CN113632612A - Method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil - Google Patents
Method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN113632612A CN113632612A CN202111059443.4A CN202111059443A CN113632612A CN 113632612 A CN113632612 A CN 113632612A CN 202111059443 A CN202111059443 A CN 202111059443A CN 113632612 A CN113632612 A CN 113632612A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- saline
- alkali soil
- soil
- parts
- alkali
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D1/00—Fertilisers containing potassium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps: firstly, leveling the land of the saline-alkali soil, then irrigating and pressing salt by fresh water, and airing for 10-15 days; secondly, spraying a saline-alkali soil modifier on the dried saline-alkali soil; and thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the saline-alkali soil sprayed with the saline-alkali soil conditioner to complete the improvement of the saline-alkali soil. The saline-alkali soil improvement method comprises the steps of leveling land, pressing salt with fresh water, spraying a saline-alkali soil improvement agent, deeply ploughing and topdressing, so that the saline-alkali soil is improved, the salt effect in the saline-alkali soil is reduced by utilizing the coordination effect of an active functional group in the saline-alkali soil improvement agent, the normal absorption of nutrition and water by a plant root system is facilitated, meanwhile, various nutrient elements are provided for the growth of plants, the saline-alkali soil is effectively improved, the soil aggregate structure is improved, the effects of salt elimination and alkali reduction are durable, and the plant growth is facilitated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of saline-alkali soil treatment, and particularly relates to a method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil.
Background
The scale of the saline-alkali soil in China is huge, the distribution is wide, and the available resources are rich. The excessive calcium, magnesium and sodium ions in the saline-alkali soil cause salt effect (reverse osmosis), so that microorganisms are difficult to survive, and the plant root system can not normally absorb nutrition and moisture. Aiming at the characteristics of low temperature, thin soil and poor structure of saline-alkali soil, the traditional method has a lot of difficulties in the saline-alkali soil improvement and utilization process, and the salt removal and alkali reduction improvement method which is carried out by adopting various methods such as ditching, salt reduction and salt removal, fresh water filling and salt pressing, and setting of drenching layer seepage prevention and salt separation cannot effectively achieve the purposes of soil desalination and salt return prevention. Meanwhile, the existing saline-alkali soil treatment method mainly reduces the salt content of the saline-alkali soil, and no matter hydraulic engineering measures, agricultural measures, biological measures and chemical measures are all limited conditions such as high cost and high plant characteristic requirements. The research of improving saline-alkali soil by utilizing desulfurized gypsum is mainly reported in China and abroad. The principle of improving the alkaline soil by the desulfurized gypsum is as follows: the desulfurized gypsum is dissolved to generate calcium ions to replace exchangeable sodium ions on soil colloid, so that the alkalization degree of the soil is reduced, and simultaneously, the calcium ions and CO in the soil3 2-、HCO3Precipitation reactions with reduced CO content3 2-、HCO3-causing a high pH of the soil. In addition, as the content of soil exchangeable Na + is reduced, soil particles are cemented to form inter-particle channels through soil expansion and contraction, the pore structure and permeability of the soil are also improved, and the application amount of the desulfurization gypsum is generally as follows: 22500-37500 kg/hm2However, long-term application of desulfurized gypsum in large amounts causes CaCO3And Ca (HCO)3)2Excessive deposition, increased soil volume weight and reduced air permeability,soil hardening is formed, and crop growth is damaged.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil aiming at the defects of the prior art. The method adopts the steps of land leveling, fresh water salt pressing, saline-alkali soil conditioner spraying, deep ploughing and topdressing in sequence to modify the saline-alkali soil, reduces the salt effect in the saline-alkali soil by utilizing the coordination effect of an active functional group in the saline-alkali soil conditioner, is beneficial to the normal absorption of nutrition and moisture by a plant root system to grow, provides multiple nutrient elements for the growth of plants, effectively modifies the saline-alkali soil, improves the granular structure of the soil, has lasting effects of salt elimination and alkali reduction, and is beneficial to the growth of the plants.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, leveling and preparing the saline-alkali soil, irrigating and pressing salt by fresh water, and airing for 10-15 days; the fresh water irrigation dosage is 150m3Per mu-300 m3Per mu;
step two, spraying a saline-alkali soil modifier on the saline-alkali soil dried in the step one;
and step three, carrying out rotary tillage on the saline-alkali soil sprayed with the saline-alkali soil conditioner in the step three to finish the improvement of the saline-alkali soil.
