CN113957150A - Vash2作为肺鳞癌标志物的应用 - Google Patents
Vash2作为肺鳞癌标志物的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种VASH2作为肺鳞癌标志物的应用,针对VASH2的检测试剂可以用于制备诊断肺鳞癌淋巴管生成和转移的产品,以VASH2为治疗靶点的试剂可以用于制备抑制肺鳞癌淋巴管生成和转移的产品。本发明的VASH2可以作为一个新的肿瘤标志物,对VASH2的检测可以用以进行肺鳞癌的早期诊断、分子分型以及预后评估,同时VASH2还可能成为一个潜在的治疗靶点,应用于肺鳞癌的临床治疗,具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物技术领域,特别涉及一种VASH2作为肺鳞癌标志物的应用。
背景技术
肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤,目前在全世界范围内发病率及病死率均位居前列,5年生存率仅约15.6%,侵袭和转移是肺癌患者不良预后的主要原因。非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)占肺癌的85%以上,主要包括肺腺癌、肺鳞癌(LUSC)和大细胞肺癌,其中LUSC占NSCLC的30%左右。不同于肺腺癌,目前针对LUSC发生转移的机制研究相对较少,这在一定程度上导致了LUSC的临床疗效差强人意。因此,针对LUSC深入的阐明其发生侵袭转移的病理过程和分子机制,对于临床上LUSC的精准诊疗,改善患者生存预后,具有至关重要的意义。
侵袭和转移是一个多因素参与、多阶段发展的复杂动态过程,其主要是通过血液和淋巴液进行的。因此,对肿瘤微脉管系统转移的研究一直备受关注,其中对肿瘤血管转移的研究起步较早,并取得了较多成果;但大部分恶性肿瘤最初的转移并不是通过血管,而首先是通过淋巴管转移到局部淋巴结。长期以来,对肿瘤淋巴管转移的研究进展相对缓慢。近年来,恶性肿瘤淋巴管转移和扩散的机制和抗肿瘤淋巴管转移的治疗成为肿瘤领域的研究热点之一,但目前对于LUSC中肿瘤淋巴管生成和淋巴管扩散的相关机制仍不清楚。
血管抑制素(VASH)是血管生成调节因子,由血管抑制素-1(VASH1)和血管抑制素-2(VASH2)组成。与VASH1是血管生成抑制剂不同,。VASH2是促血管生成因子,其基因定位于1q32.3,由355个氨基酸组成。有研究发现VASH2在肝癌,乳腺癌,胰腺癌,胃肠肿瘤,卵巢癌,前列腺癌的增殖、迁移、侵袭和转移方面发挥重要的作用,但在肺癌中鲜见报道,因此对其在肺癌侵袭和转移中的作用尚不明确。
发明内容
本发明为了解决上述技术问题,提供了一种VASH2作为肺鳞癌标志物的应用。
本发明是通过以下技术方案得以实现的。
一种VASH2检测试剂在制备诊断肺鳞癌淋巴管生成和转移产品中的应用。
进一步的,所述VASH2检测试剂为VASH2基因的上、下游扩增引物,上游扩增引物的核酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示,下游扩增引物的核酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示。
一种以VASH2为治疗靶点的试剂在制备抑制肺鳞癌淋巴管生成和转移产品中的应用。
进一步的,所述以VASH2为治疗靶点的试剂为抗VASH2抗体或抗VEGF-D抗体。
本申请具有以下有益效果。
本发明对来自GEO和TCGA数据库的937例原发性LUSC样本的mRNA表达谱数据进行Meta分析,筛选出与病人不良预后显著相关的基因VASH2。通过细胞实验和动物实验表明VASH2高表达能够增加肺鳞癌细胞增殖和侵袭的能力,并通过提升淋巴内皮生长因子VEGF-D表达促进肺鳞癌患者淋巴结转移,造成不良预后,并且促进小鼠肺鳞癌的发生发展。同时,本申请采用抗VASH2抗体或抗VEGF-D抗体以VASH2为靶点进行治疗,获得了很好的治疗效果。本发明的VASH2基因可作为一个新的肿瘤标志物,对VASH2的检测可以用以进行肺鳞癌的早期诊断、分子分型以及预后评估,同时VASH2还可能成为一个潜在的治疗靶点,应用于肺鳞癌的临床治疗。
