CN114027438B - 一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法 - Google Patents
一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114027438B CN114027438B CN202111418617.1A CN202111418617A CN114027438B CN 114027438 B CN114027438 B CN 114027438B CN 202111418617 A CN202111418617 A CN 202111418617A CN 114027438 B CN114027438 B CN 114027438B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
- A23L5/25—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification using enzymes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
- A23L5/28—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification using microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
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- A23L7/109—Types of pasta, e.g. macaroni or noodles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,包括以下步骤:(1)乳酸菌初代活化培养,然后重新接种培养得到菌悬液;(2)将菌悬液离心得到菌泥;(3)全麦粉发酵面糊的制备:全麦粉和水适量,添加酶,接种乳酸菌,混合均匀发酵;(4)面絮的形成:向形成的面糊添加全麦粉和水和面形成面絮;(5)面条成型:面絮压片,进行醒发/二次发酵,切条,(6)干燥,形成全麦发酵面条,本发明采用乳酸菌协同外源酶制备全麦粉发酵面糊,进一步制作发酵面条,有助于改善面条色泽和粗糙的口感,增加全麦发酵面条的风味,提高氧化性,降低植酸含量,很大程度改善全麦面制品的营养品质和加工性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于全麦发酵面条加工技术领域,特别涉及一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法。
背景技术
随着膳食纤维在饮食结构的作用越来越清晰,人们开始注重膳食纤维的摄入以期达到健康饮食的标准,近些年的研究表明膳食纤维对降低心血管疾病、糖尿病、胆结石等慢性疾病的发病率有一定效果。全麦粉中的膳食纤维是公认的安全性高的天然植物纤维,具有较高的营养保健功能。现有国际及国内行业标准规定,以整粒小麦为原料,经制粉工艺制成的,且小麦胚乳、胚芽与麸皮的相对比例与天然完整颖果基本一致的小麦全粉成为全麦粉。小麦是主要的谷类作物之一,由皮层、胚乳和胚芽等三部分组成,在常规的制粉工艺中,将麸皮、糊粉层、次粉、胚等部分去除获得高精度的面粉。但是被去除的部分对小麦营养品质有着重要的作用,麸皮是小麦籽粒的外层,皮层含有膳食纤维、酚类化合物、不饱和脂肪酸、B族维生素、维生素和矿物质和其他活性成分,是小麦中主要的营养物质来源,占小麦籽粒总营养的60%-70%。小麦胚芽是面粉加工业中除麸皮外的另一副产品,每年产量达约280-400万吨,是小麦籽粒的精华,含有丰富的蛋白质约25%-30%,膳食纤维14.3%,脂类11%,富含维生素E、矿物质及一些尚未明确的微量生理活性成份,具有极高的营养价值,被誉为“人类天然的营养宝库”。另,小麦胚芽还含有很丰富的人体必需脂肪酸,可帮助强化脑细胞及神经细胞、增强免疫力。虽然麸皮和糊粉层具有很高的营养价值,但因为粗麸的存在会对产品加工产生不利影响,粗麸含有大量的不溶性纤维素、半纤维素、植酸盐等抗营养因子,这些物质大多数不能直接被消化吸收,在一定程度上影响了麸皮的营养功能,相当程度的可溶性膳食纤维对于加工品质和营养品质有着重要作用,可溶性膳食纤维有助于降低心血管疾病、降低血糖,降血压、载脂蛋白B(apo B)、胆固醇、甘油三酯等作用,可以改善全麦粉的加工性能和口感。而粗麸中不溶性膳食纤维含量的增多导致多酚氧化酶活性增强,产生褐变和不好的感官品质,并且粗麸中的植酸盐会螯合金属离子,与蛋白质共沉淀,降低对矿物质等微量元素的吸收,而糊粉层存在相当程度的结合酚类物质,这些结合酚不能被人体的酶消化吸收,影响全麦产品的营养。
