CN114056159A - 用于给机动车辆的牵引电池充电的方法 - Google Patents

用于给机动车辆的牵引电池充电的方法 Download PDF

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CN114056159A
CN114056159A CN202110886780.4A CN202110886780A CN114056159A CN 114056159 A CN114056159 A CN 114056159A CN 202110886780 A CN202110886780 A CN 202110886780A CN 114056159 A CN114056159 A CN 114056159A
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charging
voltage
post
traction battery
controller
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CN114056159B (zh
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R·海涅
T·考尔
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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Abstract

一种用于通过固定的充电桩给具有电牵引马达的机动车辆的牵引电池充电的方法，包括：以牵引电池的高电压值作为请求的最大充电电压来通过车辆充电控制器向充电桩充电控制器登记充电过程；在机动车辆保护继电器断开时：借助充电桩充电控制器针对绝缘测试电压控制由充电桩侧的绝缘测试器实施的绝缘测试，当最大充电桩电压低于请求的最大充电电压时，绝缘测试电压对应于请求的最大充电电压或最大充电桩电压；借助机动车辆电压测量器来测量绝缘测试电压，如果所测量的绝缘测试电压与低电压值相对应：以低电压值作为新的、所请求的充电电压来通过车辆充电控制器向充电桩充电控制器登记充电过程，并且将充电电压适配器设定成与低电压值对应的充电桩电压。

Description

用于给机动车辆的牵引电池充电的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于通过固定的充电桩给具有电牵引马达的机动车辆的牵引电池充电的方法。
背景技术
由电动机补充地或唯一地驱动的机动车辆的高压牵引电池取决于制造商和型号而具有不同的——例如400V或800V的——技术上的直流电压充电电压电平。在力求高驱动功率以及尽可能短的用于给牵引电池充电的充电时间的车辆中，使用具有高电压值例如800V的技术上的充电电压电平的牵引电池。
而许多高压充电桩提供例如额定400V的较低的电压值作为最大充电桩电压，在中国的大多数充电桩中尤其如此。由于限定充电桩充电控制器与车辆充电控制器之间的通信的现有通信协议，引入具有例如800V的较高的技术上的牵引电池充电电压电平的机动车辆的充电过程变得困难并且无法在具有例如400V的较低的最大充电桩电压的充电桩处进行。
在车辆侧的充电插头(其在下文中也一直可以是充电插座)与充电桩侧的充电插头电接触之后，机动车辆藉由其充电控制器向具有牵引电池充电电压电平的额定电压值(即在本示例中例如800V的高电压值)的充电桩的充电控制器进行登记。如果牵引电池充电电压电平超过例如400V的额定最大充电桩电压，则在车辆侧的保护继电器断开的情况下通过充电桩绝缘测试器首先测试充电导线相对于接地电势的电绝缘，即一方面在牵引电池的这两个电压值中的较低的电压值下并且另一方面在最大充电桩电压下。在进行充电桩侧的绝缘测试之后，充电桩充电控制器根据现有通信协议最终拒绝充电过程，这是因为车辆侧的充电控制器没有改变地请求例如800V的高充电电压。对此的原因在于，车辆充电控制器根据现有通信协议在这个时间点没有有关已经连接的充电桩的最大充电桩电压有多高的信息。