附图说明
图1是本发明RT-PCR与免疫组化分析VASH2基因的表达量与LUSC病人不良预后的相关性图(其中,A为64例LUSC临床样本使用实时定量PCR检测VASH2与患者不良预后的关系图;B为使用IHC分析比较相应LUSC石蜡标本中VASH2蛋白水平表达情况图;C为VASH2与其他临床病理学之间的关系图);
图2是本发明VASH2基因的高表达与肺鳞癌细胞增殖能力、侵袭潜能、淋巴管生成的关系图(其中,A为ELISA法检测不同上清液中VASH2蛋白水平图;B为通过CCK-8分析比较H520OV-VASH2和H520CTRL的增殖图;C为用Annexin-V-FITC检测H520CTRL和H520OV-VASH2细胞的凋亡图;D为通过划痕实验比较H520OV-VASH2和H520CTRL迁移能力图;E为使用Matrigel和Trans-well进行肺癌细胞侵袭试验图;F为评估各组的血管成管数量图;G为评估各组的淋巴管成管数量图);
图3是本发明VASH2基因的高表达与LUSC细胞中VEGF-D的表达及淋巴管生成的关系图(其中,A为采用qPCR法检测520OV-VASH2细胞中的VEGF家族基因表达图;B为检测特异性VEGF-D阻断抗体对与H520OV-VASH2共培养的HLEC管状形成的影响图);
图4是本发明小鼠体内VASH2抗体治疗或VEGF-D抗体治疗对肿瘤生长和淋巴管生成的影响图(其中,A为H520CTRL和H520OV-VASH2以及VASH2抗体治疗或VEGF-D抗体治疗后体内肿瘤增殖结果图;B为利用免疫组化检测各组淋巴内皮细胞表达比例图;C为使用流式细胞术通过标记D2-40阳性细胞来检测各组对淋巴上皮细胞的影响图;D为使用qPCR和WB分析比较不同组之间VEGF-D的mRNA和蛋白质水平图)。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明。
一、实验方法
1.公共数据集的数据处理
本发明共收集来自于公共数据集GEO和TCGA数据库的937例原发性肺鳞癌样本的mRNA表达谱数据进行Meta分析,通过多途径数据库(KEGG、Reactome、PID、Wiki途径、Biocarta和Panther)进行基因本体(GO)和典型途径富集,筛选出12个与病人预后密切相关的基因。
2.临床样本收集
本发明共收集64例LUSC临床样本,提取RNA,利用高通量定量qPCR分别定量检测12个候选基因在LUSC组织中的表达,分别分析其表达与LUSC病人生存预后的相关性。除了在mRNA水平的检测,本申请还收集了石蜡标本,进行组织切片,利用VASH2抗体进行免疫组化染色,鉴定出VASH2在64例LUSC组织中蛋白水平的表达情况,并分析其表达与病人生存预后的相关性。
3.免疫组化
所有样品在56℃下加热0.5h,在二甲苯中脱蜡,并通过分级酒精再水化。在柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.0)中加热20分钟。在甲醇和过氧化氢浴中30分钟。然后加入抗体在4℃下培养过夜,使用DAB染色试剂盒,加入链霉亲和素辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的生物素化IgG抗体。为每个组织切片选择五个具有代表性的视野(放大400倍)进行组织学评估。根据样本中阳性染色细胞的广度和强度,使用两个参数,即阳性率(PR)和染色强度(SI)来描述蛋白的表达。PR表示癌组织中阳性染色细胞的百分比:≤15%,阴性(得分为0);16%–50%,阳性(得分为1);51%–80%,阳性(得分为2);和≥80%,阳性(得分为3)。SI是指LUSC样本中阳性染色细胞的分级染色强度。该值范围为0到3,对应于阴性、弱阳性、中度阳性和强阳性。总和代表样本中每个蛋白质标记的最终得分,因为蛋白质表达是基于这两个参数进行综合评估的。最终得分<4被定义为低表达/阴性,最终得分为≥4被定义为高表达/阳性。
