CN113826779A - 菊苣酸在制备预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料中的应用 - Google Patents
菊苣酸在制备预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113826779A CN113826779A CN202111162605.7A CN202111162605A CN113826779A CN 113826779 A CN113826779 A CN 113826779A CN 202111162605 A CN202111162605 A CN 202111162605A CN 113826779 A CN113826779 A CN 113826779A
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Abstract
本发明涉及饲料添加剂技术领域,尤其涉及菊苣酸在制备预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料中的应用。具体应用时,将菊苣酸作为饲料添加剂使用,添加量为0.01%‑0.30%,直接将菊苣酸与鱼类饲料拌合。菊苣酸应用于预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝,主要表现在于:能够增强鱼类的免疫力,降低鱼类脂肪肝和肝胆综合症的发病率,提高水产饲料的利用率,调节鱼类肠道微生态环境,提高了鱼类的生长性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料添加剂技术领域,尤其涉及菊苣酸在制备预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料中的应用。
背景技术
在现代集约化的水产养殖方式中,为了获得较高的经济效益,水产饲料中的油脂含量不断升高,养殖鱼类体内脂肪过度蓄积的现象越来越严重,引起鱼类“脂肪肝”、肝胆综合症等脂质代谢障碍。
与哺乳动物不同,鱼类缺乏皮下脂肪层,其主要脂肪蓄积部位是腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织、肝脏及肌肉。过量脂肪在腹腔中过度积累引发“大肚子”问题,过量脂肪在肝脏中过度积累引发脂肪肝问题。脂肪蓄积使鱼类的营养代谢失调,生产性能降低;造成免疫系统紊乱,导致鱼类的抗病能力下降,容易暴发大规模的肝胆综合症,在受到环境应激性刺激(如拉网、运输、水温突变、水质不良等)时易发生应激性出血综合症,甚至大量死亡。
因此,亟需研究开发一种能抗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料添加剂,解决水产养殖业目前存在的问题。
菊苣酸(Cichoric acid,CA)是一种天然植物中存在的酚酸类物质。现代药理学研究表明其具有抗氧化及清除自由基、抗菌抗病毒、抗炎、提高免疫力、降血糖、肝脏保护以及抗动脉粥样硬化等作用,并被用于人类预防和治疗脂肪肝等疾病的科学研究中。但是现有技术中未发现菊苣酸应用于水产养殖业中,尤其是应用于解决鱼类养殖过程中因饲料脂肪添加量过高导致的鱼类脂肪肝、肝胆综合症等脂肪代谢紊乱的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供菊苣酸在制备预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料中的应用。
所述应用指:向所述鱼类施用菊苣酸。
具体应用时,将菊苣酸作为饲料添加剂使用,将所述菊苣酸与鱼类饲料拌合。
所述鱼类饲料指通常对鱼类施用的基础饲料或含脂饲料,尤其适用于高脂饲料(对于草鱼养殖,饲料中脂肪含量大于8%即为高脂饲料)。
所述菊苣酸占饲料总量的质量百分比为0.01%-0.3%,优选为0.1%-0.30%,更优为0.15%-0.25%。
本发明还提供了一种用于预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的鱼类饲料,所述鱼类饲料中含有质量百分比含量为0.01%-0.30%(优选为0.10%-0.30%,最优选为0.15%-0.25%)的菊苣酸。
进一步的,每100重量份所述鱼类饲料由以下重量份配比的原料组成:30-35份酪蛋白、2-4份明胶、35-45份糊精、2-4份α-淀粉、1.5-5份玉米油、1.5-5份鱼肝油、5-10份复合无机盐、1-3份复合维生素、0.2-1份维生素C、0.01-0.30份菊苣酸、余量的麸皮。
进一步的,每100重量份的所述鱼类饲料由以下重量份配比的原料组成:31份酪蛋白、3份饲料级明胶、40份麦芽糊精、3份α-淀粉、1.5-5份玉米油、1.5-5份鱼肝油、8份复合无机盐、1.5份复合维生素、0.5份维生素C、0.15-0.25份菊苣酸、余量的麸皮。