The method firstly flattens the saline-alkali soil to perform land preparation, eliminates the adverse factors of local depression and slope salt accumulation, ensures that the water in the saline-alkali soil is uniformly distributed and infiltrated, is favorable for improving the effects of precipitation and irrigation, and then performs the method according to the length of 150m3Per mu-300 m3Irrigating with fresh water to press salt for one mu, allowing excessive calcium, magnesium and sodium ions in soil to penetrate into deep layer with water, air drying until soil is slightly dry, air drying for 15 days, spraying saline-alkali soil modifier on saline-alkali soil after land preparation, and naturally providing mineral with active functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, methoxyl, nitro and the like capable of generating coordination compounds with inorganic mineral ions by utilizing unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds in the saline-alkali soil modifierUnder the action of the mass absorption and transport carrier, inorganic ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium ions and the like in the saline-alkali soil form complexes to be passivated, so that the salt effect is greatly reduced, and the normal absorption of nutrition and moisture by the plant root system is facilitated; meanwhile, the saline-alkali soil modifier contains comprehensive and comprehensive nutritional ingredients, contains a large number of nutritional elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like, is rich in medium and trace elements necessary for crops such as sulfur, magnesium, boron, iron, zinc, copper and the like, contains organic micromolecular nutritional active substances such as reducing sugar, amino acid and the like and is balanced in plant required nutritional elements, and is easy to be absorbed and utilized by plants comprehensively. In addition, the long-term use of rich organic micromolecule nutritional active substances in the saline-alkali soil conditioner promotes the formation of a soil aggregate structure, so that the soil is porous and loose, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the soil is increased, the soil fertility is increased, and meanwhile, a series of active substances for promoting the growth of plants, such as carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, hydroxy acid, keto acid, amino acid and the like, are formed by active functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, methoxy, nitro and the like, contained in the saline-alkali soil conditioner, so that the growth of the plants is stimulated, the immunity of the plants is remarkably improved, the continuous cropping resistance and the saline-alkali resistance of the plants are improved, and the healthy growth of the crops is ensured; the organic small molecular nutrient active substances such as organic nitrogen compounds, amino acids and alkaloids which can be directly absorbed by the plants effectively activate the enzyme synthesis in the plants, improve the photosynthesis of the plants, promote the transfer and transportation of photosynthetic products, promote the accumulation of dry substances and sugar in the plants, remarkably improve the growth vigor of the plants and simultaneously improve the yield of the plants.
The method for quickly and efficiently improving the saline-alkali soil is characterized in that in the second step, the content of organic matters in the saline-alkali soil improver is 150 g/L-200 g/L, the content of total nitrogen is 40 g/L-60 g/L, the content of phosphorus pentoxide is 5 g/L-20 g/L, the content of potassium oxide is 10 g/L-30 g/L, the content of ferrous sulfate is 10 g/L-20 g/L, and the content of borax is 2 g/L-6 g/L.
The method for quickly and efficiently improving the saline-alkali soil is characterized in that the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver in the step two is as follows:
step 201, uniformly mixing 50-150 parts of honey and 10-50 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH to 3-6.5 to obtain a honey mixed liquor;
step 202, adding 75-100 parts by mass of urea, 40-70 parts by mass of monoammonium phosphate and 30-50 parts by mass of potassium nitrate into 700-1200 parts by mass of the honey mixed liquor obtained in the step 201, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed liquor A;
step 203, adding 10-20 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2-6 parts of borax to 700-1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 2-5 parts of bacillus subtilis and 1-3 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil modifier; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 35-65 ℃, air is introduced, the ventilation volume is 0.1-0.5 v/v.min, and the time is 72-120 h.
The preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver selects the honey and the pyroligneous as raw materials, major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and trace elements of iron, boron and sulfur are added after blending to form a culture medium containing a carbon source, units, inorganic salt, growth factors and water, then bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis are added to carry out aerobic fermentation in the air to generate a large amount of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, methoxyl, nitro and other active functional groups to obtain the saline-alkali soil modifier, and after the saline-alkali soil modifier is applied to saline-alkali soil, the compound fertilizer and inorganic ions in saline-alkali soil form a complex to passivate, so that the salt effect is greatly reduced, the enzyme synthesis in plants is effectively activated, the photosynthesis of the plants is improved, the transfer and transportation of photosynthetic products are promoted, the accumulation of dry substances and sugar in the plants is promoted, the growth vigor of the plants is obviously improved, and the yield of the plants is improved. Meanwhile, in the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver, bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis are mixed for aerobic fermentation, wherein the bacillus subtilis utilizes protein, various sugars and starch in a culture medium and decomposes tryptophan to form indole to synthesize various B vitamins such as vitamin B1, B2, B6, nicotinic acid and the like, and plays an important role in the plant growth process to influence the growth, cell division, flower formation and aging process of plants; the bacillus licheniformis adjusts the dysbacteriosis to achieve ecological modification, promotes plants to generate antibacterial active substances such as polymyxin, nystatin, gramicidin and the like, thereby having obvious inhibiting effect on pathogenic bacteria, particularly endogenous infection pathogenic bacteria, playing a unique biological oxygen-deprivation action mechanism, inhibiting the growth and the reproduction of the pathogenic bacteria and achieving the purpose of preventing and treating plant diseases.
The unit of aeration in the conditions of the fermentation according to the invention, v/v.min, represents the ratio of the volume of air introduced per minute to the volume of the fermenter.
The method for quickly and efficiently improving the saline-alkali soil is characterized in that the saline-alkali soil improver in the step two is diluted to 200-500 times and then sprayed, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver for moderate saline-alkali soil is 200-400 kg/mu, and the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver for severe saline-alkali soil is 400-600 kg/mu; the moderate saline-alkali soil is a soil with the pH value of 8.0-9.0, or a soil with the alkalization degree of 16-25%, or a soil with the salinity of 0.4-0.6%; the severe saline-alkali soil is a soil with the pH value of more than 9.0, or a soil with the alkalization degree of more than 25%, or a soil with the salinity of more than 0.6%.
The saline-alkali soil modifier has the advantages of rich nutrients, complete dissolution, efficient absorption, safety, convenience and the like, has obvious effect and high speed, can be dissolved by 100 percent, has good solubility, ensures that no residue is left in a water pool and an irrigation pipe, avoids pipeline blockage, is suitable for most fertilization systems, and has very convenient adjustment of use concentration. Meanwhile, the saline-alkali soil improver cannot be directly applied by flushing, but adopts a 'secondary dilution' fertilizer flushing method, so that the fertilizer is uniformly used, the utilization rate of the saline-alkali soil improver is improved, the conditions of uneven fertilizer flushing, root injury and yellow leaf injury of plants with large fertilizer flushing amount and influence on growth of crops with small fertilizer flushing amount are avoided. According to experience, when the amount of the saline-alkali soil conditioner of the moderate saline-alkali soil is less than 200 kg/mu or the amount of the saline-alkali soil conditioner of the severe saline-alkali soil is less than 400 kg/mu, the improvement effect is not obvious, and when the amount of the saline-alkali soil conditioner of the moderate saline-alkali soil is more than 400 kg/mu or the amount of the saline-alkali soil conditioner of the severe saline-alkali soil is more than 600 kg/mu, the cost of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is high, the improvement effect cannot be improved, and the input-output ratio is poor.
The method for quickly and efficiently improving the saline-alkali soil is characterized in that the rotary tillage in the third step is the rotary tillage of a soil layer with the depth of 15 cm-30 cm. The excessive calcium, magnesium and sodium ions in the saline-alkali soil are deposited to destroy the granular structure of the soil, so that the soil forms a plate layer, the permeability is greatly reduced, the plate layer can be broken through by carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 15-30 cm, soil gaps are increased, a live soil layer is increased, a good water, fertilizer, gas and heat condition is created for root systems, the soil can be promoted to be further cured, the organic substances in the soil can be differentiated, and the soil fertility is effectively improved.