4.PCR检测
(1)Trizol法提取总RNA
①收集的组织样本,加入适量的Trizol,吹打后移入无酶Eppendorf管中。确保细胞完全裂解,液体基本澄清。
②将上述Eppendorf管室温静置5min,加入氯仿(200μl/1ml Trizol),上下颠倒混匀,室温静置10min,4℃,12000g,离心15min。
③小心吸取上层水相置于另一个新的无酶Eppendorf管中,加入等体积异丙醇,上下颠倒混匀,室温静置10min,4℃,12000g,离心10min。弃上清。
④用75%乙醇(1ml/1ml Trizol)洗沉淀,4℃,7500g,离心5min,弃上清,室温静置数分钟,使沉淀自然干燥。加入适量DEPC处理的DDW使其溶解,-80℃保存备用。
⑤紫外分光光度法测定RNA的浓度和纯度;1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的完整性。
(2)反转录实验(20μl体系)
①配制如下反应体系,70℃,5min,然后立即置于冰上。体系如下:
Oligo-(dT)15 primer(500μg/ml) 1μl
total RNA sample 1μg
Sterile water 补足到10μl
②在反应体系中加入以下试剂,置于PCR仪中,42℃,1h。
(3)定量PCR反应
定量PCR扩增反应体系及实验步骤参照试剂说明。根据预测的序列,通过PrimerPremier 5.0设计检测VASH2以及VEGF家族相关基因的引物(表1),并由Santa Cruz公司合成。用β-actin做为内参。反应条件:95℃,30sec;95℃,5sec;64℃,34sec;重复40个循环。每个反应设3个复孔。ABI PRISM 7500仪器自动生成CT值,△CT=CT目的基因-CTactin,mRNA的相对表达量为2-△CT。
反应体系(20μl)如下:
表1.引物序列
5.构建高表达VASH2的细胞系
野生型肺鳞癌H520细胞在含10%FBS的RPMI1640(Hyclone)中培养至对数生长期,Trizol法提取总RNA,逆转录cDNA并PCR法扩增目的片段。依照GeneBank公布的人VASH2基因的CDS序列(Gene ID:79805)设计引物:上游引物为5’-CGC GGA TCC ACC GGC TCC GCG GCCGAC ACTC-3’,含BamH I酶切位点和保护碱基;下游引物为5’-ATT TGC GGC CGC CTA AATTCG GAT TTG ATA GCC-3’,含Not I酶切位点和保护碱基。PCR条件为:94℃预变性5min;94℃,30sec;62℃,30sec;72℃,1min;共30个循环,最后72℃延长10min获得VASH2片段。将得到的PCR产物与克隆载体(带有GFP-Puro标签的克隆载体)使用相同的内切酶进行酶切反应。酶切产物经过纯化后,使用T4连接酶进行连接。连接产物转化进DH5α感受态细胞中进行扩增,在平板上挑取克隆,筛选鉴定阳性克隆。将构建好的阳性核心质粒送至上海汉恒公司进行慢病毒包装,获得VASH2高表达病毒,检测MOI。利用慢病毒感染,获得稳定高表达VASH2的H520OV-VASH2细胞系。同时构建感染对照病毒的H520CTRL细胞系。
