
[实施方式1]
<全固体电池的整体结构>
图1是概略地表示实施方式1的全固体电池的整体结构一例的截面图。参照图1,多个全固体电池(以下简称为“电池”)1分别具有平板形状。图1所示例中,通过使多个电池100在厚度方向(z方向)上层叠并电连接,来构成电池组200。
虽未图示,但电池组200在多个电池100之外,可以还包含任选的其他构件。例如,电池组200可以进一步包含拘束构件(未图示)。拘束构件例如可包含一对端板和连结带。另外,电池组200可以进一步包含例如设有制冷剂流路的冷却板(未图示)。
不过,由多个电池100构成电池组200并不是必须的,也可以将电池100作为单电池直接使用。以下,使用单电池状态的电池100进行说明。
图2是电池100的平面图。图3是沿着图2的III-III'线的电池100的截面图。参照图1~图3,电池100包含固体电极体6和层压膜7。俯视时(图2的平面图中),电池100包含中央部101和围绕中央部101的外周部102。图3示出中央部101的电池100的截面。
<各构成要素的详细结构>
固体电极体6包含正极层1、负极层2、固体电解质层3、集电体4和绝缘膜5。固体电极体6是层叠型电极体,通过正极层1、固体电解质层3和负极层2层叠而形成。固体电极体6只要包含1层以上的正极层1、固体电解质层3和负极层2中的各层,就可具有任意的层叠结构。例如,可以通过将正极层1、固体电解质层3和负极层2按该顺序层叠,来形成固体电极体6。
正极层1与固体电解质层3紧密接触。正极层1至少包含正极活性物质层12。正极层1也可以实质上由正极活性物质层12构成。正极层1可以包含正极集电体11和正极活性物质层12。
正极集电体11的厚度例如可以为5μm~50μm。正极集电体11例如可以包含铝(Al)箔。
正极活性物质层12的厚度例如可以为10μm~200μm。正极活性物质层12含有正极活性物质。正极活性物质层12可以实质上由正极活性物质构成。正极活性物质层12也可以除了正极活性物质之外还含有固体电解质、导电材料和粘合剂等。
正极活性物质例如可含有选自钴酸锂、镍酸锂、锰酸锂、镍钴锰酸锂(LiNi1/3Co1/ 3Mn1/3O2等)、镍钴铝酸锂和磷酸铁锂中的至少一种。固体电解质例如可含有硫化物固体电解质等(LiBr-LiI-(Li2S-P2S5)等)。导电材料例如可含有导电性碳材料等(气相生长碳纤维(VGCF)等)。粘合剂可含有例如聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)。
负极层2与固体电解质层3紧密接触。负极层2至少包含负极活性物质层22。负极层2可以实质上由负极活性物质层22构成。负极层2可以包含负极集电体21和负极活性物质层22。负极集电体21的厚度例如可以为5μm~50μm。负极集电体21例如可以包含铜(Cu)箔、镍(Ni)箔。
负极活性物质层22的厚度例如可以为10μm~200μm。负极活性物质层22含有负极活性物质。负极活性物质层22例如可以实质上由负极活性物质构成。负极活性物质层22也可以除了负极活性物质之外还含有固体电解质、导电材料和粘合剂等。
负极活性物质例如可含有选自石墨、软碳、硬碳、硅、氧化硅、硅基合金、锡、氧化锡、锡基合金和钛酸锂中的至少一种。固体电解质例如可含有硫化物固体电解质等(LiBr-LiI-(Li2S-P2S5)等)。导电材料例如可含有导电性碳材料等(VGCF等)。粘合剂例如可含有PVdF。
固体电解质层3配置在正极层1与负极层2之间。固体电解质层3将正极层1和负极层2在空间上分离。固体电解质层3在阻断正极层1与负极层2之间的电子传导的同时,在正极层1与负极层2之间形成离子传导路径。固体电解质层3的厚度例如可以为1μm~100μm。
固体电解质层3含有固体电解质。固体电解质层3可以实质上由固体电解质构成。固体电解质层3也可以除了固体电解质之外还含有粘合剂等。固体电解质可含有例如硫化物固体电解质。硫化物固体电解质可含有硫化磷锂等。固体电解质可含有例如氧化物固体电解质。粘合剂可含有例如丁二烯橡胶。
集电体4配置在正极层1、负极层2和固体电解质层3的外侧(固体电极体6的最外层)。集电体4可以使用热熔体等粘接剂粘接到固体电极体6的最外层。集电体4将固体电极体6和外部端子(未图示)电连接。集电体4例如可以包含Al箔、Ni箔、Cu箔。集电体4本身也可以兼作外部端子。当固体电极体6的最外层是正极层1的情况下,集电体4具有正极性。当固体电极体6的最外层是负极层2的情况下,集电体4具有负极性。