The method for quickly and efficiently improving the saline-alkali soil is characterized in that the topdressing is carried out on the plants after the rotary tillage in the third step, and the specific process is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 300-1000 times and then applied for 2-4 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 20-60 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 5-30 kg/mu. Supplementing the nutrition requirement for the plant in the growing period, particularly in the middle and later periods by adding urea; meanwhile, the added saline-alkali soil conditioner contains organic acid, so that the organic acid can neutralize free alkali to replace exchanged sodium on the soil complex and dissolve calcium carbonate contained in the soil, calcium ions and sodium ions interact to replace exchangeable sodium ions, the salt effect is further reduced, and the higher the organic content is, the stronger the effect of inhibiting water and salt movement is. The saline-alkali soil conditioner contains beneficial microbial floras of bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis, when the saline-alkali soil conditioner enters soil, a carbon source is provided for microbial propagation, in the plant growth process, beneficial bacteria propagate in the rhizosphere of plants in a large quantity and form a high-quality population, so that the propagation of pathogenic bacteria in the rhizosphere of plants is inhibited, the growth of crops is stimulated, the development of the root system of the crops is promoted, the synthesis of chlorophyll, protein and nucleic acid is promoted, and the stress resistance of the plants is improved. Meanwhile, soil organic matters are decomposed by microorganisms to form humic acid with the main component of humic acid, so that loose soil single grains are cemented into soil aggregates, the volume weight of the soil is reduced, the porosity is increased, water absorbed into the soil and released nutrient elements are easy to intercept, the available nutrient elements are difficult to fix, and the soil ecological environment and the soil microbial community are improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the saline-alkali soil improvement method comprises the steps of leveling land, pressing salt with fresh water, spraying a saline-alkali soil improvement agent, deeply ploughing and topdressing, so that the saline-alkali soil is improved, the salt effect in the saline-alkali soil is reduced by utilizing the coordination effect of an active functional group in the saline-alkali soil improvement agent, the normal absorption of nutrition and water by a plant root system is facilitated, meanwhile, various nutrient elements are provided for the growth of plants, the saline-alkali soil is effectively improved, the soil aggregate structure is improved, the effects of salt elimination and alkali reduction are durable, and the plant growth is facilitated.
2. The invention uses byproducts (molasses and pyroligneous liquor) generated in the sugar industry and the charcoal processing process as raw materials, and the saline-alkali soil modifier prepared by adjusting the pH, adding major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, ferrous sulfate and boric acid, and performing aerobic fermentation by bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis has the advantages of strong degradation capability, high speed, good water solubility and easy improvement effect, becomes a biomass energy nutrient fertilizer for cultivating land capability and improving plant quality, has coordinated nutrient proportion, effectively stimulates the division of crop root cells and the respiration of leaf surfaces, promotes the balance of plant enzymes, enhances the photosynthesis and improves the saline-alkali resistance of plants.
3. The invention sprays saline-alkali soil conditioner in the soil after rotary tillage, effectively improves the physical property and structure of the soil, thereby improving the water and fertilizer retention capability of the soil, simultaneously generates organic acid to neutralize free alkali, further reduces salt effect and enhances the improvement effect.