目前国内外对全麦粉的研究多集中对麸皮的处理方法,主要是减小麸皮粒度、热处理、挤压膨化、发酵等方法对麸皮改性,现已公开的关于全麦面条/挂面的加工方法主要包括:CN201410034313.9公开了一种仿发酵全麦面条的制作方法,用浸泡过麦麸的上清液和面,和面后醒发1-3h后进行压片切条。CN202011406446.6公开了一种全麦面条的制作方法:采用酒曲和酵母对麸皮进行发酵,发酵完后与面粉混合形成面絮,后进行切片压条制作面条。CN201110281058.4阐述了一种全麦面条的制作方法:将麦麸置于超微粉碎机中粉碎,按一定比例将粉碎的麦麸添加到面粉中,然后进行面条的制作。
这些方法的缺点在于:
(1)以处理单独的麸皮后进行回添,并非真正意义上的全麦粉或全麦产品,因胚芽的不悦气味,同时添加胚芽会出现面条变硬、粘附性增大等不利现象的原因,胚芽未得到有效处理和充分利用,致使其营养成分损失,大大降低了全麦粉的营养价值;
(2)全麦面条的制备多以麸皮处理之后添加到面粉中,如超微粉碎和简单发酵后回添,对比全麦粉整体发酵,单独发酵麸皮相较于全麦粉发酵,其中可供菌种利用的糖类、蛋白质等C源、N源等物质较少,影响微生物的发酵能力,致使其代谢产物减少;
(3)缺少相当程度的酶,不能对纤维素降解,释放结合类的物质,对抗营养因子物质的降解不显著,同时,长时间发酵或者高温处理过程中麸皮极易凝结成块,与面粉混合后,易形成大的麸星颗粒,导致色泽、品质和感官评价变差。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术的缺点与不足,本发明的目的在于提供了一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的加工方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)乳酸菌在初代活化后进行培养,然后将乳酸菌按2-5%(v/v)的接种量重新接种培养得到菌悬液;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的菌悬液以5000-7000r/min的速度离心10-20min,弃去上层的培养液,下层的菌泥沉淀用浓度为0.7-0.9%的生理盐水洗涤沉淀,再采用上述离心条件离心下层菌泥沉淀两次得到最终的菌泥备用;
(3)全麦粉发酵面糊的制备:全麦粉20g-60g,水适量,添加一定量的纤维素酶和戊聚糖酶或纤维素酶和果胶酶,乳酸菌的初始接种量为108CFU/g-1010CFU/g的全麦粉质量,充分混合均匀,在30℃-37℃,85%-95%湿度条件下发酵12h-24h;
(4)面絮的形成:向步骤(3)中形成的面糊添加全麦粉80g-240g,水适量,和面形成均匀的面絮;
(5)面条成型:步骤(4)得到的面絮经过压延工序后,将面片进行一定时间的醒发/二次发酵,随后进行切条工序制成面条;
(6)干燥:步骤(5)所述面条在一定条件下干燥后,形成干面条,即全麦发酵面条。
步骤(1)所述乳酸菌,包括但不限于短乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、旧金山乳杆菌、德式保加利亚乳杆菌等可以产生胞外多糖(EPS)的乳酸菌;所述菌悬液中的菌体密度为108CFU/mL-1010CFU//mL;
步骤(1)所述的活化和培养使用的培养基,为MRS液体培养基,培养条件为37℃,24h;
步骤(2)所述的菌悬液用量为20-40mL/100g全麦粉;
步骤(3)所述的全麦粉为全籽粒粉碎的全麦粉或按照全谷物中小麦籽粒麸皮、胚芽及胚乳占比进行复配制备的全麦粉;
步骤(3)所述的酶,包括但不限于纤维素酶、戊聚糖酶、果胶水解酶等可作用于麦麸膳食纤维的酶,其添加量分别为40-80mg/g、50-20mg/g、20-40mg/g(根据酶活性及酶处理效果调整);
步骤(3)所述的加水量为全麦粉质量的110%-160%;
步骤(4)所述的和面采用针式连续和面,和面时间为5-9min;
步骤(4)所述的加水量为总全麦粉质量的8%-16%;
步骤(5)所述的压片采用连续压延法或折叠压延法,将初步成型的面片在压面机2.0mm-3.0mm的轧距下复合压延2-15次,连续压延法不折叠面片,折叠压延法每次压延都折叠面片,每隔一次使面片旋转90°;
步骤(5)所述的醒发/发酵为面片醒发和二次发酵,面片醒发和二次发酵时的温度为25℃-30℃,醒发/发酵的时间为0.5-2h;
步骤(5)所述的切条为当面片厚度达1-2mm左右时,选择1-3mm的切刀进行切条;
步骤(6)所述的干燥条件为:30℃-35℃,80%-90%湿度环境下放置2-4h,随后置于25℃-30℃下8-10h。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点和有益效果:
(1)本发明以全麦粉为作用对象,可充分提供C源和N源等,提高发酵效率,在发酵过程中添加一定的纤维素水解酶水解纤维素,乳酸菌的代谢产物同时可协同纤维素酶,增强其水解能力,改变麸皮特性,降低颜色的劣变。乳酸菌的代谢产物同时可协同纤维素酶,去除生麦胚的不悦气味,同时有效减小由未处理麦胚引起的面条变硬、粘附性增大的不利现象,同时使胚芽、胚乳及麸皮的营养均得到充分利用,减少重组复配工序,营养价值、利用率和附加值高;
(2)本发明可以在乳酸菌与外源酶协同作用下可以显著提高全麦发酵面条的适口性和营养品质,增加可溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量和可溶性膳食纤维含量,提高全麦粉的总酚含量和抗氧化性;
(3)本发明中乳酸菌与外源酶发酵的协同作用下,乳酸菌和酶后在面条加工工序中经历了三次发酵,即面糊体系下的第一次发酵、面片醒发工序的第二次发酵及干燥工序中的第三次发酵,第一次发酵是乳酸菌的迅速增殖过程,引起面糊中菌种数量的快速增加及酶作用效果的增强;第二次发酵,菌种代谢产物与酶作用底物的降解后产物促使面片在形成过程中,麦麸-面筋蛋白-淀粉体系分布更加均匀,结构致密;第三次发酵,乳酸菌的代谢产物为主,产生更好的风味物质,对麦麸-面筋蛋白-淀粉体系结构的改善更利于干燥工序的进行;其蒸煮损失率和断条率降低显著,面条韧性增强,具有更高的弹性;同时对比其他全麦面条,此种方式处理制备的全麦面条其色泽更好,内部能保证一定的空心率,提高了全麦面条的易复水性,减少了干燥时间,增加了其推广应用;本发明不仅可以改善面筋网络的强度,增强面筋网络的水合程度,增强粘弹性,而且可以减少淀粉的回生,延缓全麦制品的老化现象,提高产品的货架期;另,乳酸菌的代谢产物增加了全麦面条的风味、色泽和营养价值;
(4)多酚氧化酶是引起面条褐变的主要因素,其活性最适pH值为7-8,本发明中的乳酸菌代谢产物可有效降低面条制作中的pH值,在酸性条件下,多酚氧化酶的辅基铜将以铜离子的形式解离出来,从而使酶失活,提高全麦面条的色泽,另,酸性条件下可提高本发明中纤维素酶、戊聚糖酶等的活性;
(5)本发明在全麦面条的制备中可激活的植酸酶活性,降低全麦粉发酵面条中的植酸含量,提高其矿物质利用率;
(6)本发明采用面糊发酵方法,发酵条件更易调控且不易被污染,非常适合工业化生产,提高全麦面条的风味并改善了全麦面条的蒸煮品质、营养价值,操作简单、能耗低,方法易推广。
附图说明
图1为本发明处理后,全麦发酵面条水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量。
图2为本发明处理后,全麦发酵面条的植酸含量和植酸酶活性。
图3为本发明处理后,全麦发酵面条的抗氧化性。
图4为本发明生产全麦发酵面条的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,对本发明作进一步地详细说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
将植物乳杆菌在初代活化后进行培养,然后将乳酸菌按2%(v/v)的接种量再重新接种培养得到菌悬液,菌悬液以5000r/min的速度离心10min,弃去上层的培养液,下层菌泥沉淀用0.85%的生理盐水20mL洗涤再离心沉淀两次得到菌泥沉淀。将小麦籽粒清理除杂,润麦调节水分,进行全籽粒粉碎得到全麦粉后,添加全麦粉40g、水56mL,纤维素酶和戊聚糖酶添加量分别为40mg/g和60mg/g,乳酸菌的初始接种量为108CFU/g,充分混合均匀,在37℃,85%湿度条件下发酵12h,以制备全麦粉发酵面糊。再次添加全麦粉160g,水20g,和面7min形成均匀的面絮;面絮经过5次复合压延后,在30℃下醒发/二次发酵30min,随后切条形成1mm厚2mm宽的面条,面条在35℃,85%湿度环境下放置4h,后置于25℃,65%湿度环境下10h,制备得全麦发酵面条。同时制备的对照组样品为未经酶或/和乳酸菌处理、仅添加植物乳杆菌、仅添加纤维素酶和戊聚糖酶处理后的面条。经对比分析其相关指标如表1、表2、图1和图2所示。结论主要如下:(1)全麦粉在植物乳杆菌协同两种外源酶的共同作用下,较常规麸皮发酵回添的方法,极大的降低了全麦发酵面条的蒸煮损失率,缩短其最佳蒸煮时间,降低硬度和粘附性更显著;(2)图1显示,相对未处理的和单一添加植物乳杆菌或酶的全麦发酵面条,乳酸菌协同外源酶处理显著增加水溶性戊聚糖含量,降低不溶性戊聚糖含量。水溶性戊聚糖主要作用于面团气室液膜,能增强液膜的刚性和稳定性,同时也能增加面团水相的黏度,增强面团的稳定性。降低了不溶性戊聚糖对面团影响;(3)图2和表2显示跟未处理对比发现,协同处理的植酸酶活性显著升高,植酸含量降低,增加了金属离子的含量,增强人体对金属离子的吸收率,增加了全麦粉的营养特性。
表1不同制作工艺的全麦面条的蒸煮及质构品质对比
表2不同制作工艺的全麦面条其微量金属离子含量对比
实施例2