绝缘膜5配置在集电体4的表面。绝缘膜5可以覆盖集电体4的整个表面,也可以仅覆盖集电体4的部分表面。绝缘膜5使层压膜7(后述的金属箔71)与集电体4之间绝缘。绝缘膜5可以实质上由绝缘材料构成。绝缘膜5也可以除了绝缘材料之外例如还含有粘合剂。绝缘膜5的厚度例如可以为0.1μm~100μm。
层压膜7是收纳固体电极体6并进一步将固体电极体6密封的外装体。层压膜7包含金属箔71和树脂膜72。金属箔71抑制在电池100内部产生的气体漏出到外部。树脂膜72通过覆盖金属箔71的两面来提高层压膜7的强度。
层压膜7例如是铝层压膜制的袋。该情况下,金属箔71是Al箔。树脂膜72例如是PET(Polyethyleneterephthalate、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)膜。由铝层压膜制成的袋可通过热熔接来密封。
<异物的按压>
可能发生对如上构成的电池100施加外部刺激的状况,更具体而言是异物X(例如金属异物)从外部按压的状况。图3示出异物X从角度θ的方向对层压膜7的表面按压的状况。当异物X具有尖锐的顶端形状(针状)的情况下,异物X可能贯穿层压膜7。此时,在异物X的顶端与层压膜7接触直到贯穿层压膜7期间,通过层压膜7对收纳在层压膜7内的固体电极体6施加压力。固体电极体6之中通过层压膜7被施加压力的部分的面积大于异物X的顶端的面积。结果,由于以宽范围施加压力(面压),固体电极体6可能开裂和/或破碎。
因此,在实施方式1中,在层压膜7设置特意设计得脆弱的部分(脆弱部)以使得异物X容易贯穿。更具体而言,在构成层压膜7的金属箔71配置至少一个贯穿孔TH。
图4是表示实施方式1中的金属箔71的结构一例的俯视图。参照图4,在金属箔71中,例如在基材710(Al箔等)中的任一处配置有1个贯穿孔TH。在配置有贯穿孔TH的部位仅存在树脂膜72。贯穿孔TH的配置部位例如通过设计或实验性地求出容易受到异物X侵入的部位来确定。贯穿孔TH的孔径可根据设想的异物X的尺寸等适当设定在例如数mm~数cm的范围内。
图5是表示实施方式1中的金属箔71的结构另一例的俯视图。参照图5,金属箔71例如可以是对金属箔71的基材710(Al箔等)进行了冲裁加工的冲孔金属。贯穿孔TH的孔径被适当设定,例如可以设定为亚毫米(数百微米)~数毫米。贯穿孔TH的合计面积相对于基材710的总面积所占的面积比可根据基材710的厚度等适当设定。
再者,图5所示例中的金属箔71只要是设有多个贯穿孔TH的平板状金属箔,就不限定于冲孔金属。金属箔71可以是膨胀合金、板条金属等。
图6是示意地表示因异物的按压而施加到固体电极体6上的压力的时间变化的图。在图6中,横轴表示经过时间。纵轴表示施加到固体电极体6上的压力(面压)。
参照图6,在金属箔上未设置通孔的情况下,通过层压膜7施加到固体电极体6上的压力在异物X贯穿层压膜7为止期间持续增加(参照一点划线)。因此,在异物X贯穿层压膜7的时间点,压力可能变为大的值。因而,固体电极体6容易产生裂纹。
与此相对,本实施方式中,通过在金属箔71配置1个或多个贯穿孔TH,与在金属箔未配置贯穿孔的结构相比,层压膜7对于具有锐利的顶端形状的异物X的强度部分地降低。换言之,在配置有1个或多个贯穿孔TH的部位仅存在树脂膜72,所以层压膜7容易被异物X局部地贯穿。那样的话,异物X在通过层压膜7施加到固体电极体6上的压力增加到大的值之前贯穿层压膜7(参照实线)。结果,固体电极体6难以产生裂纹。
如上所述,实施方式1中,在金属箔71形成有至少1个贯穿孔TH。通过设置仅存在树脂膜72的部分,金属箔71对于异物X的强度有意地降低。由此,异物X容易贯穿层压膜7,由此防止了持续到异物X贯穿为止的压力增加。那样的话,如图6所说明的那样,通过层压膜7施加到固体电极体6上的压力的最大值降低。因而,根据实施方式1,能够抑制固体电极体6的裂纹。
[实施方式2]
实施方式1中,对于在金属箔71形成有至少1个贯穿孔TH的例子进行了说明。但是,只要是层压膜变得脆弱以使得异物X容易贯穿,就也可以采用其他结构。实施方式2中,关于覆盖金属箔的树脂膜对于异物X的贯穿变脆弱的结构进行说明。