4. The improvement operation of the invention is simple, the adopted saline-alkali soil improver is liquid and 100% of full water-soluble, the improvement can be completed by mechanical spraying, water-flushing and other modes, saline-alkali ditch and other projects are not needed, the improvement process is short, the effect is fast, the saline-alkali is not easy to relapse, and the duration is long.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by examples below.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, leveling the saline-alkali soil, irrigating with fresh water to press salt, and airing for 10 days; the amount of the fresh water used for irrigation is 200m3Per mu; the saline-alkali soil is a severe saline-alkali soil with the pH value of 9.8, the alkalization degree of 37% and the salinity of 0.92% of the soil;
step two, diluting the saline-alkali soil conditioner to 20 times, and spraying the saline-alkali soil conditioner on the dried saline-alkali soil in the step one, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is 600 kg/mu;
the saline-alkali soil improver contains 160g/L of organic matter, 50g/L of total nitrogen, 8g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 12g/L of potassium oxide, 15g/L of ferrous sulfate and 3g/L of borax; the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver comprises the following steps:
step 201, uniformly mixing 70 parts of honey and 30 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH value to 5.2 to obtain a honey mixed solution;
step 202, adding 80 parts of urea, 40 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 30 parts of potassium nitrate into 850 parts of the honey mixed liquor obtained in the step 201 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed liquor A;
step 203, adding 17 parts of ferrous sulfate and 3 parts of borax to 950 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 5 parts of bacillus subtilis and 2 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil improver; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 55 ℃, the ventilation volume is 0.2 v/v.min, and the time is 110 h;
thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 25cm in the saline-alkali soil after the saline-alkali soil conditioner is sprayed in the third step, and then carrying out topdressing to finish the improvement on the saline-alkali soil; the specific process of the topdressing is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 500 times and then applied for 3 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 50 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 15 kg/mu.
The same non-improved saline-alkali soil as the saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a control group, the improved saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a test group, the same planting conditions are respectively adopted to plant sunflowers in the control group and the test group, and the growth conditions and conditions of the sunflowers are observed, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
"↓" in table 1 indicates a decrease, and "↓" indicates an increase.
As can be seen from table 1, the pH, the alkalization degree, the salinity, the cation and anion contents of the saline-alkali soil improved in this embodiment are all lower than those of the original saline-alkali soil, especially the cation and anion contents are reduced by a large extent, so that the chlorophyll value and the yield of the plant sunflower are both improved, especially the yield of the sunflower is significantly increased.
Example 2
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, leveling the saline-alkali soil, irrigating with fresh water to press salt, and airing for 7 days; the fresh water irrigation dosage is 150m3Per mu; the saline-alkali soil is moderate saline-alkali soil with the pH value of 8.7, the alkalization degree of 21% and the salinity of 0.53% of the soil;
step two, diluting the saline-alkali soil conditioner to 80 times, and spraying the saline-alkali soil conditioner on the dried saline-alkali soil in the step one, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is 300 kg/mu;
the saline-alkali soil improver contains 175g/L of organic matter, 55g/L of total nitrogen, 10g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 15g/L of potassium oxide, 12g/L of ferrous sulfate and 2g/L of borax; the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver comprises the following steps:
step 201, uniformly mixing 100 parts of honey and 30 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH value to 5.8 to obtain a honey mixed solution;
step 202, adding 100 parts of urea, 35 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 25 parts of potassium nitrate into 950 parts of the honey mixed solution obtained in the step 201 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution A;
step 203, adding 20 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2 parts of borax to 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 3 parts of bacillus subtilis and 2 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil improver; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 50 ℃, the ventilation volume is 0.25 v/v.min, and the time is 96 h;
thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 20cm in the saline-alkali soil after the saline-alkali soil conditioner is sprayed in the third step, and then carrying out topdressing to finish the improvement on the saline-alkali soil; the specific process of the topdressing is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 500 times and then applied for 3 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 40 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 10 kg/mu.
The same non-improved saline-alkali soil as the saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a control group, the improved saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a test group, the same planting conditions are respectively adopted to plant sunflowers in the control group and the test group, and the growth conditions and conditions of the sunflowers are observed, and the results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
"↓" in table 2 indicates a decrease, and "↓" indicates an increase.
As can be seen from table 2, the pH, the alkalization degree, the salinity, the cation and anion contents of the saline-alkali soil improved in this embodiment are all lower than those of the original saline-alkali soil, especially the cation and anion contents are reduced by a large extent, so that the chlorophyll value and the yield of the plant sunflower are both improved, especially the yield of the sunflower is significantly increased.
