CN1136869C - 肝炎复康胶囊及其制备工艺 - Google Patents
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- CN1136869C CN1136869C CNB001192809A CN00119280A CN1136869C CN 1136869 C CN1136869 C CN 1136869C CN B001192809 A CNB001192809 A CN B001192809A CN 00119280 A CN00119280 A CN 00119280A CN 1136869 C CN1136869 C CN 1136869C
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种肝炎复康胶囊及其制备工艺,配方组成为五味子素硒、苦豆子碱锰、大黄素铬、甘草锌,可全面治疗急性黄疸性肝炎、慢性病毒性肝炎(慢性迁延性肝炎、慢性活动性肝炎)、急性重型肝炎、暴发性肝炎(坏死型、变性型)、亚急性重型肝炎(亚急性肝坏死)、瘀胆型肝炎等疾病,且价格低廉。
Description
本发明涉及肝炎治疗药物,尤其是一种肝炎复康灵胶囊及其制备工艺。
肝炎是一种常见病,一般药物极难使其根治。虽然目前治疗肝炎的药物很多,但是疗效并不全面、彻底,而且价格奇贵,患者不能承受,往往因此而延误疾病的治疗。目前还没有一种治疗全面、彻底,而且价格低的治疗肝炎的药物。
本发明的目的是提供一种可全面治疗急性黄疸性肝炎、慢性病毒性肝炎(慢性迁延性肝炎、慢性活动性肝炎)、急性重型肝炎、暴发性肝炎(坏死型、变性型)、亚急性重型肝炎(亚急性肝坏死)、瘀胆型肝炎等疾病,且价格低廉的肝炎复康灵胶囊及其制备工艺。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种肝炎复康灵胶囊,其特征在于配方组成为五味子素硒苦豆子碱锰、大黄素铬、甘草锌。
该肝炎复康灵胶囊的制备工艺,具体步骤为:
(1)五味子提取五味子素硒工艺:取五味子粗粉,加1%硒酸钠95%乙醇5倍量温浸24小时后,加热回流提取3次,每次1小时,三次提取液合并,过滤减压回收乙醇,浓缩成膏,干燥后备用;
(2)苦豆子碱或根提取苦豆子碱锰工艺:
苦豆子根为粗粉,加1%硫酸锰75%乙醇5倍加热回流1小时,倾出药液;药渣同上法再加70%乙醇1%硫酸加热回流提取2次,合并提取液,静置1-2天,过滤,滤液回收乙醇,至无醇味,浓缩成膏,干燥后备用;
(3)大黄提取大黄素铬工艺:
①大黄饮片用0.2%氢氧化铬Cr(OH)3,70%乙醇5倍量,浸泡24小时后,低温40℃回流提取,每次10-15分钟,连续浸泡同法提取3次,合并3次提取液,回收乙醇,低温减压浓缩成膏,回收率26%;
②为了纯度高,药膏再加入70%乙醇2倍量,捣均,静置12小时沉淀杂质,抽取上清液;沉淀用45%乙醇洗涤2-3次,将沉淀中可溶性成份洗出,滤液和洗液合并,低温回收乙醇,减压浓缩冷却成膏;
(4)甘草提取甘草锌工艺:
①粗甘草粉用注射水10倍量0.5%碳酸锌ZnCO3渗漏,连续3次,渗漏液浓缩至原体积1/5过滤,滤液加浓流酸调至PH3,过滤析出沉淀,水洗3次,60℃以下干燥,既得粗甘草酸锌(得率10%);
②纯品甘草锌提取工艺:以上所得粗品甘草锌400g加4倍量乙醇,加热回流3小时,过滤、滤渣加2倍量乙醇加热回流2次,合并所有回收液加10g活性炭,回流脱色半小时冷却,过滤,滤液加ZnCO3至PH大于7.5,无固体析出为止。滤液沉淀,以少量乙醇洗涤,室温干燥,得甘草酸250g;
③甘草渣提取甘草锌:甘草残渣和沉淀物加1%硫酸锌ZnSO4和70%乙醇为溶酶,热浸8小时,加热回流2小时,过滤,连续2次,合并滤液,回收乙醇,浓缩成膏;
(5)选用最佳安全用量
五味子素硒3mg/kg/日;
苦豆子碱锰10mg/kg/日;
大黄素铬40mg/kg/日;
甘草锌5mg/kg/日;
共计日用2900mg/50kg/日;
共分装6个大号胶囊,每个含0.483g。
本发明的特点、药理及效果如下:
一、肝炎复康灵胶囊的方药特点:
1.本方具有创新性组方合理:由五味子、苦豆子、大黄、甘草组成。具有高效、速效、低毒、副作用极小特点。本方有排毒解毒、清热利湿、活血化瘀、行气疏肝解郁,强有力的抗病毒作用。对引起肝炎的:甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、非甲非乙型肝炎病毒(NANBV)有很强抑制和杀灭作用。很强的免疫增强和抗炎作用。快速降低大三阳、小三阳;促进核糖核酸(DNA)和蛋白质合成,使线立体恢复和增加,酶系活性增强、肝细胞恢复和再生,发挥降酶保肝作用。本方有排毒利胆,清除瘀胆性和阻塞性黄疸,防治各种肝炎、脂肪肝、肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝坏死、肝癌。并能防治肝炎各种合并症,快速恢复健康,延年益寿。
(1)速效:服药1-3天即可见明显效果。
(2)高效:97.73%的人服药后有很好效果,共治肝炎患者264例治愈199例占75.38%;显效44例占16.67%;有效15例占5.68%;无效6例占2.27%;总有效率97.73%。
(3)无毒:根据264例服药1-3个月未出现毒性反应。
2.本方提取工艺先进:用微量元素,酸、碱、温控、提纯新工艺,提取率高,疗效和同类药相比而提高150%以上。例如
(1)硒酸钠提取五味子素硒,能使五味子素硒对肝炎病毒所致肝细胞损伤尽早修复和再生,降酶保肝并有防治肝硬化。
(2)用氢氧化铬提取大黄素铬、大黄酸铬,既有强的抑制和杀灭肝炎病毒作用,又有降低血清胆红素、降低血脂、脂肪肝和动脉粥样硬化作用。强有力的排毒、利胆、保肝作用;清除肝内毛细胆管毒素、坏死组织及异物;消除瘀胆性和阻塞性黄疸。铬是葡萄耐受因子、防治肝炎后糖尿病发生,大黄素铬并有防癌、瘤作用。