进一步的,所述复合无机盐由以下重量百分比的原料组成:磷酸二氢钙(12-13)%、磷酸二氢钠(4-5)%、氯化钠(3-4)%、硫酸钾(15-18)%、氯化钾(5-7)%、硫酸亚铁(0.5-1.5)%、柠檬酸铁(3-4)%、硫酸镁(3-5)%、硫酸锌(0.3-0.5)%、硫酸锰(0.03-0.04)%、硫酸铜(0.02-0.03)%、氯化钴(0.04-0.05)%、碘化钾(0.02-0.03)%、余量的乳酸钙,各原料的重量百分比之和为100%;
所述复合维生素由以下重量百分比的原料组成:氯化胆碱(5-6)%、肌醇(2-3)%、维生素C(1-2)%、泛酸钙(0.5-1)%、维生素B1(0.2-0.3)%、维生素B2(0.5-0.6)%、维生素B6(0.05-0.08)%、维生素K(0.05-0.08)%、叶酸(0.01-0.03)%、维生素B12(0.01-0.02)%、生物素(0.005-0.008)%、维生素E(0.4-0.5)%以及余量的麸皮,各原料的重量百分比之和为100%。
菊苣酸作为饲料添加剂应用于预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝,主要表现在于:增强鱼类的免疫力,能够降低鱼类脂肪肝和肝胆综合症的发病率,能够提高水产饲料的利用率,调节鱼类肠道微生态环境,提高了鱼类的生长性能。
菊苣酸作为饲料添加剂应用于预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝,作用机理在于:降低鱼类肝脏脂质含量,促进鱼类血清总脂和β-脂蛋白的含量降低,使鱼类肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成发生显著性的变化,尤其是总多不饱和脂肪酸含量增加。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点和有益效果如下:
1、该饲料添加剂能够增强鱼类的免疫力,从而提高了鱼类的生长性能。
2、该饲料添加剂能够降低鱼类脂肪肝和肝胆综合症的发病率,从而提高了鱼类的生长性能。
3、该饲料添加剂能够提高水产饲料的利用率,调节鱼类肠道微生态环境,提高了鱼类的生长性能。
具体实施方式
以下是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也视为本发明的保护范围。
以下实施例中,所用菊苣酸来源于上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
为了进一步验证本发明提供的饲料添加剂对鱼类生长性能的影响,本发明通过调整饲料中添加剂的比例来验证草鱼的生长性能等系列指标。具体为采用酪蛋白、麦芽糊精、玉米油、鱼肝油、无机盐混合物和维生素混合物等配成基础饲料,以玉米油和鱼肝油配成相应的高脂饲料,以添加质量分数1%的氯化胆碱作为实验对照组,以添加不同水平的菊苣酸配制成20种试验饲料(见表1、表2),以评估菊苣酸的作用效果。
选择同一批次1800条25.0±1.0g的草鱼为实验对象,即实验动物草鱼的来源、日龄、体重接近,1800条草鱼随机分为20组,每组3个重复,每个重复30条。养殖期间如有死亡,及时捞出称重并记录。饲养试验在室内循环流水过滤养殖通中进行(高150cm×直径80cm)。水源为经曝气去氯后的自来水,水温平均为25.0±2.0℃,水中溶氧大于7mg/L,pH值为6.80±0.01,氨氮为0.02mg/L。每天光照时间为12h。按鱼体重的3%作为每日投饲量,每天上午9h和下午4h分2次投喂,按日增重2%计总体重,每10d调整一次投饲量,试验期为8周。养殖周期内无草鱼死亡。饲料组成和营养水平见表1。
表1饲料组成和营养水平(%,干物质基础)
复合无机盐组成(%):磷酸二氢钙12.29,磷酸二氢钠4.20,氯化钠3.23,硫酸钾16.38,氯化钾6.58,硫酸亚铁1.07,柠檬酸铁3.83,硫酸镁4.42,硫酸锌0.47,硫酸锰0.033,硫酸铜0.022,氯化钴0.043,碘化钾0.022,乳酸钙余量,合计为100。
复合维生素组成(%):氯化胆碱5.55,肌醇2.22,维生素C1.11,泛酸钙0.83,维生素B1 0.22,维生素B2 0.56,维生素B6 0.06,维生素K 0.06,叶酸0.02,维生素B12 0.012,生物素0.006,维生素E 0.44,麸皮余量,合计为100。
表2实验组别及菊苣酸添加量列表
表3草鱼饲养8周后的相对生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率
代码 | 相对生长率(%) | 饲料转化率(%) | 蛋白质效率 |
CK | 68.4±3.5<sup>m</sup> | 37.6±1.8<sup>h</sup> | 1.04±0.04<sup>i</sup> |
CK+CC | 81.5±1.0<sup>hij</sup> | 44.8±0.4<sup>ef</sup> | 1.31±0.05<sup>efg</sup> |
CK+CA1 | 72.1±2.0<sup>klm</sup> | 38.5±0.8<sup>h</sup> | 1.17±0.07<sup>h</sup> |
CK+CA2 | 78.2±1.8<sup>ijk</sup> | 38.9±1.0<sup>h</sup> | 1.22±0.11<sup>gh</sup> |