Example 3
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, leveling the saline-alkali soil, irrigating with fresh water to press salt, and airing for 15 days; the amount of the fresh water used for irrigation is 300m3Per mu; the saline-alkali soil is a severe saline-alkali soil with the pH value of 9.3, the alkalization degree of 31% and the salinity of 1.15% of the soil;
step two, diluting the saline-alkali soil conditioner to 30 times, and spraying the saline-alkali soil conditioner on the dried saline-alkali soil in the step one, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is 500 kg/mu;
the saline-alkali soil improver contains 180g/L of organic matter, 40g/L of total nitrogen, 10g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 15g/L of potassium oxide, 10g/L of ferrous sulfate and 3g/L of borax; the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver comprises the following steps:
step 201, uniformly mixing 100 parts of honey and 20 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH value to 6.3 to obtain a honey mixed solution;
step 202, adding 80 parts of urea, 40 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 30 parts of potassium nitrate into 950 parts of the honey mixed solution obtained in the step 201 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution A;
step 203, adding 15 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2 parts of borax to 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 5 parts of bacillus subtilis and 2 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil improver; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 45 ℃, the ventilation volume is 0.3 v/v.min, and the time is 120 h;
thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 25cm in the saline-alkali soil after the saline-alkali soil conditioner is sprayed in the third step, and then carrying out topdressing to finish the improvement on the saline-alkali soil; the specific process of the topdressing is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 500 times and then applied for 3 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 60 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 20 kg/mu.
The same non-improved saline-alkali soil as the saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a control group, the improved saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a test group, the same planting conditions are respectively adopted to plant sorghum in the control group and the test group, and the growth conditions and conditions of the sorghum are observed, and the results are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3
In table 3, "↓" indicates a decrease, and "↓" indicates an increase.
As can be seen from table 3, the pH, the alkalization degree, the salinity, the cation content and the anion content of the saline-alkali soil improved in this embodiment are all lower than those of the original saline-alkali soil, especially the salinity, the cation content and the anion content are greatly reduced, so the chlorophyll value and the yield of the plant sorghum are both improved, especially the yield of the sorghum is significantly increased.
Example 4
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, leveling the saline-alkali soil, irrigating with fresh water to press salt, and airing for 8 days; the irrigation amount of the fresh water is 180m3Per mu; the saline-alkali soil is a severe saline-alkali soil with the pH value of 9.6, the alkalization degree of 40% and the salinity of 0.65% of the soil;
step two, diluting the saline-alkali soil conditioner to 100 times, and spraying the saline-alkali soil conditioner on the dried saline-alkali soil in the step one, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is 400 kg/mu;
the saline-alkali soil improver contains 150g/L of organic matter, 60g/L of total nitrogen, 15g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 10g/L of potassium oxide, 18g/L of ferrous sulfate and 5g/L of borax; the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver comprises the following steps:
step 201, uniformly mixing 100 parts of honey and 50 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH value to 5.5 to obtain honey mixed liquor;
step 202, adding 120 parts of urea, 45 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 20 parts of potassium nitrate into 850 parts of the honey mixed solution obtained in the step 201 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution A;
step 203, adding 20 parts of ferrous sulfate and 5 parts of borax to 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 3 parts of bacillus subtilis and 3 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil improver; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 45 ℃, the ventilation volume is 0.4 v/v.min, and the time is 72 h;
thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 30cm in the saline-alkali soil after the saline-alkali soil conditioner is sprayed in the third step, and then carrying out topdressing to complete the improvement on the saline-alkali soil; the specific process of the topdressing is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 300 times and then applied for 3 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 40 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 20 kg/mu.
The same non-improved saline-alkali soil as the saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a control group, the improved saline-alkali soil in this embodiment is selected as a test group, the same planting conditions are respectively adopted to plant corn in the control group and the test group, the growth conditions and conditions of the corn are observed, and the results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4
In table 4, "↓" indicates a decrease, and "↓" indicates an increase.
As can be seen from table 4, the pH, the alkalization degree, the salinity, the cation and anion contents of the saline-alkali soil improved in this embodiment are all lower than those of the original saline-alkali soil, especially the cation and anion contents are reduced by a large extent, so the chlorophyll value and the yield of the plant corn are both improved, especially the yield of the corn is significantly increased.