(3)用硫酸锰提取苦豆子碱锰:苦豆子碱锰既有很强抗肝炎病毒作用,又有抗炎解毒作用。降低毛细血管通透性,消除肝炎病素对肝细胞浸害,防治肝纤维化、苦豆子碱锰可使神经血管壁松驰,达到扩张血管作用,促进肝、心、及肾的血液供应,防治维血管病变,重要脏器和神经损损,并有很强的免疫增强作用。苦豆子碱锰是酶的重要组成成份,能激活酶活性,对调节内分泌和调节免疫功能起重要作用。促进胰岛素分泌调节血糖、保肝降酶,清除自由基延缓衰老、长寿。
(4)用碳酸锌提取甘草酸锌,既有解毒保肝作用,又能增强免疫功能。甘草锌能参与体内80多种酶合成,发挥防御感染作用,能扩张缺血区血管、还有抗炎作用。
3.本方有很强的抗菌、抗病毒作用:对引起肝炎的甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、非甲非乙型肝炎病毒(NANBV),有抑制和杀灭作用,对多种细菌,真菌、病毒合并感染均有抑制和杀灭作用。
4.本方有很强的降酶保肝作用:促进肝细胞核酸、蛋白质合成,线立体恢复和增加,酶系活性增高,肝细胞恢复和再生,发挥降酶保肝作用。
5.对免疫系统有很强调节作用:有细胞免疫、体液免疫抑制作用和增强作用;能诱生r-干扰素(IFN-r)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-3(IL-3)、a肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-a)、B-转化因子(TGF-B1)、HIV-1抑制因子,自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)。这些免疫活性物质对调节免疫、抑制肝的炎症反应、防治肝坏死、肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝肿瘤、抑制HAV、HBV、NANBV有显著作用。
6.本方药有很强的排毒解毒作用、抗过敏作用、抗炎作用,降低毛细血管通透性,能解除肝炎病毒对肝细胞的侵害,对已受损的肝细胞促进核酸、蛋白质合成,使肝细胞尽快修复。
7.本方强有力的抑制、治疗肝炎合并症,扩张营养肝组织的大、小、动、静脉、降血脂,防治血管粥样硬化,防治脂肪肝、肝硬化、肝炎合并糖尿病、高胆红素血症,胆管炎,胆囊炎,再生障碍性贫血,肝性脑病,神经病变,防治心肝肾脑合并症发生与发展。
8.对黄疸性、瘀胆型肝炎:该药有排毒利胆,保肝降酶作用。强力扩张肝内毛细胆管,清除肝内、毛细胆管内毒素,坏死组织及异物,消除瘀胆现象,有利于黄疸性、瘀胆型肝炎恢复。
二、肝炎复康胶囊的药理作用:
五味子药理作用
1.保肝作用:五味子乙素能减轻或抑制四氯化碳或硫代乙酰胺所致的肝损害,使高谷丙转氨酶降低,乙素对正常小鼠每克肝组织中水分、蛋白质、核糖核酸和总脂的含量显著增加。每克肝组织中脱氧核糖核酸的含量稍降低,而全肝脱氧核糖核酸的含量无变化。乙素对部分切除的肝脏有明显促进增生、促进蛋白质合成和核酸合成的作用。乙素对肝微粒体药酶有诱导作用,使P-450浓度、NADPH(辅酶II)-细胞色素还原酶、氨基比林脱甲基酶、微粒体蛋白均显著增加;能提高机体对某些毒物(四氯化碳等)及化学致癌剂(如苯并芘)的解毒能力,能降低洋地黄毒甙及消炎痛中毒引起的动物死亡。
五味子乙素对肝脏毒物四氯化碳引起的微粒体脂质过氧化有抑制作用,使肝细胞丙二醛的生成及LDH和GPT酶的释放均减少,肝细胞存活率提高,细胞膜形态保持完整。
2.对代谢及免疫功能的影响:五味子乙素能明显促进外源性葡萄糖生成肝糖元。五味子乙素在诱导小鼠和大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P-450增加的同时,亦引起肝谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSH-S-T)明显增加,能拮抗雌二醇促去势小鼠子宫重量增加的作用,降低小鼠血清雌二醇促去势小鼠子宫重量增加的作用,降低小鼠血清雌二醇的浓度。放射免疫和高效液相法证实五味子乙素能促进小鼠肝微粒体代谢[3H]雌二醇的速率。
五味子乙素对白血病和KB细胞有细胞毒作用。对体外培养的小鼠腹水肝癌和S180-V癌细胞[3H]TdR掺入DNA作用,99□g/ml的抑制率分别为85%和76%。对人胚胎细胞或纤维细胞的抑制率只有50%。对[32P]磷酸氢二钠参入核蛋白在12、14、36和48h培养后抑制率分别为12%、30%、37%和33%。对掺入ATP放射性强度抑制率分别为56%、58%、50%和66%。
3.对中枢神经系统的作用:五味子乙素可明显延长小鼠对戊巴比妥钠或环乙巴比妥钠的睡眠时间,对小鼠的睡眠时间延长后有缩短的双相性影响。对睡眠时间的延长是由于肝细胞微粒体酶被抑制,而以后使睡眠时间缩短可能为此类酶被诱导而使巴比妥钠加速破坏之故。
4.毒性作用:五味子乙素毒性较低,2g/kg灌胃一次,10鼠无一死亡。200mg/kg每日灌胃一次,连续30d,对小鼠生长、血红蛋白和主要脏器的组织形态均未见明显影响。10mg/kg给狗灌胃每日一次,连续4周,其含量、体重、血象、肝功、肾功及肝组织活检均与给药前无明显差别。
苦豆子药理作用
1.抗炎作用:氧化苦豆子碱肌注与氢化考的松相似,能明显对抗巴豆油、角叉菜胶(大鼠)和冰醋酸(小鼠)诱发的渗出性炎症。对大鼠由棉球诱发的慢性炎症无效,而氢化考的松却有明显疗效。其抗急性炎症与垂体-肾上腺系统无关。试管内实验证明是直接反应。
2.抗病原微生物作用