将细胞铺于6孔板中,每孔约3×105细胞,铺板时细胞的融合率为50%左右,37℃,5%CO2培养24小时。将冻存在-80℃的病毒需要先在冰上融化后使用,备用。感染目的细胞:准备好病毒后,取出6孔板,观察细胞状态,细胞的融合率为70%,取其中1孔细胞用于细胞计数,计数结果为每孔内含5×105细胞。选生长状态最好的2个孔,吸取其内培养液。取慢病毒100μl,用完全培养基稀释10倍(MOI=30),分别加入这2孔中,每孔再加入ploybrene 8μg,轻摇混匀,37℃,5%CO2培养24小时后换液。48小时后,将培液完全更换为加有2μg/ml的puromycin的培液,约2天更换次培液,待细胞生长稳定之后,可以进行细胞传代,2代之后无需加puromycin培养,建系完成。细胞进行验证后用于下一步实验或-80℃保存。
6.细胞增殖
分别取生长状态良好的对数生长期的细胞,每孔按4×103个接种至96孔板中,每组设置3个复孔,置于细胞培养箱中培养,待细胞贴壁后,弃上层培养基,每孔加入100μl新鲜配制的含10μl增殖检测液CCK-8的培养液,置于培养箱中继续培养2h后,用酶标仪测波长为450nm的OD值。实验重复3次,取实验结果的平均值作为最终实验结果。按公式计算生长抑制率=[(对照组OD-实验组OD)/对照组OD]×100%,以分组为横坐标,生长抑制率为纵坐标,绘制细胞生长抑制率柱状图。
7.细胞凋亡
使用Annexin-V-FITC检测所构建的不同细胞中的细胞凋亡。使用Annexin-V-FITC凋亡检测试剂盒来测量细胞凋亡。收集细胞后,用PBS洗涤细胞,并以1×106个细胞/ml的浓度重悬于结合缓冲液中。随后,将5μl Annexin-V和10μl PI加入到100μl细胞悬液中,并将混合物在黑暗中温育15分钟。使用流式细胞仪进行分析。实验至少重复3次。
8.细胞迁移
将所构建的不同细胞接种于6孔板中,24h后达到80-90%的密度。在单层细胞上用10μl移液枪头以直线划线以形成“划痕”。用PBS除去细胞碎片,并用新鲜培养基培养划完线的细胞。在0小时和划线48小时后拍照,以测量划痕的距离。细胞迁移率=(0小时划痕距离-48小时划痕距离)/0小时划痕距离×100%。实验至少重复3次。
9.细胞侵袭
使用Matrigel胶和Trans-well板检测所构建的不同细胞的侵袭能力。将细胞以1×105个细胞的密度接种在Matrigel和100μl无血清RPMI-1640中,接种到具有8μm孔径聚碳酸酯滤膜的24孔板Trans-well系统的小室中,下室是含有10%FBS的培养基。细胞孵育48小时后,将膜下表面的细胞用甲醇固定,并用1%甲苯胺蓝染色。通过显微镜拍摄染色的膜并计数发生侵袭的细胞。实验至少重复3次。
10.管腔结构形成实验
将Matrigel基质胶、无菌96孔平板、枪头等置于4℃冰箱内预冷,取Matrigel胶50μl/孔涂布于96孔平板,冰上放置20min使基质胶分布均匀,然后置于37℃孵箱中30min使基质胶凝固;分别将与上述细胞共孵育的HLEC对数生长期细胞消化成单细胞悬液,计数为5×105个/ml、100μl/孔接种于Matrigel表面,各孔终体积为200μl。置于37℃含5%CO2培养箱中培养,分别于12h后倒置显微镜下观察并摄片细胞间连接形成的中的管样结构,计数。
11.Westernblot
收集上述细胞,用0.2ml含蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞裂解液裂解细胞,4℃,14,000g离心15分钟,收集上清,测定蛋白浓度。取40μg细胞提取物100℃变性10分钟,将变性蛋白加入10%SDS-PAGE胶,积层胶60V,分离胶80V恒压,电泳2小时。电泳结束后转膜,室温封闭1小时,加入1:1000的一抗,4℃温和震荡孵育过夜。洗膜3次,加入1:2000HRP标记的二抗孵育1小时,洗膜后加入化学发光底物(Pierce),暗室反应5分钟。Bio-Rad凝胶成像系统照相记录,根据灰度值计算蛋白的相对表达量。
12流式细胞术