结果是，在对应地严格的通信协议中机动车辆的800V的牵引电池只能在具有电压值一样高的最大充电桩电压的充电桩处进行充电。由此，在充电桩处用于给具有例如800V的较高的充电电压电平的牵引电池充电的网络可能是网格非常大的。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的在于，提出一种用于以(较高的)技术上的充电电压电平给机动车辆牵引电池充电的方法，该方法也允许在具有较低的最大充电桩电压的充电桩处以其技术上可设定的较低的充电电压进行充电。
根据本发明，该目的通过体现本发明的构思的特征的方法来实现。
在下文中以如下机动车辆以及充电桩为例来描述本发明，该机动车辆具有作为高电压值的800V的牵引电池的技术上的充电电压电平，该充电桩具有或者作为低电压值的400V的或者800V的最大充电桩电压。自然仅示例性地理解这些电压值。然而在任何情况下，牵引电池是具有远大于60V的技术上的充电电压电平的所谓的高压牵引电池。牵引电池的技术上的充电电压电平在此始终被理解为最大额定电压值，牵引电池可以借助充电桩以该最大额定电压值被充电并且被充电到该最大额定电压值，以便以这种方式使充电时间保持得尽可能短。因此，技术上的充电电压电平也可以是如下电压电平，机动车辆的电牵引马达以该电压电平藉由牵引电池在行驶运行期间优选被馈电。充电桩在此并非被理解为空间意义上的桩，而是可以被理解为用于给机动车辆牵引电池充电的固定的充电终端设备，该充电终端设备形成通向机动车辆的充电接口。
充电桩具有用于操控和控制充电过程的充电桩充电控制器。为了生成高压直流电流充电电压，充电桩具有充电电压转换器，该充电电压转换器从供电网络的所供应的交流电压生成机动车辆的牵引电池借以进行充电的充电桩电压。首先仅观察如下情况，在该情况下，充电电压转换器不能提供技术上的牵引电池充电电压电平的电压值作为最大充电桩电压，而是可以提供例如400V的直流电压的较低的电压值。
充电桩具有用于测试充电导线相对于接地电势的电绝缘的绝缘测试器。充电桩的绝缘测试器在充电过程开始之前测试这两条直流电压充电导线(电能经由这两条直流电压充电导线从充电桩流动至机动车辆牵引电池)相对于接地电势的电绝缘或电阻。此外，充电桩具有充电插头，该充电插头可以与车辆的相对应的充电插头机械连接并且电连接，以使相应的充电导线相互电连接。充电插头在此不应被理解为特定的形状，而应被理解为被设计成能够与另一插头机械插接且电插接在一起的装置。
机动车辆具有自身的用于操控和控制充电过程的机动车辆充电控制器。机动车辆具有电牵引电池，该电牵引电池具有带有例如800V的相对较高的电压值的技术上的充电电压电平。由此，可以在具有电压值为例如额定800V的最大充电桩电压的充电桩处实现非常快速地给牵引电池充电。牵引马达也可以以技术上的充电电压电平的高电压值有效地被供应电能。通过机动车辆牵引电池的较高的技术上的充电电压电平还可以使热损耗保持得相对较小。
机动车辆具有车辆侧的充电插头，该车辆侧的充电插头可以与相对应的充电桩充电插头相连接。在此，两条充电导线(接地电势导线和一般还有至少一条数据导线)相互电连接。然而，原则上充电桩充电控制器与车辆侧的充电控制器之间的数据传输还可以替代性地或补充地以无线的方式进行。
机动车辆具有充电电压适配器，借助该充电电压适配器可以在需要时通过所谓的升压使例如400V的低的充电桩电压与例如800V的技术上的牵引电池充电电压电平相适配。替代性地，例如能够借助充电电压适配器使牵引电池的两个400V模块在充电期间按照需要电并联连接，而这两个模块在行驶运行期间电串联连接。通过这种方式可以选择性地以400V的和800V的充电桩电压给牵引电池充电。充电电压适配器由车辆充电控制器来控制。
机动车辆具有位于牵引电池与车辆侧的充电插头之间的保护继电器。保护继电器使充电导线与牵引电池电隔离(只要实际的充电过程实际上(尚)未发生)，并且尤其在充电准备期间使充电导线与牵引电池隔离。保护继电器由机动车辆的充电控制器来控制。保护继电器在此可以被理解为接触器的任何技术上的实施方式，不一定是技术上的继电器。