(1)抗菌作用:研究表明,苦豆子碱在体内有抗羔羊痢B型魏氏梭菌及抗羊大肠杆菌作用,各实验组与对照组差异均非常显著。苦豆子碱的体内作用强度与氯霉素相对照,差异不显著。体外实验证明,1%苦豆子碱对痢疾杆菌、变形杆菌、乙型链球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑制作用。0.3%苦豆子碱溶液对乙型球菌有抑制作用,当其浓度增大到1%时,对痢疾杆菌、变型杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌也有较好的抑制作用。
苦豆子碱在体内有抗鸡白痢沙门氏杆菌作用。苦豆子碱的体内作用强度,经与氯霉素相对照,差异不显著(P>0.05)。
另据报道,苦豆子碱体内外均有抗菌作用,体内作用强度与氯霉素相当。
有学者作了苦豆子碱等中药对100例化脓性中耳炎患者脓液进行细胞培养及抑菌实验研究,实验以葡萄球菌为主,其次为绿脓杆菌、绿色链球菌、产气杆菌、大肠杆菌和变形杆菌。中药药敏试验发现黄连、黄芩、千里光、苦豆子对葡萄球敏感,乌梅对葡萄球菌和绿脓菌均敏感、通过药物对小鼠耳炎症模型的消肿试验,结果为苦豆子碱消肿最明显,其次为四季青、黄芩、鱼腥草,这表明苦豆子碱有较好的抗菌消炎作用。
苦豆子碱等16种中药对阴道加德纳菌有一的抗菌作用。选用16种抗感染中草药,制备成含生药1g/ml的药液,对10株阴道加德纳菌(GV)以管碟法进行体外抑菌试验。结果表明阴道加德纳菌(GV)对黄芩高度敏感;对苦豆子碱等为中度敏感。实验为深入研究和临床应用中草药治疗细菌性阴道病提供启示,也提示苦豆子碱有着较广范围的抗菌作用。
(2)抗病毒作用:有学者对21种中药抗鸭乙型肝炎病毒初期研究,采用斑点杂交法检测了重庆地区263份2-3月龄麻鸭血清中的DHBV DNA,用筛选出的阳性病毒血清经腹腔感染1-2日龄的血清DHBV DNA阴性雏鸭,并用该模型进行了21种中药抗乙肝病毒初筛。结果表明:①重庆地区2-3月龄麻鸭DHBV自然感染率为25.48%。②经腹腔感染的1-2日龄雏鸭的血清DHBV DNA阳性率1周后为82.90%。并可持续至少2个月。③抗乙肝病毒中药初筛发现用广西叶下珠、苦豆子碱治疗2周可使DHBV DNA滴度下降,其余的经体外实验认为有效的抗乙肝病毒中药,而动物实验未获证实。实验结果提示苦豆子碱有一定的抗病毒作用。
3.对中枢神经系统的作用:苦豆子碱注射于家兔,发现中枢神经麻痹现象,同时发生痉挛,终则呼吸停止而死。注射于青蛙,初呈兴奋,继则麻痹,呼吸变为缓慢而不规则,最后发生痉挛,以致呼吸停止而死;其痉挛的发作,系起于脊髓反射的亢进。
苦豆子碱能明显抑制小鼠的自主活动,拮抗苯丙胺和咖啡因的中枢兴奋作用,增强戊巴比妥钠及水合氯醛的中枢抑制作用。扭体法与热刺激法测痛试验显示苦豆子碱具有镇痛作用,icv微量的苦豆子碱后,仍能显著提高小鼠的痛阈值。其镇痛部位可能在中枢。苦豆子碱还有降低大鼠正常体温的作用。
苦豆子碱能升高大鼠纹状体及前脑边缘区的多巴胺代谢物二羟基乙酸(DOPAC)和高香草酸(HVA)的含量。
4.抗肿瘤作用:苦豆子碱2.5mg/kg对小鼠艾氏腹水癌体外及体内动物实验都有效,对小鼠肉瘤180也有效。治疗指数较高,约1/30和1/60。
苦豆子碱在体外能降低由硫代乙酸钠制剂刺激产生的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞抑制P615肿瘤细胞增殖的效应。
5.抗心律失常作用:大鼠iv苦豆子碱能显著对抗乌头碱、氯化钡和结扎冠脉所致的心律失常。18.75mg/kg使心率明显减慢,P-R和Q-T1间期明显延长。200μmol/L显著减慢离体大鼠右心房自发频率,拮抗苦豆子碱SO诱发的心率加快,量—效曲线非平等右移,并明显拮抗离体大鼠左心室由NE诱发的心率加快。苦豆子碱对心脏具有负性频率、负性自律性和延长有效不应期的作用。因此能产生抗心律失常作用。这与目前临床所用抗心律失常药明显不同。可能对充血性心衰病人有益。
6.利尿作用:苦豆子碱给兔口服或注射,产生利尿作用。尿量增加前即有盐分排出的增多。
7.正性肌力作用:苦豆子碱有加强豚鼠乳头肌收缩作用,对豚鼠心房亦有明显正性肌力作用,可能与激活Ca2+通道有关。
8.体内过程:用HPLC法测定了静脉恒速注射后苦豆子碱在家兔血浆内的浓度,对10mg/kg,15mg/kg,20mg/kg,30mg/kg,60mg/kg,5个剂量组进行药代动力学研究结果表明:苦豆子碱在家兔体内药代动力学符合二室开放模型。10-30mg/kg时t1/2β、Ve、CLS基本相似,AUS与剂量成比例增加,呈线性消除。60mg/kg时,t1/2□显著延长,AUC超比例增加,呈非线性消除。家兔实验表明,iv苦豆子碱,血药浓度一时间曲线呈双指数型,符合开放式二室模型,T1/2为1.37min,T1/2β为76.58min,C1为23.59ml/(min·kg)vd为2.61L/kg。12h尿胆汁的原形药累积排出量分别为给药量的9.39%,0.37%。大鼠实验表明,ig苦豆子碱组织中的含量依次为肾、肝、脑、心及血。48h尿、24h粪及12h胆汁的原形药累积排出量分别为给药量的53.7%,0.36%和0.27%。
9.毒性作用:LD50(mg/kg):小鼠腹腔注射150,大鼠腹腔注射125。
大黄药理作用
1.对肝脏的影响:大黄对实验性肝损伤有明显的保护作用。用CC14引起小鼠肝损伤,SGPT高达616.0u/100ml,正常对照组仅为289,经大黄治疗后,SGPT降至325.3u/100ml,肝细胞坏死程度、变性均比单纯CC14组轻,进一步用D-二硫氨酸引起大鼠肝纤维化,用组织化学和超微结构的变化来观察大黄的治疗作用,发现大黄能显著逆转CC14引起的肝组织中出现的脂滴及纤维化、微粒体肿胀、嵴明显下降、粗面内质网破坏、核糖体显著脱落等。也可恢复CC14引起的MAO及琥珀醇脱氢酶的减弱。表明大黄对CC14引起的肝损伤确有预防和治疗作用。体外实验证明,大黄煎剂对乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)有明显的抑制作用。