用于染色的抗体浓度和共孵育时间按照制造商的说明进行。使用浓度为12.5μg/ml的PE抗人抗体。将1×105细胞重新悬浮在100μl PBS中,与不同抗体孵育30分钟,并使用4%多聚甲醛固定。样本通过BD FACS流式细胞仪(BD Biosciences)进行分析。
13.动物实验
将处于对数生长期的不同细胞按5×105细胞/100μl/只,皮下接种NOD/SCID小鼠(雌性,6-8周龄,18-22g)腹股沟部位,构建不同动物模型。每3天观察肿瘤生长情况,连续观察4-6周,比较对照组和实验组小鼠的成瘤率和成瘤时间,成瘤后每天测量肿瘤长短径,按照公式:肿瘤体积=πab2/6计算肿瘤大小(a为长径,b位短径),绘制小鼠肿瘤生长曲线。为探索靶向VASH2或VEGF-D的治疗效果,对荷瘤鼠鼠每周三次腹腔注射抗VASH2或抗VEGF-D抗体,剂量为2.5mg/kg。
三、实验结果
1.本发明前期对来自GEO和TCGA数据库的937例原发性肺鳞癌样本的mRNA表达谱数据进行Meta分析,筛选出12个与病人预后密切相关的基因,其中VASH2的高表达与肺鳞癌病人的不良预后相关性最为显著。然后,本发明收取了64例肺鳞癌临床样本,提取RNA,利用高通量定量qPCR定量检测VASH2在64例肺鳞癌组织中的表达,分析其表达与肺鳞癌病人生存预后的相关性。结果表明,VASH2的高表达与肺鳞癌病人的不良预后相关性最为显著,在生存期大于40个月的患者中VASH2呈低表达,而生存期小于40个月的患者中VASH2呈高表达(图1A)。除了在mRNA水平的检测,我们还收集了石蜡标本,进行组织切片,利用VASH2抗体进行免疫组化染色,鉴定出VASH2在肺鳞癌组织中蛋白水平的表达情况,并分析其表达与病人生存预后的相关性,得到了相同的结论(图1B),同时通过分析VASH2表达与病人存活率的相关性,发现VASH2阳性的病人1年、3年、5年存活率均显著低于VASH2阴性的病人,本申请还分析计算出VASH2的危险系数为2.203。以上蛋白水平的结果验证了VASH2与肺鳞癌病人不良预后的相关性。
本申请还对VASH2的表达与各项临床病理指标,包括性别、年龄、临床分期、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移数、远处转移、烟酒史等进行统计分析。结果表明,VASH2的表达与病人的肿瘤大小、临床分期和淋巴结转移数的指标显著相关。在发生淋巴结转移的肺鳞癌病人中,VASH2表达为阳性的患者人数远大于VASH2表达为阴性的人数(图1C)。而VASH2的表达与病人的远处转移之间无明显相关性。
2.本发明构建了VASH2高表达的肺鳞癌细胞系稳定株H520OV-VASH2,并在细胞水平检测其功能。ELISA检测不同上清液中的VASH2蛋白水平,结果显示H520OV-VASH2比H520CTRL分泌更多的VASH2(图2A)。通过CCK-8细胞增殖实验和凋亡标记物Annexin V检测高表达VASH2对肺鳞癌细胞增殖和凋亡能力的影响。结果表明,高表达VASH2能够显著提高肺鳞癌细胞的增殖能力(图2B),同时减少凋亡细胞的比例(图2C)。通过划痕修复和Trans-well侵袭实验检测高表达VASH2对肺鳞癌细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。结果表明,高表达VASH2能够显著提高肺鳞癌细胞的侵袭迁移能力(图2D-E)。同时,通过收取H520OV-VASH2培养上清液加入人血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)和人淋巴内皮细胞(HLEC),发现其可促进HUVEC和HLEC增殖、迁移及管腔形成。然而,在加入特异性VASH2阻断抗体后,HUVEC细胞的管腔形成受到抑制,而HLEC的管腔结构形成完全被消除(图2F-G)。