机动车辆还具有与机动车辆的充电导线相关联的电压测量器，该电压测量器位于保护继电器与充电插头之间。因此，电压测量器始终可以在充电导线的处于保护继电器与车辆侧充电插头之间的那部分中确定电压。电压测量器测量这两条充电导线之间的直流电压。
根据本发明的方法，在充电插头相互连接的情况下提供以下方法步骤：
首先通过车辆充电控制器以例如800V的高期望的充电电压值向充电桩充电控制器登记或请求充电过程或充电过程期望。因此，总是以例如800V的高期望的充电电压值向充电桩进行首次登记，以确保识别、接受并且最终实施具有例如800V的较高的最大充电桩电压的充电桩的充电期望以及具有800V的期望的充电电压值的充电期望。必要时在这种情况下使车辆的充电电压适配器与800V的较高的最大充电桩电压相适配或对应地进行切换。
通过这种方式可以毫无问题地完全充分利用具有较高的最大充电桩电压的充电桩的性能潜力。
具有例如400V的较低的最大充电桩电压的充电桩并不是立即拒绝根据生效的通信协议所登记的充电期望，而是临时针对400V的最大充电桩电压接受该充电期望。机动车辆保护继电器在这一阶段断开，从而使牵引电池没有与充电桩藉由充电导线电连接。
随后，充电桩充电控制器藉由充电桩侧的绝缘测试器在绝缘测试电压下实施绝缘测试，当最大充电桩电压低于所请求的充电电压时，该绝缘测试电压与所请求的充电电压或最大充电桩电压相对应。因此，在此所观察到的情况下，选择较低的电压值作为绝缘测试电压，该电压值与最大充电桩电压相对应，从而使得绝缘测试电压为大约400V。针对绝缘测试还使充电桩侧的保护继电器(只要其存在)闭合，从而使得绝缘测试电压施加在车辆侧的保护继电器与充电桩的充电电压转换器之间的充电导线的整个长度上。然而只有在绝缘测试器并没有布置在充电桩保护继电器与充电插头之间的情况下，才需要这样做。现在，通过车辆侧的电压测量器(其被布置在车辆侧的充电导线的此时带电压的部分中)来测量施加的绝缘测试电压并且将其传输至车辆侧的充电控制器。由于施加的绝缘测试电压与最大充电桩电压相对应，因此车辆侧的充电控制器在较早的时间点已经具有最大充电桩电压的电压值。
因此，如果所测量的绝缘测试电压小于首先登记的或所请求的期望的充电电压，则车辆充电控制器现在登记来自绝缘测试的所测量的低电压值或对应地较低的适合的电压值作为在充电桩充电控制器中所请求的新的充电电压，并且促使充电电压适配器设定成与来自电压测量的低电压值或适合的低电压值相对应的电压值，以用于给牵引电池充电。
由于充电桩充电控制器已经在较早的时间点针对所请求的充电电压接收可靠的并且技术上可能的电压值，因此在此并不中断准备过程，而是继续准备过程。通过这种方式还确保了：在如下电压电平上执行了在充电桩侧的绝缘测试，在该电压电平上还进行随后的充电过程。
通过根据本发明的方法实现：具有额定较高的技术上的充电电压电平的高压牵引电池也可以由具有较低的最大充电桩电压的充电桩接受并且充电。
附图说明
以下借助于附图对本发明的实施例进行详细解释，其中：
图1示意性地示出了具有机动车辆的机动车辆充电布置，该机动车辆具有由充电桩进行充电的电牵引电池。
具体实施方式
图1示出机动车辆充电布置10，该机动车辆充电布置大体上由固定的充电桩20和机动车辆40构成，该机动车辆具有电牵引马达41和电牵引电池42，该电牵引电池给电牵引马达41馈送驱动电能。
牵引电池42是技术上的充电电压电平UM为800V的高压牵引电池，并且该牵引电池例如由一对两个相同的、各为400V的牵引电池模块42'、42”构成。牵引电池42被指配有充电电压适配器44，该充电电压适配器使充电电压从例如400V升压到800V或者该充电电压适配器可以将牵引电池模块42'、42”电并联或串联地相互连接，从而使得替代性地当电压适配器44将这两个模块42'、42”电并联连接时，可以以400V的充电电压对牵引电池42进行充电；或者当充电电压适配器44将这两个牵引电池模块42'、42”电串联连接时，可以以800V的充电电压对该牵引电池进行充电。