2.利胆作用:大黄可促进狗的胆汁分泌,并使胆红素和胆汁酸的含量增加。大鼠实验证明大黄水、醇提取物、大黄煎剂均使胆汁流量明显增加,其高峰在给药30分钟内。用B超观察发现服用生、制大黄后0.5和1小时内胆囊明显大于服大黄前,也能促进实验性急性化脓性胆囊炎胆汁的分泌,提示大黄有明显增加胆汁分泌的成分,也有其抑制成分,这为大黄的制剂研究和临床应用提供了一定的线索。
3.促进胰腺分泌作用:实验证明大黄能防止胰蛋白酶或酒精诱发的急性水肿型或急性出血坏死型胰腺炎的发生和发展。组织超微结构证实其对D-二硫氨酸引起的大鼠胰腺炎也有明显的治疗作用。大黄煎剂和制剂在给药后30分钟内,胰液均明显增加,剂量加大,作用加强,维持时间更久。生大黄煎剂在试管内及模拟近似胃肠道环境下,对胰蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶和胰淀粉酶的活性具有明显的抑制作用,而对胃蛋白酶的活性没有影响。总之,大黄及其提取物有显著的促进胰腺分泌作用,可能与大黄松弛奥迪氏括约肌张力有关,大黄对胰腺分泌的三种消化酶的影响可能是大黄治疗胰腺炎的基础。
4.对病原微生物的影响
(1)抗菌作用:实验证明大黄对葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌、白喉杆菌、枯草杆菌、草分枝杆菌、布鲁氏杆菌、鼠疫杆菌、伤寒、副伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌、覃状杆菌、包皮垢杆菌、淋病双球菌等均具有不同程度的抑制作用,尤以葡萄球菌、淋病双球菌最敏感。3-羧基大黄酸、羟基芦荟大黄素、羟基大黄素三者抗菌作用最强。
大黄酸、大黄素、芦荟大黄素对葡萄球菌、链球菌、白喉杆菌、枯草杆菌、炭疽杆菌、伤寒杆菌等的抑制浓度为1.5-25mcg/ml。大黄素、芦荟大黄素对金黄色葡萄球菌209P、大肠杆菌、福氏痢疾杆菌在体外的最低抑菌浓度分别为15mg/l、480mg/l、120mg/l和7.5mg/l、600mg/l、60mg/l。对临床分离的119株金黄色葡萄球菌最低抑菌浓度,大黄素为20-160mg/l,芦荟大黄素为10-80mg/l。经诱导耐药试验后,芦荟大黄素产生耐药性,而大黄素不产生耐药性。大黄抗菌作用机制主要是对细菌细胞核酸和蛋白质合成以及糖代谢的抑制作用。
(2)抗真菌作用:大黄煎剂及水、醇、醚的浸出物在试管内对一些常见的致病性真菌有抑制作用,敏感的菌种有许兰氏黄癣菌及其蒙古变种、同心性毛癣菌、堇色毛癣菌、星形奴卡氏菌、足跖毛癣菌、絮状表皮癣菌、石膏样毛癣菌、趾间毛癣菌、申克氏孢子丝菌等。
(3)抗病毒作用:大黄煎剂对流感病毒有较强的抑制作用,对肝炎病毒也有较强的抑制作用。
(4)抗寄生虫作用:大黄浸出液在1∶5000和1∶1000的浓度能分别杀死溶组织变形原虫,1∶5000可杀死人毛滴虫,而对肠滴虫及万氏唇形鞭虫的抑制较弱。大黄素对小鼠感染血吸虫有40%的抑制率。野大黄1%的浓度可使尾蚴在90分钟内死亡。5%的大黄浸出液在48小时内可使淡色库蚊幼虫死亡50%。
(5)泻下作用:大黄有泻下作用。自古以来即用作泻下剂,用于治疗大便燥结、热结便秘,一般在用药后6-19小时可排出稀便。番泻甙类是大黄致泻的有效成分,可见大黄具有兴奋和抑制胃肠的双重作用,这种作用的物质基础就是番泻甙类和鞣质类。
(6)对胃及十二指肠溃疡的影响:生大黄能治疗和预防应激性胃溃疡的出血,表现为出血程度明显减轻,出血灶、出血灶面积明显减少,其作用与甲腈咪胍相似。
(7)对肠管电活动和收缩活动的影响:电生理实验证明,大黄对整个结肠的电活动有明显的兴奋作用,特点为群集性放电,峰电频率明显增快,幅度明显增高,这说明大黄通过兴奋肠电活动妨碍结肠内水分吸收,加快结肠内容物的排出而发挥其泻下作用,小剂量使结肠电活动抑制,大剂量使肠电活动兴奋,有时则出现先兴奋后抑制现象,通过作用于肠管中的M受体而发挥其泻下作用的。
(8)对心脏的影响:大黄素小剂量使离体心脏收缩力加强,大剂量则抑制。大黄能使心脏的MAP振幅增高,上升速率增快,心肌收缩力明显增强,证明大黄具有较明显的强心作用。增加细胞外液中K+浓度可减弱大剂量大黄对心脏的毒性作用,提示大黄的强心作用可能与抑制细胞膜上的Na+,K+-ATP酶有关。大黄多糖可使正常大鼠血压下降,心率减慢,使正常和衰竭离体蟾蜍心脏收缩力和心输出量增加,提示强心作用可能是通过抑制心肌Na+,K+-ATP酶实现的。
(9)对血管的影响:大黄浸剂、酊剂以及大黄素皆有降低血压的作用。大黄酊剂可使兔耳血管扩张。
(10)止血和活血作用:大黄的止血有效成分α-儿茶素和没食子酸能降低抗凝血酶II(AT II)的活性,升高α2-MG(α2巨球蛋白)的含量,竞争性地抑制纤溶酶及纤溶酶原活化素的活力,使纤溶活力下降,并增加血小板的粘附性和聚集能力,从而加速止血。
(11)降血脂和减肥作用:大黄多糖可使蛋黄及高脂饲料诱导的高血脂症小鼠血清和肝脏总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)明显降低,可能与厌食和缓泻有关。大黄的醇提部位有明显的降低血清总胆固醇的作用。石油醚提取物降低胆固醇的作用不显著。临床观察到生、熟大黄具有明显的减肥作用,其降血脂和减肥成分可能是蒽醌类、儿茶素类化合物,多糖也具有这些作用。
(12)抗肿瘤作用:5mg/kg的大黄酸及大黄素对小鼠黑色素瘤的抑制率分别为]76%及73%。大黄素对酷氨酸酶有显著的竞争性抑制作用,这种抑制作用可能是大黄抗黑色素瘤的作用机制之一。
(13)对免疫功能的影响:大黄素和芦荟大黄素腹腔注射70mg/kg·7d对正常小鼠免疫系统有不同程度的抑制作用,如减轻免疫器官的重量,减少抗体的产生,抑制碳粒廓清功能和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,降低白细胞数,抑制2,4-二硝基氯苯(DNCB)所致的迟发型超敏反应。