3.本发明还利用定量qPCR实验比较H520OV-VASH2与H520CTRL细胞中血管内皮生长因子的表达,结果显示VEGF-A和VEGF-C的表达没有差异,而H520OV-VASH2中VEGF-D的表达显著上调(图3A)。此外,特异性VEGF-D阻断抗体可有效抑制与H520OV-VASH2共培养的HLEC的管腔形成(图3B)。以上数据表明VASH2过度表达通过增加LUSC细胞中VEGF-D的表达和分泌促进体外淋巴管生成。
4.本发明将H520CTRL和H520OV-VASH2以每只小鼠1×106个肿瘤细胞/100μL皮下注射到NOD-SCID小鼠体内,26天后,H520OV-VASH2组产生的肿瘤平均体积几乎是H520CTRL组的三倍(图4A)。H520OV-VASH2中淋巴上皮细胞的LYVE-1阳性细胞比例显著高于H520CTRL(图4B),这表明VASH2促进了体内淋巴管生成。
为了证实针对VASH2或VEGF-D的靶向治疗是否能有效抑制体内肿瘤转移和局部淋巴管生成,每周三次腹腔注射抗VASH2或抗VEGF-D抗体,剂量为2.5mg/kg。结果显示两种治疗后肿瘤均显著减小(图4A)。此外,在注射抗VASH2或抗VEGF-D抗体后,淋巴管内皮细胞的比例显著降低(图4B)。通过流式细胞术标记另一淋巴上皮细胞标记物D2-40,观察到类似结果(图4C)。
通过提取肿瘤RNA,并使用qPCR分析比较不同组之间VEGF-D的mRNA水平。结果显示,与H520CTRL相比,H520OV-VASH2中VEGF-D的mRNA水平显著上调,这与体外观察结果一致(图4D)。结果还显示,与H520OV-VASH2相比,H520OV-VASH2+VASH2AB中VEGF-D的mRNA水平显著下调(图4D)。通过Western blot检测蛋白水平也可以得出同样的结论,H520OV-VASH2中VEGF-D的蛋白水平高于H520CTRL(图4D)。添加抗VASH2抗体后,VEGF-D的蛋白质水平也显著降低(图4D)。
本具体实施方式的实施例均为本发明的较佳实施例,并非依此限制本发明的保护范围,故:凡依本发明的结构、形状、原理所做的等效变化,均应涵盖于本发明的保护范围之内。
序列表
<110> 天津市肿瘤医院(天津医科大学肿瘤医院)
<120> VASH2作为肺鳞癌标志物的应用
<160> 2
<170> SIPOSequenceListing 1.0
<210> 1
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> 2 Ambystoma laterale x Ambystoma jeffersonianum
<400> 1
tccgacccaa gtgagaagc 19
<210> 2
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 2 Ambystoma laterale x Ambystoma jeffersonianum
<400> 2
aagcaccaca gaaaccctct t 21
Claims (4)
1.一种VASH2检测试剂在制备诊断肺鳞癌淋巴管生成和转移产品中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述VASH2检测试剂为VASH2基因的上、下游扩增引物,上游扩增引物的核酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示,下游扩增引物的核酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示。
3.一种以VASH2为治疗靶点的试剂在制备抑制肺鳞癌淋巴管生成和转移产品中的应用。
4.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其特征在于:所述以VASH2为治疗靶点的试剂为抗VASH2抗体或抗VEGF-D抗体。
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