Example 5
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, leveling the saline-alkali soil, irrigating with fresh water to press salt, and airing for 7 days; the fresh water irrigation dosage is 150m3Per mu; the saline-alkali soil is a severe saline-alkali soil with the pH value of 8.6, the alkalization degree of 18% and the salinity of 0.48% of the soil;
step two, diluting the saline-alkali soil conditioner to 50 times, and spraying the saline-alkali soil conditioner on the dried saline-alkali soil in the step one, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is 200 kg/mu;
the saline-alkali soil improver contains 170g/L of organic matter, 45g/L of total nitrogen, 15g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 15g/L of potassium oxide, 10g/L of ferrous sulfate and 2g/L of borax; the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver comprises the following steps:
step 201, uniformly mixing 110 parts of honey and 30 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH value to 5.6 to obtain a honey mixed solution;
step 202, adding 90 parts of urea, 45 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 35 parts of potassium nitrate into 950 parts of the honey mixed solution obtained in the step 201 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution A;
step 203, adding 12 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2 parts of borax to 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 5 parts of bacillus subtilis and 3 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil improver; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 40 ℃, the ventilation volume is 0.35 v/v.min, and the time is 84 h;
thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 18cm in the saline-alkali soil after the saline-alkali soil conditioner is sprayed in the third step, and then carrying out topdressing to complete the improvement on the saline-alkali soil; the specific process of the topdressing is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 600 times and then applied for 2 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 30 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 15 kg/mu.
The same non-improved saline-alkali soil as the saline-alkali soil in this embodiment was selected as a control group, the improved saline-alkali soil in this embodiment was used as a test group, the same planting conditions were respectively adopted to plant rice in the control group and the test group, and the growth conditions and conditions were observed, with the results shown in table 5.
TABLE 5
"↓" in table 5 indicates a decrease, and "↓" indicates an increase.
As can be seen from table 5, the pH, the alkalization degree, the salinity, the cation and anion contents of the saline-alkali soil improved in this embodiment are all lower than those of the original saline-alkali soil, especially the cation and anion contents are reduced by a large extent, so that the chlorophyll value and the yield of the plant rice are both improved, especially the yield of the rice is significantly increased.
Example 6
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, leveling the saline-alkali soil, irrigating and pressing salt by fresh water, and airing for 12 days; the amount of the fresh water used for irrigation is 200m3Per mu; the saline-alkali soil is a severe saline-alkali soil with the pH value of 9.3, the alkalization degree of 35% and the salinity of 0.85% of the soil;
step two, diluting the saline-alkali soil conditioner to 50 times, and spraying the saline-alkali soil conditioner on the dried saline-alkali soil in the step one, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil conditioner is 400 kg/mu;
the saline-alkali soil improver contains 160g/L of organic matter, 50g/L of total nitrogen, 20g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 15g/L of potassium oxide, 20g/L of ferrous sulfate and 6g/L of borax; the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver comprises the following steps:
step 201, uniformly mixing 150 parts of honey and 40 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH value to 6.1 to obtain a honey mixed solution;
step 202, adding 100 parts of urea, 50 parts of monoammonium phosphate and 30 parts of potassium nitrate into 1000 parts of the honey mixed liquor obtained in the step 201 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed liquor A;
step 203, adding 20 parts of ferrous sulfate and 6 parts of borax to 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 3 parts of bacillus subtilis and 5 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil improver; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 35 ℃, the ventilation volume is 0.45 v/v.min, and the time is 120 h;
thirdly, carrying out rotary tillage on the soil layer with the depth of 25cm in the saline-alkali soil after the saline-alkali soil conditioner is sprayed in the third step, and then carrying out topdressing to finish the improvement on the saline-alkali soil; the specific process of the topdressing is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 300 times and then applied for 4 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 20 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 5 kg/mu.