(14)对肾脏的影响:大黄有明显的降低血中非蛋白氮的作用,这种作用可能是由于减少了肠道对氨基氮(合成尿素的原料)的吸收,并使血中必需氨基酸浓度升高,利用体内氨基酸的分解产物——氨合成蛋白质,从而使肝、肾组织合成尿素减少;另一方面,大黄还抑制体蛋白的分解,以减少血中尿素氮和肌酐的含量,并促进尿素的肌酐的排泄。
(15)抗炎作用:大黄对多种动物实验性炎症有明显的抑制作用,口服煎剂能显著抑制巴豆油致小鼠耳部炎性水肿,大鼠甲醛性、蛋清性足跖肿胀,小鼠和大鼠的棉球肉芽肿增生。河套大黄浸膏对大鼠蛋清性和甲醛性足跖肿胀及小鼠实验性腹膜炎均有显著的抑制作用。
(16)解热降温作用:给正常和肺炎双球菌感染发热的家兔灌服大黄水煎剂后,观察到病理性发热家兔体温(肛温)明显下降,同时可见第三脑室灌流液中PGE含量明显降低。大黄可能通过影响PGE而发挥降温作用。
(17)抗衰老作用:波叶大黄中提取的波叶大黄多糖能明显延长两性果蝇的平均寿命和最高寿命。
波叶大黄多糖还可增加2-3月龄小鼠的游泳时间和耐氧能力,表明波叶大黄多糖具有强壮等多种作用。
(18)对糖尿病的影响:大黄可使链脲霉素引起的I型糖尿病大鼠对胰岛素耐药性消失,红细胞胰岛素受体最大结合力升高,血清胰岛素水平降低。大黄对四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠有相似的作用。可提高胰岛素受体结合力,改善糖、脂代谢障碍及高胰岛素血症。说明受体结合力降低及其信息传导障碍是胰岛素耐药性的基础,表明大黄是在受体水平治疗NIDDM,是预防糖尿病动脉粥样硬化的理想药物。
(19)雌激素样作用:大黄素具有雌激素样作用,可使去势雌性大鼠迅速恢复性周期,临床试用也有卵泡激素样的功效。
(20)利尿作用:大黄生药及大黄酸、大黄素均有利尿作用。
(21)体内过程:
①吸收 采用同位素标记法研究大黄素的吸收,单剂量口服大黄素,外周血流中放射性迅速增加,2小时达最大值,24小时则降到最大值的30%,以后则缓慢下降。
②分布 大黄蒽醌衍生物吸收后,在体内以肝、肾、胆囊为最多,同位素标记法证明,大黄素主要分布在肾、肠系膜和脂肪中,肌肉、脑、小肠和结肠中很少。
③排泄 大黄蒽醌衍生物由粪和尿排出,分别占摄入量的23.4%及22.8%,经尿排出以2-4小时为最多,8小时排出约61%。
(22)毒副作用:
①急性毒性 大黄醚提物小鼠腹腔注射,剂量达40g(生药)/kg,观察72小时,未见死亡和异常。大黄制剂小鼠皮下注射LD50为4.052g/kg和2g/kg。用四周龄CPC系小鼠每组6只腹腔注射,绵纹大黄、唐古特大黄、二等唐古特大黄的稀乙醇浸膏的LD50约0.25-0.5g/kg;唐古特大黄饮片、等外大黄的LD50约0.25g/kg;日本大黄、土耳其大黄、圆叶大黄约1.25-2.5g/kg;。一般认为,大黄口服毒性较注射小。
大黄蒽醌类衍生物小鼠灌胃的LD50,大黄素为0.56g/kg、大黄素甲醚为1.15g/kg,大黄酚为10g/Kg。
②长期毒性:
对胃肠道的影响 用200%大黄煎液灌胃大鼠,每日3-4.5ml,4、5天后扫描电镜观察到其胃和大肠有程度不同的刺激性炎症,认为这是引起纳呆、腹泻的原因。
对免疫功能抑制作用 有报告大黄灌胃所致“虚证”大鼠,胸腺、脾、肠系膜淋巴结等免疫器官变小、减轻,在小鼠、金黄地鼠亦引起胸腺明显萎缩。
对生殖系统的影响大黄灌胃大鼠7.5g/kg14天,可见雌鼠性成熟期明显延缓,子宫、卵巢重量减轻。
甘草药理作用
1.保肝作用:甘草酸可使结扎总输胆管的家兔、大鼠的血胆红素降低,尿胆素原排泄增加,此作用比葡萄糖醛酸内酯或蛋氨酸强。用总胆管法,甘草酸可以明显增加家兔胆汁的分泌。研究发现,慢性活动性肝炎患者的巨噬细胞(M)吞噬功能经甘草酸(CL)治疗后可恢复到正常水平,而甘草酸(非CL)治疗后,仍明显低于正常。临床动态观察结果表明,GL组在治疗中期M吞噬率在休内外均恢复到较高水平。GL组的疗程仅为非GL组的1/3,肝功能恢复正常所需疗程短,有效率高。认为GL提高M吞噬功能作用可能是其治疗慢性活动性肝炎有效的机制之一。甘草酸对四氯化碳急性肝损伤影响的实验表明,小鼠腹腔注射75或150mg/kg均能对抗四氯化碳对肝脏的急性中毒作用。甘草酸防治大白鼠实验性肝硬化的作用的研究表明甘草酸可明显阻止四氯化碳中毒大白鼠SGPT活力的升高,能减少肝内甘油三酯的蓄积。病理组织学观察发现,经甘草酸治疗的大白鼠其肝损伤较对照组为轻。甘草酸组的血清胎甲球蛋白检出率也高于对照组。
2.解毒作用:小鼠实验发现甘草酸对水合氯醛、士的宁、乌拉坦和可卡因、苯砷、升汞等的毒性有较明显的解毒作用;对印防己毒素、咖啡因、乙酰胆碱、毛果芸香碱、烟碱、巴比妥类等的解毒作用次之;对阿托品、索佛拿(Sulfanal)、毒扁豆碱、吗啡、锑剂则无效,对麻黄碱及肾上腺素反而轻度增加其毒性。甘草酸对河豚毒、蛇毒有解毒效力,与蛇毒混合注射于小白鼠可预防蛇毒的致死作用与局部坏死作用,其效力高于蛇毒血清。甘草皂还能解除白喉毒素、破伤风毒素的致死作用。甘草帛剂配合抗癌药喜树碱、农吉利碱等合用,具有解毒增效作用,如甘草酸单胺盐能显著对抗喜树碱毒性并增强其疗效。甘草酸作为一种非溶血性皂甙在体外溶血实验中能保护红细胞免受皂甙的溶解,具有对抗皂甙溶血的解毒作用。这种解毒作用可能是通过甘草酸的吸附作用。也有人认为甘草酸吸收后在肝脏中分解为甘草次酸和葡萄糖醛酸,后者能与毒物结合而解毒。
3.抗炎抗免疫作用:甘草酸具有保泰松或氢化可的松样的抗炎作用。甘草酸对角叉菜胶引起的大鼠实验性关节炎有抑制作用。甘草酸50mg/Kg腹腔注射能抑制蛋清所致的豚鼠过敏反应。甘草酸在0.46mM浓度时能抑制组织胺释放剂——化合物48/80引起的肥大细胞脱颗粒,从而阻止了过敏介质的释放。小鼠以枯草杆菌产生的□-淀粉酶进行免疫,以后分别测定不同时间内血中抗体效价,发现可的松每鼠每日1mg腹控注射能抑制抗体的产生,而每日每鼠甘草酸4mg腹腔注射,连续15d,对抗体产生无影响。