机动车辆40具有车辆充电控制器50，该车辆充电控制器在车辆侧控制整个充电过程并且为此与相对应的充电桩侧的充电控制器22通信。机动车辆40具有绝缘测试器46，该绝缘测试器可以在测试电压下相应地对从车辆侧的充电插头32通向充电电压适配器44的两条充电导线L1、L2相对于接地电势G的充分电绝缘进行检查。
机动车辆40具有与这两条充电导线L1、L2电关联的保护继电器60，该保护继电器位于一方面牵引电池42或充电电压适配器44与另一方面车辆侧充电插头32之间。通过保护继电器60能够在这个位置处按照需要电中断充电桩20与牵引电池42之间的这两条充电导线L1、L2。保护继电器60由车辆侧的充电控制器50来控制。
此外，机动车辆40具有与充电导线L1、L2相关联的电压测量器62，该电压测量器位于保护继电器60与充电插头32之间。通过电压测量器62可以(例如在充电桩侧进行绝缘测试期间)测量这两条充电导线L1、L2之间的电压。
充电桩22由高电压供电网络12来供应电能，该电能以高电压交流电压的形式被馈入到充电桩20的充电电压转换器24中。充电电压转换器24藉由对应的接地导线与接地电势电连接，并且该充电电压转换器在此将馈入的交流电压转换成具有额定400V直流电压的低电压值U1的最大充电桩电压ULMAX。然而也存在如下充电桩，这些充电桩提供具有例如额定800V的高电压值U2的最大充电桩电压。在车辆充电控制器50中存储有充电控制器程序，该充电控制器程序允许通过充电桩以高电压值U2为800V的最大充电桩电压、以及以低电压值U1为400V的最大充电桩电压给牵引电池42充电。由于与具有等于800V的U2的较高的最大充电桩电压的充电桩的通信和充电过程是没有问题的，因此在这个实施例中仅观察如下情况，即：在该情况下，最大充电桩电压ULMAX与例如400V的更低的电压值U1相对应，该电压值低于等于牵引电池44的技术上的充电电压电平的800V的高电压值U2。
充电桩20具有自身的、单独的绝缘测试器26，一旦这由充电桩充电控制器22启动，该绝缘测试器就测试两条充电导线L1、L2各自相对于接地电势G的电绝缘或电阻。充电桩20具有自身的并且与内部的充电导线L1、L2相关联的保护继电器64，该保护继电器由充电桩充电控制器22控制。
充电桩20被电指配有充电桩充电插头28，该充电桩充电插头可以与车辆充电插头32电连接成充电插头装置30。由此，使这两条充电导线L1、L2(至少一条数据导线D和单独的接地导线)电连接。
根据本发明的方法，在此首先以具有400V的低电压值U1的最大充电桩电压ULMAX的充电桩为例进行描述，这是因为在这种情况下根据本发明的方法的特性变得有效。
在将这两个充电插头28、32插接到一起之后，车辆充电控制器50以800V的较高的最大电压值U2作为所请求的充电电压UR向充电桩充电控制器22登记充电过程，该较高的最大电压值与牵引电池42的技术上的充电电压电平在最大值方面相对应。这个登记被充电桩充电控制器22临时接受，随后其促使充电桩绝缘测试器26针对U1等于400V的最大充电桩电压ULMAX来执行绝缘测试，这是因为绝缘测试在800V的高电压值U2下既不可能实现、在技术上也没有意义。在进行绝缘测试期间，来自充电电压转换器24的这两条充电导线L1、L2在保护继电器64闭合时(在绝缘测试器在充电桩侧被安装在保护继电器之前的情况下)相对于接地电势G在电压值为U1等于400V的绝缘测试电压UI下分别在其绝缘电阻方面被进行检查。因此，在进行绝缘测试期间向车辆侧的保护继电器60与充电电压转换器24之间的充电导线L1、L2施加大小为大约400V的最大充电桩电压ULMAX。
由于电压测量器62被布置在充电导线L1、L2的带电压的部分中，因此这个电压测量器可以在给定的情况下确定最大充电桩电压ULMAX。因此，车辆侧的充电控制器50在相对较早的时间点就获悉：最大充电桩电压ULMAX低于牵引电池的技术上的充电电压电平。
在这种情况下，车辆充电控制器50(再次)以通过电压测量器62所测定的绝缘测试电压UI或相同的最大充电桩电压ULMAX的在此为U1等于400V的电压值或技术上有意义且小于ULMAX的适合的电压值向充电桩充电控制器22登记充电过程或充电电压。由此防止充电桩充电控制器22在充电准备的稍后的阶段中由于最大充电桩电压不足而中断充电过程。