将短乳杆菌在初代活化后进行培养,然后将乳酸菌按5%(v/v)的接种量再重新接种培养得到菌悬液,菌悬液以6000r/min的速度离心10min,弃去上层的培养液,下层菌泥沉淀用0.85%的生理盐水20mL洗涤再离心沉淀两次得到菌泥沉淀。将小麦籽粒清理除杂,润麦调节水分,进行全籽粒粉碎得到全麦粉后,添加全麦粉60g、水80mL,纤维素酶和果胶水解酶添加量分别为40mg/g和30mg/g,乳酸菌的初始接种量为109CFU/g,充分混合均匀,在37℃,85%湿度条件下发酵12h,以制备全麦粉发酵面糊。再次添加全麦粉240g,水45g,和面8min形成均匀的面絮;面絮经过5次复合压延后,在30℃下醒发/二次发酵30min,随后切条形成1mm厚2mm宽的面条,面条在35℃,85%湿度环境下放置4h,后置于25℃,65%湿度环境下10h,制备得全麦发酵面条。同时制备的对照组样品为未经酶或/和乳酸菌处理、仅添加短乳杆菌、仅添加纤维素酶和果胶水解酶处理后的面条。经对比分析其相关指标如表3、图1和图2、表4所示。结论主要如下:(1)全麦粉在植物乳杆菌协同两种外源酶的共同作用下,较常规麸皮发酵回添的方法,极大的降低了全麦发酵面条的蒸煮损失率,缩短其最佳蒸煮时间,降低硬度和粘附性更显著;(2)图1显示,相对未处理的和单一添加短乳杆菌或酶的全麦发酵面条,乳酸菌协同外源酶处理显著增加水溶性戊聚糖含量,降低不溶性戊聚糖含量。水溶性戊聚糖主要作用于面团气室液膜,能增强液膜的刚性和稳定性,同时也能增加面团水相的黏度,增强面团的稳定性。降低了不溶性戊聚糖对面团影响;(3)图2显示跟未处理对比发现,协同处理的植酸酶活性升高,植酸含量降低,增强对金属离子的吸收率,增加了全麦粉的营养特性。(4)表4显示在发酵全麦面条中酶协同乳酸菌含有更高含量的微量金属离子,降低植酸对金属离子的螯合沉淀。
表3不同制作工艺的全麦面条的蒸煮及质构品质对比
表4不同制作工艺的全麦面条其微量金属离子含量对比
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受所述实施例的限制,在制品加工中或其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)乳酸菌培养,制备菌泥;
(2)全麦粉发酵面糊的制备:全麦粉20 g-60 g,全麦粉质量的110%-160%的水,添加纤维素酶、戊聚糖酶、果胶水解酶,添加量分别为40-80 mg/g、50-120 mg/g、20-40 mg/g,乳酸菌的初始接种量为108 CFU/g-1010 CFU/g的全麦粉质量,充分混合均匀,在30 ℃-37 ℃,85%-95%湿度条件下发酵12 h-24 h;
(3)面絮的形成:向步骤(2)中形成的面糊添加全麦粉80 g-240 g和总全麦粉质量的8%-16%的水,和面形成均匀的面絮;
(4)将面絮制成面条,所述面条的制备方法为:将步骤(3)得到的面絮经过压延工序后,将面片二次发酵,面片二次发酵时的温度为25 ℃-30 ℃,发酵的时间为0.5-2 h,随后进行切条工序制成面条,面条在30 ℃-35 ℃,80%-90%湿度环境下放置2-4 h,随后置于25 ℃-30 ℃下8-10 h,形成干面条,即全麦发酵面条。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,所述菌泥的制备方法为,乳酸菌在初代活化后进行培养,然后将乳酸菌按2-5%(v/v)的接种量重新接种培养得到菌悬液;将菌悬液以5000-7000 r/min的速度离心10-20min,弃去上层的培养液,下层的菌泥沉淀用浓度为0.7-0.9%的生理盐水洗涤沉淀,再采用上述离心条件离心下层菌泥沉淀两次得到最终的菌泥备用。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述乳酸菌为产胞外多糖(EPS)的乳酸菌;所述菌悬液中的菌体密度为108 CFU/mL -1010 CFU/mL。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,活化和培养使用的培养基,为MRS液体培养基,培养条件为37 ℃,24 h。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,所述的菌悬液用量为20-40 mL/100 g全麦粉。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,和面采用针式连续和面,和面时间为5-9 min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用乳酸菌协同酶处理技术生产全麦发酵面条的方法,其特征在于,压片采用连续压延法或折叠压延法,将初步成型的面片在压面机2.0 mm-3.0mm的轧距下复合压延2-15次,连续压延法不折叠面片,折叠压延法每次压延都折叠面片,每隔一次使面片旋转90°。
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