小鼠iv甘草酸25或50mg/kg能显著抑制被动皮肤过敏反应,并能拮抗组胺、乙酰胆碱及过敏慢反应物质(SRS-A)对兔离体回肠和豚鼠离体气管的收缩作用,以上作用均随剂量增加而增加。甘草酸使小鼠的脾重、胸腺重明显增加;可使白细胞总数,尤其是嗜中性和单核细胞数目明显增加。甘草酸具有调节机体免疫功能的作用。有报道总结了甘草酸对用人IgG免疫BALB/C小鼠脾淋巴细胞在体外抗体合成的影响。将加入淋巴细胞培养物中,分别于24,48,72h后用ELISA方法检测上清液中抗体生成量。结果表明,不同浓度的甘草酸(1×10-7,4×10-7mg/ml)均可明显抑制淋巴细胞抗体的合成,尤其以第3天最为显著。通过乳酸脱氢酶释放试验的方法,于体外测定甘草酸铵对BALB/C小鼠自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活性的影响。实验结果表明与正常对照相比,加入不同浓度的甘草酸铵(1×10-7-1×10-1mg/ml0,小鼠NK细胞活性均有显著的增强,由此证明甘草酸铵对机体的免疫功能具有重要调节作用。用甘草酸铵、甘草锌25mg/kg·d及50mg/kg·d连续给小鼠口服7日,使由环磷酰胺引起的小鼠低下的免疫功能恢复正常;增加对碳粒的廓清功能,增加免疫特异性玫瑰花形成细胞(SRF-C)数和血清溶血素(HC50)的形成;对迟发型超敏反应(DTH)无作用。结果提出,甘草酸铵、甘草锌在提高机体非特异性免疫功能和体液免疫能力方面并无差异,即主要为甘草酸的作用,锌似无作用。
4.皮质激素样作用:
(1)糖皮质激素样作用:小剂量的甘草酸(600mog/kg)腹腔注射能使大鼠胸腺萎缩而肾上腺重量增加,表明有促皮质激素样作用。每日肌注12.5mg可的松的轻症阿狄森氏病人,从测定尿皮质酮的第3日起,连日并用甘草酸160mg肌注,结果尿中游离型17-羟皮质酮增加而结合型17-羟皮质酮都降低,但总排泄量无变化。健康人连续肌注甘草酸80mg,早晚各一次,结果也相似,仅总17-羟皮质酮值稍有降低的倾向。说明甘草酸能增强和延长可的松的作用。其作用机理可能是甘草酸抑制皮质激素有体内破坏或减少与蛋白质结合,使血中游离的皮质激素浓度升高,从而增强其作用。
(2)盐皮质激素样作用:甘草酸的钠盐或铵盐均有去氧皮质酮样作用,能使多种实验动物尿量及钠的排出减少,钾排出增加,血钠上升,血钙降低,肾上腺皮质球带状萎缩,小量可的松可增强其作用。大量使用甘草酸后引起假醛固酮过多症,四肢瘫痪和低血钾。
5.抗溃疡作用:对醋酸诱发的大鼠慢性溃疡,口服甘草酸的治愈率为47.7%,不仅可抑制其胃酸分泌,还可促进溃汤愈合。
6.抗肿瘤作用:甘草酸对大鼠腹水肝癌及小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞能产生形态学上的变化,甘草酸尚能抑制皮下注射移植的吉田肉瘤,还能防止多氧化联苯对雄性小鼠所导致的肝癌并能预防0.06%四基一氨偶氮苯所引起的肝癌。其单铵盐对小鼠艾氏腹水癌及肉瘤有抑制作用。其单铵盐对小鼠艾氏腹水癌及肉瘤有抑制作用。其抗癌机理目前尚不清楚,在应用甘草酸的小鼠肝细胞超微结构形态观察时发现,甘草酸对细胞有很好的修复作用。在对临床上甘草酸可使胆细胞分泌的转氨酶(GOT与GPT)急剧减少。因而认为甘草酸能增强细胞的解毒作用和抵抗力。
7.对脂质代谢的影响:大部分高血压病人服用甘草酸后,血清胆甾醇下降,血压亦相应降低。甘草酸每日10mg/kg肌注,连续5d,对实验性家兔高脂血症有明显的降脂作用。小剂量的甘草酸(2mg/d)在一定时间内能使实验性动脉粥样硬化家兔的血胆固醇降低,粥样硬化程度减轻,20mg/d能阻止大动脉及冠状动脉粥样硬化的发展,与女性激素合用,此效果可增强,但剂量更大时(40mg/d)反而无效。用5mg/Kg,对实验性动脉粥样硬化家兔仅有轻度降胆甾醇作用,与双氯克尿噻合用,并无治疗效果,其钾盐15mg/kg降脂作用则极弱。有人认为甘草酸此作用与刺激垂体一肾上腺系统有关,或是甘草酸能促进胆固醇的结合与排泄。
8.对泌尿、生殖系统的影响:甘草酸对大鼠具有抗利尿作用,伴随着钠排出量减少,钾排出量也轻度减少。对切除肾上腺的大鼠,甘草酸仍能使钠和钾的排出减少,说明此作用通过肾上腺皮质激素来实现的。甘草酸及其钠盐,静脉注射可增强茶碱的利尿作用,对醋酸钾则无影响,能抑制雌激素对未成年动物子宫的增长作用,摘除肾上腺或卵巢后仍有同样作用。甘草酸剂量增大时,则反可增强雌激素样作用。
9.解热作用:甘草酸对发热的大鼠与小鼠及家兔具有解热作用。对红细胞膜Na+,K+-ATPase的抑制作用。甘草酸在使用浓度为4×10-3和4×10-2mg/ml时,对兔红细胞膜Na+,K+-ATPase产生明显的抑制作用。其50%抑制率时的药物浓度为14.6±0.9□g/ml。抑制作用呈竞争—非竞争型混合抑制。本实验条件下测得的Ki值为2.2ng/ml。
10.r-干扰素促诱生作用:甘草酸对人脾细胞产生r-干扰素(r-IFN)的影响的实验表明:ConA和PHA均可诱导人脾细胞产生IFN,甘草酸可提高ConA诱导人脾细胞产生的IFN水平,但对PHA诱生的IFN水平没有影响;甘草酸增加ConA诱导IFN产生的最适浓度为200□g/ml,最适诱生时间为48h,细胞浓度以1×107/ml为宜。甘草酸和ConA联合诱导人脾细胞产生的IFN以r型为主。
实验观察了甘草酸(CL)对新生儿脐血单个核细胞(CBMC)产生r-干扰素(IFNγ)的影响。结果表明:GL可明显提高刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导新生儿CBMC产生(IFNγ)的水平,在本实验条件下其最适作用浓度为100□g/ml。若GL先于ConA12h作用于CBMC其提高IFN□的作用明显优于两者同时作用产生的效果,且可部分逆转氢化可的松抑制CBMC产生IFNγ的作用。结果提示GL有可能使用于临床作为防治婴幼儿感染的药物,并有可能用GL来减轻由使用糖皮质激素而引起的免疫抑制效应。