CK+CA3 | 84.9±1.3<sup>ghi</sup> | 39.7±1.4<sup>gh</sup> | 1.30±0.04<sup>fg</sup> |
CK+CA4 | 88.6±2.1<sup>fgh</sup> | 42.7±2.4<sup>fg</sup> | 1.34±0.09<sup>efg</sup> |
CK+CA5 | 105.9±4.1<sup>c</sup> | 47.1±0.7<sup>cde</sup> | 1.43±0.05<sup>cde</sup> |
CK+CA6 | 117.8±2.3<sup>b</sup> | 51.7±0.8<sup>b</sup> | 1.53±0.07<sup>bc</sup> |
CK+CA7 | 95.2±3.8<sup>ef</sup> | 44.5±2.1<sup>ef</sup> | 1.38±0.06<sup>def</sup> |
CK+CA8 | 77.1±1.3<sup>jkl</sup> | 39.1±1.2<sup>h</sup> | 1.21±0.01<sup>gh</sup> |
HL | 70.7±1.5<sup>b</sup> | 40.0±1.2<sup>gh</sup> | 1.08±0.01<sup>1i</sup> |
HL+CC | 91.6±2.9<sup>efg</sup> | 45.8±0.6<sup>def</sup> | 1.52±0.03<sup>bc</sup> |
HL+CA1 | 75.8±1.5<sup>jkl</sup> | 40.0±1.8<sup>gh</sup> | 1.30±0.04<sup>fg</sup> |
HL+CA2 | 84.1±4.7<sup>hij</sup> | 42.9±1.0<sup>fg</sup> | 1.40±0.01<sup>def</sup> |
HL+CA3 | 91.5±5.5<sup>efg</sup> | 43.1±2.0<sup>fg</sup> | 1.49±0.04<sup>bcd</sup> |
HL+CA4 | 95.8±3.5<sup>de</sup> | 48.0±1.5<sup>cde</sup> | 1.56±0.03<sup>bc</sup> |
HL+CA5 | 110.6±3.6<sup>c</sup> | 50.4±1.1<sup>bc</sup> | 1.61±0.07<sup>b</sup> |
HL+CA6 | 129.6±0.9<sup>a</sup> | 56.0±1.9<sup>a</sup> | 1.71±0.07<sup>a</sup> |
HL+CA7 | 99.5±1.2<sup>d</sup> | 48.5±1.0<sup>cd</sup> | 1.54±0.05<sup>bc</sup> |
HL+CA8 | 82.7±5.4<sup>hij</sup> | 40.9±1.4<sup>gh</sup> | 1.39±0.03<sup>def</sup> |
注:同一列内,右上角上标有不同的英文字母,表示数据之间的差异具有显著性(p<0.05)。
本实验结果表明,对于基础饲料组和高脂饲料组,饲料中添加0.10%-0.25%的菊苣酸均能促进草鱼的生长(具体见表3),提高了饲料转化率和蛋白质转化效率,尤以0.15%-0.25%的菊苣酸添加组,其相对生长率最高,基础饲料组为95.2%-117.8%,高脂饲料组为99.5%-129.6%。且与实验对照组(添加1%的氯化胆碱组)相比,其相对生长率更高:0.15%-0.25%的菊苣酸添加组的相对生长率分别为基础饲料实验对照组(CK+CC)和高脂饲料实验对照组(HL+CC)的116.8%-144.5%和108.6%-141.5%。且与基础饲料组相比,0.15%-0.20%的菊苣酸对提高高脂饲料组草鱼的相对生长率、饲料转化率和蛋白质效率更为显著。总之,0.15%-0.25%的菊苣酸能显著提高高脂饲料组草鱼的饲料转化率和蛋白质效率,从而显著提高草鱼的相对生长率。
表4草鱼饲养8周后肝脏的脂质含量及组成
注:同一列内,右上角上标有不同的英文字母,表示数据之间的差异具有显著性(p<0.05)。
本实验结果表明,对于基础饲料组和高脂饲料组,饲料中添加0.10%-0.30%的菊苣酸均能使草鱼肝脏脂质含量显著降低(具体见表4)。尤其是对于高脂饲料组,0.10%-0.30%的菊苣酸能使草鱼肝脏脂质含量降低到对照组(HL组)的33.8%-62.5%,且其值显著低于实验对照组(HL+CC)。即在高脂饲料中添加0.10%-0.30%的菊苣酸所起到的效果显著优于添加1%氯化胆碱的效果。
对于基础饲料组和高脂饲料组,饲料中添加0.10%-0.30%的菊苣酸使草鱼肝脏脂质中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇以及磷脂的含量显著降低(具体见表4),且其值均显著低于实验对照组(CK+CC,HL+CC)。即在基础饲料组和高脂饲料组中添加0.10%-0.30%的菊苣酸所起到的效果均优于添加1%氯化胆碱的效果。