图7是实施方式2中的电池的截面图。图7与图3进行对比。参照图7,电池100A与实施方式1中的电池100的不同之处在于,替代层压膜7而具备层压膜7A。固体电极体6的结构是相同的。
层压膜7A中,树脂膜72具有厚壁部721和薄壁部722。薄壁部722的厚度小于厚壁部721的厚度。优选在树脂膜72的表面中容易与异物X接触的部位设置薄壁部722。容易与异物X接触的部位例如可以通过回收多个电池并分析因异物而破损的部位来实验性地求出。
在树脂膜72之中设有薄壁部722的部位,与设有厚壁部721的部位相比,层压膜7A的强度降低。也就是说,层压膜7A在薄壁部722中容易被异物X贯穿。那样的话,如在实施方式1中使用图6说明的那样,在通过层压膜7A施加到固体电极体6上的压力成为大的值之前,异物X贯穿层压膜7A。结果,固体电极体6难以产生裂纹。
再者,图7所示例中,仅设有1处薄壁部722,但也可以在多处设置薄壁部722。另外,图7所示例中,在覆盖金属箔71的内表面(图中为下侧的面)和外表面(上侧的面)的树脂膜72之中,通过使覆盖金属箔71的外表面的树脂膜72的厚度部分地变薄来实现薄壁部722。但是,也可以通过使覆盖金属箔71的内表面的树脂膜72的厚度部分地变薄来实现薄壁部722。另外,也可以使覆盖金属箔71的外表面的树脂膜72的厚度和覆盖金属箔71的内表面的树脂膜72的厚度这两者变薄。
如上所述,实施方式2中,在树脂膜72形成有薄壁部722。通过设置薄壁部722有意地降低树脂膜72的强度,异物X容易贯穿层压膜7A,由此防止异物X贯穿为止持续的压力增加。由此,通过层压膜7A施加到固体电极体6的压力的最大值被降低。因而,根据实施方式2,与实施方式1同样地能够抑制固体电极体6的裂纹。
再者,可以组合实施方式1和实施方式2。即,也可以将配置有至少1个贯穿孔TH的金属箔71与具有厚壁部721和薄壁部722的树脂膜72组合。
[评价试验]
最后,对于本发明人实施的评价试验的结果进行说明。评价试验中,使用直径为3mm的钉子作为异物X。异物X对于层压膜7的表面按压的角度θ(参照图3)为45°。将异物X的移动速度设定为秒速2mm。将实施方式1的电池100和实施方式2的电池100A的试验开始时的SOC(State Of Charge、荷电状态)设定为100%。在各电池的电压降低2mV的时间点停止异物X的移动。测定了距异物X的按压位置为1cm的位置的温度。评价试验在室温环境下实施。
评价试验的结果,无论是在实施方式1的电池100中,还是在实施方式2的电池100A中,与未实施这些对策的比较例相比,可以确认到固体电极体6的短路层数减少了2层。
应该认为在此公开的实施方式在所有方面都是例示而不是限制性的。本公开的范围不是由上述实施方式的说明而是由专利请求保护的范围来表示,意图包含与专利请求保护的范围均等的意思和范围内的所有变更。
Claims (5)
1.一种全固体电池,其特征在于,
具备固体电极体和收纳所述固体电极体的层压膜,所述固体电极体包含正极层、固体电解质层和负极层,
所述层压膜包含对于针状的外部刺激脆弱的脆弱部,
所述脆弱部的强度低于所述层压膜中的所述脆弱部以外的部分的强度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的全固体电池,其特征在于,
所述层压膜包含:
金属箔、以及
被覆在所述金属箔的两面的树脂膜,
所述脆弱部是所述金属箔中的配置有至少一个贯穿孔的部分。
3.根据权利要求2所述的全固体电池,其特征在于,
所述至少一个贯穿孔是多个贯穿孔,
所述金属箔是冲孔金属、膨胀合金和板条金属中的任一者。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的全固体电池,其特征在于,
所述树脂膜具有厚度彼此不同的厚壁部和薄壁部,
所述脆弱部包含所述配置有至少一个贯穿孔的部分和所述薄壁部。
5.根据权利要求1所述的全固体电池,其特征在于,
所述层压膜包含:
金属箔、以及
被覆在所述金属箔的两面的树脂膜,
所述树脂膜具有厚度彼此不同的厚壁部和薄壁部,
所述脆弱部是所述薄壁部。
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