11.对体外培养淋巴前列腺素的DNA合成的影响:测定了不同浓度的甘草酸单铵对体外培养人和大鼠淋巴细胞的3H胸腺嘧啶核苷(3HTdR)掺入抑制率及PGI2和TXA2合成的影响。结果表明:甘草酸单铵在1.5×10-7和3×10-7时增加3HTdR掺入抑制率。利用RIA方法测定了甘草酸单铵对淋巴细胞PGI2和TXA2的影响,发现在4×10-7,4×10-8,4×10-11mol/L甘草酸单铵作用下,可显著降低TXA2的释放,而对PGI2的释放无显著影响。
12.甘草酸还能使大鼠血压升高;其钠盐能使家兔血压上升,但对未梢血管无影响,亦无溶血作用。
13.毒性作用:甘草酸小鼠皮下注射的MLD为1g/kg。甘草酸大剂量(20-30mg/kg连续1周以上)能引起水肿,但停药后即可消失。
硒的作用和用途
1.硒能维持心脏细胞膜、线粒体膜、溶酶体膜和高尔基体膜通透功能,能稳定心肌、脑、肾、胰脏细胞系统完整性,推迟不可逆性损伤的发生,可在蛋白质合成和促进细胞修复过程中起很强作用,硒可加速心脑血管梗塞区细胞的修复,延长心脑缺血缺氧的存活时间和心脑自主性搏动时间,所以对各种原因引起的心脑血管病变,有预防和治疗作用。
2.缺硒可引起心、脑、血管病变,如:冠心病、心脑血管动脉硬化、高血压、心肌供血不足,心缩力不足,心肌梗塞和脑梗塞等,补硒可逆转和治疗上述病损伤。
3.缺硒可引起骨关节产生病变,如:引起克山病、大骨节病、风湿性和类风湿性关节炎、骨关节损伤。
4.缺硒地区癌症总死亡率增高,增加硒摄入,可减少癌的发生。
5.硒还能增强视力,刺激免疫球蛋白的和抗体的产生。增强身体抵抗疾病的能力,使机休各器官免受侵害。
6.硒是谷胱肽过氧化酶的辅因子,具有清除自由基和过氧化物的作用,使机体免受过氧化物损害。延长生命,延年益寿。
7.对糖尿病引起的心脑血管病变的预防和治疗作用。缺硒可使脂质分解代谢异常;诱发酮体产生——糖尿病酮症,酮体↑+蛋白分解——酮代谢产物↑——PH↓——酸中毒——糖尿病酮症酸中毒,补硒可抑制糖尿病酮症和糖尿病酸中毒。
8.硒用量:中国人用量0.03-0.06mg/日,国际量0.06mg/日,中毒量6.35umol。
铬的作用与用途(三氯化铬)
1.三价铬是葡萄糖耐量因子:
(1)人体缺铬可造成糖耐量受损或发展成糖尿病、高脂血症、动脉粥样硬化、生长发育停滞及寿命缩短,补铬可逆转上述现象。
(2)铬、胰岛素与线立体之间形成三元旦复合物,促进胰岛素发挥作用——降低血糖。
(3)铬是正常糖代谢的必须维量元素,饮食中铬缺乏和II型糖尿病有关。(4)三价铬与胰岛素活性有关,缺铬胰岛素活性降低——导致糖尿病、高脂血症,出现动脉粥样硬化。
2.铬对糖代谢的影响:高铬饲养大鼠及猴,血糖、甘油、三脂、胆固醇均显著下降,糖尿病大鼠血糖下降14-29%,国外资料报导:六例糖尿病人,发生高血糖体重减轻,运动失调,发生周围神经病变,经每天补给铬250μg,连用2周,不用胰岛屿素,患者的糖耐量和神经功能得到恢复。其后,每日补给20μg铬,糖代谢可维持正常。临床实验证明:补铬或GTF(糖耐量因子)能改善糖尿病人糖耐量异常者的葡萄糖耐量,降低血糖血脂,提高胰岛素敏感性,增加了胰岛素生物活性。后又有人对76例糖耐量异常的老年人,每日从饮食中供给铬200μg,对其糖耐量进行双盲交叉研究,三个月为一疗程,结果糖耐量受损者,补铬其间糖耐量明显改善,而安慰组没有这种作用。
3.铬的补充及毒理研究:
(1)国外学者用无机形式或GTF的啤酒酵母及人工培养的高铬酵母,给缺铬的人补充100-200μg的三价铬都取得满意效果。
(2)铬在体内有一定蓄积性,生物半衰期为27天,铬的毒性与存在状态有极大关系,三价铬化学性质很不活泼,毒性极低,较难引起中毒。
(3)临床试验:三氯化铬和醋酸铬分别0.8mg/kg和2.29mg/kg给小鼠,未见毒性。三氯化铬口服给大鼠LD50为1870mg/kg,小鼠腹腔注射LD50为140mg/kg,有人用三氯化铬对鼠进行iV注射LD50为10mg/kg,以上这样动物实验是用于治疗糖尿病和糖耐异常的数万倍,可见其间有很宽的安全范围。有人用含三价铬25mg/L的饮水饲养大鼠一年,未见有肝、肾方面损坏和毒性,给猫以50-1000mg/L的水连服三个月,未见毒性反应。
(4)三氯化铬致突变的研究:只有当大剂量氯化铬29mg/kg小鼠腹腔注射时,才有一定致畸作用。对于三价铬是否有致癌作用,尚未见报道。因此只给口服三价铬,安全范围是相当宽的。每日补充50-200μg不会引起毒性反应。
4.现代临床应用:三氯化铬250μg/日连服10日,血糖尿糖正常后改为25μg/日,患者糖耐量和神经得到恢复,以后25μg/日糖代谢可维持正常。
锰的作用和用途
1.锰是精氨酸酶,核糖核酸多聚酶,超氧化物歧化酶等的组成成份,并能激活一些酶,如:羧化酶等,对内分泌调节和免疫功能调节起重要作用。
2.锰可使神经血管壁松驰,达到扩张血管作用,促进心、脑、肾和维血管循环的血液供应,防治心、脑、肾血管病变和维血管病变及各种神经损伤。
3.缺锰胰腺发育不全,胰岛素分泌减少,血糖增高,导致糖尿病。
4.缺锰可引起骨骼病变,骨营养不良,类风湿和风湿性关节炎,骨关节损伤,退行性变,骨质异常增生,供骨血管和神经同时损伤,加速骨病损伤进程和骨坏死等。
5.儿童缺锰出现贫血,孕妇出现畸胎,先天性骨骼畸形病变。
6.缺锰可导致锰酶活性降低,内分泌失调,免疫功能低下,亦感染多种传染病。
7.锰可促使人延缓衰老,长寿,有清除自由基作用。
8.用量,日量5-10mg。
锌的作用与用途(硫酸锌)
1.锌参与体内80多种酶合成,胰腺、性腺、脑垂体的活动都有锌参与。