对于基础饲料组和高脂饲料组,饲料中添加0.15%-0.30%的菊苣酸均能使草鱼血清总脂和β-脂蛋白含量显著降低(具体见表5),且其值均显著低于或等于实验对照组(CK+CC,HL+CC)。即在基础饲料组和高脂饲料组中添加0.15%-0.30%的菊苣酸所起到的效果均优于或等于添加1%氯化胆碱的效果。
表5草鱼饲养8周后血清的脂质含量以及脂蛋白组成
添加量(%) | 血清总脂(mg/100mL) | β-脂蛋白(%) |
CK | 1202.1±3.0<sup>bc</sup> | 19.7±0.4<sup>bc</sup> |
CK+CC | 967.7±6.5<sup>fgh</sup> | 17.1±0.1<sup>f</sup> |
CK+CA1 | 1164.2±44.3<sup>c</sup> | 19.5±0.7<sup>bcd</sup> |
CK+CA2 | 1114.5±11.0<sup>d</sup> | 18.9±0.4<sup>cd</sup> |
CK+CA3 | 1041.5±35.7<sup>e</sup> | 18.5±0.2<sup>de</sup> |
CK+CA4 | 995.9±11.3<sup>fg</sup> | 17.7±0.4<sup>ef</sup> |
CK+CA5 | 958.2±7.7<sup>gh</sup> | 15.8±0.7<sup>g</sup> |
CK+CA6 | 928.9±5.0<sup>hij</sup> | 15.5±0.4<sup>g</sup> |
CK+CA7 | 908.2±9.0<sup>ij</sup> | 14.9±0.2<sup>gh</sup> |
CK+CA8 | 893.2±9.0<sup>j</sup> | 13.6±0.4<sup>j</sup> |
HL | 1269.3±58.0<sup>a</sup> | 21.9±0.4<sup>a</sup> |
HL+CC | 984.4±11.4<sup>fg</sup> | 17.8±0.7<sup>ef</sup> |
HL+CA1 | 1213.2±15.5<sup>b</sup> | 21.2±0.8<sup>a</sup> |
HL+CA2 | 1185.0±34.8<sup>bc</sup> | 20.3±0.5<sup>b</sup> |
HL+CA3 | 1171.6±25.9<sup>bc</sup> | 20.2±0.5<sup>b</sup> |
HL+CA4 | 1088.6±21.4<sup>d</sup> | 19.4±0.2<sup>cd</sup> |
HL+CA5 | 1016.0±13.7<sup>ef</sup> | 17.6±0.4<sup>f</sup> |
HL+CA6 | 974.0±23.4<sup>fgh</sup> | 17.0±0.1<sup>f</sup> |
HL+CA7 | 947.8±10.5<sup>ghi</sup> | 15.7±0.2<sup>g</sup> |
HL+CA8 | 927.4±7.9<sup>hij</sup> | 14.3±0.3<sup>hi</sup> |
注:同一列内,右上角上标有不同的英文字母,表示数据之间的差异具有显著性(p<0.05)。
表6草鱼饲养8周后肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成(%moL)-饱和脂肪酸
表7草鱼饲养8周后肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成(%moL)-单不饱和脂肪酸
表8草鱼饲养8周后肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成(%moL)-多不饱和脂肪酸
表9草鱼饲养8周后肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成(%moL)
表10脂肪酸缩写列表
序号 | 缩写 | 系统命名 | 俗名 |
1 | 14:00 | 十四酸 | 肉豆蔻酸 |
2 | 16:00 | 十六酸 | 棕榈酸 |
3 | 18:00 | 十八酸 | 硬脂酸 |
4 | 16:1n-7 | 顺式-9-十六碳烯酸 | 棕榈油酸 |
5 | 18:1n-9 | 顺式-9-十八烯酸 | 油酸 |
6 | 20:1n-9 | 顺式-11-二十碳一烯酸 | - |
7 | 18:2n-6 | 顺式-9,12-十八二烯酸 | 亚油酸 |
8 | 20:4n-6 | 顺式-5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸 | 花生四烯酸 |
9 | 20:5n-3 | 顺式-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸 | EPA |
10 | 22:5n-3 | 顺式-7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳五烯酸 | - |
11 | 22:6n-3 | 顺式-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸 | DHA |
本实验结果表明,对于基础饲料组和高脂饲料组,饲料中添加0.15%-0.30%的菊苣酸均能使草鱼肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成发生显著性的变化(具体见表9),即总饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量增加。且与实验对照组相比,基础饲料组和高脂饲料组中添加0.15%-0.30%的菊苣酸均能使草鱼肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成发生显著性变化(总饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量增加),故其效果显著优于添加1%氯化胆碱的效果。
分开来说,对于基础饲料组和高脂饲料组,饲料中添加0.15%-0.30%的菊苣酸使草鱼肝脏脂质中的十四酸(肉豆蔻酸)、十六酸(棕榈酸)和十八酸(硬脂酸)3种饱和脂肪酸含量均显著降低,顺式-9-十六碳烯酸(棕榈油酸)和顺式-9-十八烯酸(油酸)2种单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低,而顺式-9,12-十八二烯酸(亚油酸)、顺式-5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸(花生四烯酸)、顺式-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、顺式-7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳五烯酸和顺式-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)5种多不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著升高。
由此可知,本发明提供的饲料添加剂菊苣酸能够显著提高草鱼的相对生长率,降低草鱼肝脏脂质含量,促进草鱼血清总脂和β-脂蛋白的含量降低,使草鱼肝脏脂质的脂肪酸构成发生显著性的变化,尤其是总多不饱和脂肪酸含量增加。
本发明提供的添加剂可用于水产养殖业,尤其是淡水鱼类饲料添加剂,能使养殖水产品种具有比较优异的生长性能。
以上实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都是属于本发明的保护范围。因此,本发明的保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。
Claims (7)
1.菊苣酸作为鱼类饲料添加剂的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:所述鱼类饲料为预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的饲料。
3.一种用于预防和/或治疗鱼类脂肪肝的鱼类饲料,所述鱼类饲料中含有质量百分比含量为0.01%-0.30%的菊苣酸。
4.如权利要求3所述的鱼类饲料,其特征在于,每100重量份所述鱼类饲料由以下重量份配比的原料组成:30-35份酪蛋白、2-4份明胶、35-45份糊精、2-4份α-淀粉、1.5-5份玉米油、1.5-5份鱼肝油、5-10份复合无机盐、1-3份复合维生素、0.2-1份维生素C、0.01-0.30份菊苣酸、余量的麸皮。
5.如权利要求4所述的鱼类饲料,其特征在于,每100重量份的所述鱼类饲料由以下重量份配比的原料组成:31份酪蛋白、3份饲料级明胶、40份麦芽糊精、3份α-淀粉、1.5 -5份玉米油、1.5-5份鱼肝油、8份复合无机盐、1.5份复合维生素、0.5份维生素C、0.15-0.25份菊苣酸、余量的麸皮。
6.如权利要求4或5所述的鱼类饲料,其特征在于,所述复合无机盐由以下重量百分比的原料组成:磷酸二氢钙(12-13)%、磷酸二氢钠(4-5)%、氯化钠(3-4)%、硫酸钾(15-18)%、氯化钾(5-7)%、硫酸亚铁(0.5-1.5)%、柠檬酸铁(3-4)%、硫酸镁(3-5)%、硫酸锌(0.3-0.5)%、硫酸锰(0.03-0.04)%、硫酸铜(0.02-0.03)%、氯化钴(0.04-0.05)%、碘化钾(0.02-0.03)%、余量的乳酸钙,各原料的重量百分比之和为100%。
7.如权利要求4或5所述的鱼类饲料,其特征在于,所述复合维生素由以下重量百分比的原料组成:氯化胆碱(5-6)%、肌醇(2-3)%、维生素C(1-2)%、泛酸钙(0.5-1)%、维生素B1(0.2-0.3)%、维生素B2(0.5-0.6)%、维生素B6(0.05-0.08)%、维生素K(0.05-0.08)%、叶酸(0.01-0.03)%、维生素B12(0.01-0.02)%、生物素(0.005-0.008)%、维生素E(0.4-0.5)%以及余量的麸皮,各原料的重量百分比之和为100%。
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