因此，基于新的、所请求的例如400V的充电电压UR继续整个充电准备，该充电电压现在不再高于400V的最大充电桩电压ULMAX。如果充电桩充电控制器22最终接受400V的低电压值U1的现在所请求的充电电压UR，则车辆充电控制器50向电压适配器44指示：设定成与400V的低电压值U1相对应的充电电压UL或者切换成这个充电电压。电压适配器44例如使这两个牵引电池单元42'、42”为此电并联连接或使电压升压。同时，车辆充电控制器50促使车辆侧的绝缘测试器46以400V的低电压值U1执行绝缘测试并且在整个后续充电过程期间连续地重复进行绝缘测试。
如果车辆充电控制器50以高电压值U2为800V的最大充电电压ULMAX向充电桩20进行登记，则最晚在启动实际充电操作开始前不久充电电压适配器44就设定成与高电压值U2对应的充电电压UL，例如通过使这两个牵引电池模块42'、42”电串联连接或通过使该充电电压适配器完全断开(wegschaltet)。

Claims (2)

1.一种用于通过固定的充电桩(20)给具有电牵引马达(41)的机动车辆(40)的牵引电池(42)充电的方法，
其中该充电桩(20)具有：
用于操控和控制充电过程的充电桩充电控制器(22)；
充电电压转换器(24)，该充电电压转换器用于提供馈入到充电导线(L1，L2)中的直流电流充电桩电压(UL)；
绝缘测试器(26)，该绝缘测试器用于测试这些充电导线(L1，L2)相对于接地电势(G)的电绝缘；以及
充电桩侧的充电插头(28)，
其中该充电电压转换器(24)提供用于给该牵引电池(42)充电的固定的最大充电桩电压(ULMAX)，该最大充电桩电压能够是低电压值(U1)或高电压值(U2)，
其中该机动车辆(40)具有：
用于操控和控制该充电过程的充电控制器(50)；
车辆侧的充电插头(32)；
该机动车辆的牵引电池(42)，该机动车辆的牵引电池具有带有该高电压值(U2)的技术上的充电电压电平(UM)；
充电电压适配器(44)，借助该充电电压适配器使该充电桩电压(UL)按照需要与该牵引电池(42)的技术上的充电电压电平(UM)相适配；
与这些充电导线(L1，L2)相关联的保护继电器(60)，该保护继电器位于该牵引电池(42)与该充电插头(32)之间；以及
与这些充电导线(L1，L2)相关联的电压测量器(62)，该电压测量器位于该保护继电器(60)与该充电插头(32)之间，
所述方法具有以下方法步骤，在充电插头(28，32)已连接的情况下：
以该高电压值(U2)作为所请求的最大充电电压(UR)来通过该车辆充电控制器(50)向该充电桩充电控制器(22)登记充电过程；
在机动车辆保护继电器(60)断开的情况下：借助该充电桩充电控制器(22)针对绝缘测试电压(UI)控制由充电桩侧的该绝缘测试器(26)所实施的绝缘测试，当该最大充电桩电压低于所请求的最大充电电压(UR)时，该绝缘测试电压对应于所请求的最大充电电压(UR)或该最大充电桩电压(ULMAX)；
借助该电压测量器(62)测量该绝缘测试电压(UI)，
如果所测量的绝缘测试电压(UI)与低于该技术上的充电电压电平(UM)的低电压值(U1)相对应：以该低电压值(U1)作为新的、所请求的充电电压(UR)来通过该车辆充电控制器(50)向该充电桩充电控制器(22)登记充电过程，并且将该充电电压适配器(44)设定成与该低电压值(U1)对应的充电桩电压(UL)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于给机动车辆(40)的牵引电池(42)充电的方法，所述方法具有以下方法步骤，在测量该绝缘测试电压(UI)之后：
如果所测量的绝缘测试电压(UI)与该高电压值(U2)相对应：将该充电电压适配器(44)设定成与该高电压值(U2)对应的充电桩电压(UL)。
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