2.维持男性腺的正常发育机能,缺锌可使精子减少,生殖无能,形成男性不育。
3.锌能维持和增强人体屏障功能,发挥防御感染作用。
4.锌和心脑血管有一定关系,锌和镉在生物系统中互相拮抗,口服锌可取代动脉壁中镉,而扩张缺血区血管。
5.锌具有促进生长发育,改善味觉等,缺锌时生长停滞,神经机能衰竭,可有结膜炎、口腔炎、舌炎、食欲不振、慢性腹等。
6.锌对儿童生长发育关系重大,缺锌可见体瘦弱、智力发育迟缓等。
7.日量:10-15mg/日,最大量120mg/日。
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步详述。
该肝炎复康灵胶囊,其配方组成为五味子素硒苦豆子碱锰、大黄素铬、甘草锌。
该肝炎复康灵胶囊的制备工艺,具体步骤为:
(1)五味子提取五味子素硒工艺:取五味子粗粉,加1%硒酸钠95%乙醇5倍量温浸24小时后,加热回流提取3次,每次1小时,三次提取液合并,过滤减压回收乙醇,浓缩成膏,干燥后备用;
(2)苦豆子碱或根提取苦豆子碱锰工艺:
苦豆子根为粗粉,加1%硫酸锰75%乙醇5倍加热回流1小时,倾出药液;药渣同上法再加70%乙醇1%硫酸加热回流提取2次,合并提取液,静置1-2天,过滤,滤液回收乙醇,至无醇味,浓缩成膏,干燥后备用;
(3)大黄提取大黄素铬工艺:
①大黄饮片用0.2%氢氧化铬Cr(OH)3,70%乙醇5倍量,浸泡24小时后,低温40℃回流提取,每次10-15分钟,连续浸泡同法提取3次,合并3次提取液,回收乙醇,低温减压浓缩成膏,回收率26%;
②为了纯度高,药膏再加入70%乙醇2倍量,捣均,静置12小时沉淀杂质,抽取上清液;沉淀用45%乙醇洗涤2-3次,将沉淀中可溶性成份洗出,滤液和洗液合并,低温回收乙醇,减压浓缩冷却成膏;
(4)甘草提取甘草锌工艺:
①粗甘草粉用注射水10倍量0.5%碳酸锌ZnCO3渗漏,连续3次,渗漏液浓缩至原体积1/5过滤,滤液加浓流酸调至PH3,过滤析出沉淀,水洗3次,60℃以下干燥,既得粗甘草酸锌(得率10%);
②纯品甘草锌提取工艺:以上所得粗品甘草锌400g加4倍量乙醇,加热回流3小时,过滤、滤渣加2倍量乙醇加热回流2次,合并所有回收液加10g活性炭,回流脱色半小时冷却,过滤,滤液加ZnCO3至PH大于7.5,无固体析出为止。滤液沉淀,以少量乙醇洗涤,室温干燥,得甘草酸250g;
③甘草渣提取甘草锌:甘草残渣和沉淀物加1%硫酸锌ZnSO4和70%乙醇为溶酶,热浸8小时,加热回流2小时,过滤,连续2次,合并滤液,回收乙醇,浓缩成膏;
(5)选用最佳安全用量
五味子素硒3mg/kg/日;
苦豆子碱锰10mg/kg/日;
大黄素铬40mg/kg/日;
甘草锌5mg/kg/日;
共计日用2900mg/50kg/日;
共分装6个大号胶囊,每个含0.483g。
药代功力学:大黄甙类口服吸收好,作用发生时间30分钟,用药后6-19小时既排便,泻下成份主要是番泻甙类,发现肝肠浓度较高。
Claims (2)
1.一种肝炎复康胶囊,其特征在于配方组成为五味子素硒、苦豆子碱锰、大黄素铬、甘草锌;
五味子素硒由五味子粗粉,加硒酸钠、乙醇,经温浸、加热、回流提取、过滤后制得;
苦豆子碱锰由苦豆子根加硫酸锰、乙醇,经加热回流、静置、过滤、浓缩制得;
大黄素铬由大黄饮片用氢氧化铬Cr(OH)3,乙醇,经浸泡、回流提取、浓缩制得;
甘草锌由粗甘草粉用水、碳酸锌渗漏,渗漏液浓缩、过滤,滤液加浓硫酸酸调至PH3,过滤、水洗、干燥,既得粗品,粗品加乙醇,加热回流、过滤,滤渣加醇加热回流,回收液加活性炭,回流脱色、冷却、过滤,滤液加ZnCO3无固体析出为止,滤液沉淀,以少量乙醇洗涤、干燥既得;
配比为五味子素硒5.18%,苦豆子碱锰17.25%,大黄素铬68.97%,甘草锌8.62%。
2.一种肝炎复康胶囊的制备工艺,具体步骤为:
(1)五味子提取五味子素硒工艺:取五味子粗粉,加1%硒酸钠95%乙醇5倍量温浸24小时后,加热回流提取3次,每次1小时,三次提取液合并,过滤减压回收乙醇,浓缩成膏,干燥后备用;
(2)苦豆子碱或根提取苦豆子碱锰工艺:
苦豆子根为粗粉,加1%硫酸锰75%乙醇5倍加热回流1小时,倾出药液;药渣同上法再加70%乙醇1%硫酸加热回流提取2次,合并提取液,静置1-2天,过滤,滤液回收乙醇,至无醇味,浓缩成膏,干燥后备用;
(3)大黄提取大黄素铬工艺:
①大黄饮片用0.2%氢氧化铬Cr(OH)3,70%乙醇5倍量,浸泡24小时后,低温40℃回流提取,每次10-15分钟,连续浸泡同法提取3次,合并3次提取液,回收乙醇,低温减压浓缩成膏;
②药膏再加入70%乙醇2倍量,捣均,静置12小时沉淀杂质,抽取上清液;沉淀用45%乙醇洗涤2-3次,将沉淀中可溶性成份洗出,滤液和洗液合并,低温回收乙醇,减压浓缩冷却成膏;
(4)甘草提取甘草锌工艺:
①粗甘草粉用注射水10倍量0.5%碳酸锌ZnCO3渗漏,连续3次,渗漏液浓缩至原体积1/5过滤,滤液加浓流酸调至PH3,过滤析出沉淀,水洗3次,60℃以下干燥,既得粗甘草酸锌;
②纯品甘草锌提取工艺:以上所得粗品甘草锌400g加4倍量乙醇,加热回流3小时,过滤、滤渣加2倍量乙醇加热回流2次,合并所有回收液加10g活性炭,回流脱色半小时冷却,过滤,滤液加ZnCO3至PH大于7.5,无固体析出为止;滤液沉淀,以少量乙醇洗涤,室温干燥,得甘草酸250g;
③甘草渣提取甘草锌:甘草残渣和沉淀物加1%硫酸锌ZnSO4和70%乙醇为溶酶,热浸8小时,加热回流2小时,过滤,连续2次,合并滤液,回收乙醇,浓缩成膏;
(5)胶囊制备工艺:取五味子素硒3mg/kg/日;苦豆子碱锰10mg/kg/日;大黄素铬40mg/kg/日;甘草锌5mg/kg/日;共计2900mg/50kg/日;共分装6个大号胶囊,每个含0.483g。
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