The same non-improved saline-alkali soil as the saline-alkali soil in this embodiment was selected as a control group, the improved saline-alkali soil in this embodiment was selected as a test group, the same planting conditions were respectively adopted to plant sorghum sudanense in the control group and the test group, and the growth conditions and conditions thereof were observed, with the results shown in table 6.
TABLE 6
"↓" in table 6 indicates a decrease, and "↓" indicates an increase.
As can be seen from table 6, the pH, the alkalization degree, the salinity, the cation and anion contents of the saline-alkali soil after the improvement in the embodiment are all lower than those of the original saline-alkali soil, especially the cation and anion contents are reduced by a large extent, so that the chlorophyll value and the yield of the plant sorghum sudanense are both improved, especially the yield of the plant sorghum sudanense is significantly increased.
Investigating the improvement effect of different improvement schemes on saline-alkali soil
The same type of saline-alkali soil is improved by adopting a soil-bearing method, a water conservancy salt discharge method, a saline-alkali soil modifier improvement method (namely the method of the invention) and a desulfurization gypsum method respectively, and the saline-alkali soil which is not improved is selected as a control group.
The concrete processes of the four improved methods are as follows:
(1) the soil-visiting method: paving sand with the particle size of 0.05-0.25 mm on the ground of the saline-alkali soil to form a sand layer with the thickness of 20-30 cm so as to buffer the saline-alkali soil;
(2) a water conservancy salt discharge method: pouring water into the saline-alkali land to form a water layer with the thickness of 15 cm-30 cm, so that salt in the soil is fully dissolved, and then beating the water with the dissolved salt away through a drainage ditch to reduce the salt content;
(3) improving the saline-alkali soil modifier: see example 5;
(4) desulfurization gypsum method: uniformly spreading the desulfurization gypsum on the saline-alkali soil according to the application amount of 1500-2500 kg/mu, and then carrying out rotary tillage with a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 15-25 cm, so that the desulfurization gypsum and the soil are fully mixed, the alkalization degree of the soil is reduced, and the pH value of the soil is improved.
Through detection, the content of cations in the saline-alkali soil is Ca according to the rule2+＞Na+＞Mg2+＞K+Wherein Ca is2+The content of the total amount of 4 types of counted cations is 74.90%, and the cation is the dominant cation of the saline-alkali soil; the content of anions in the saline-alkali soil is SO according to the rule4 2－＞HCO3 －＞NO3 －＞Cl－In which SO4 2－、HCO3 －The content of the total amount of 4 anions is 48.40% and 28.15% respectively, and the anions are the leading anions of the saline-alkali soil.
The content change of the salt composition in the saline-alkali soil improved by the different improvement schemes is detected respectively, and the results are shown in table 7.
TABLE 7
As can be seen from Table 7, the improvement of the saline-alkali soil by adopting the soil-passenger method, the water-conservancy salt discharge method, the saline-alkali soil improver method and the desulfurization gypsum method can greatly and obviously reduce Ca in the saline-alkali soil2+The contents, and the reduction were 69.42%, 39.91%, 85.86% and 65.83%, respectively, due to Ca under the respective treatment conditions2+The content of the cations in the soil salt is larger, and the improvement effect on the surface is more significant; the four improvement treatment methods are used for treating Na in saline-alkali soil+The content effect is increased and decreased, but the difference is not obvious, which shows that the improvement effect has little significance; the soil replacement method, the water conservancy salt discharge method and the saline-alkali soil modifier improvement method in the four improvement treatment methods can obviously reduce Mg2+Content, but desulfurized Gypsum Process on Mg2+The content influence is not significant; four improved treatment methods can obviously reduce K+The contents, the reduction amplitudes were 44.37%, 51.44%, 63.65% and 28.69%, respectively, but due to K under the respective treatment conditions+The proportion of the content in the total salt composition is extremely small, so that the improvement effect is also insignificant. In general, compared with a control group, the total amount of cations in the saline-alkali soil can be obviously reduced by the soil-passenger method, the water conservancy salt discharge method, the saline-alkali soil improvement method and the desulfurization gypsum method, the reduction amplitudes are 58.35%, 35.44%, 75.52% and 51.52%, and particularly the reduction effect of the saline-alkali soil improvement method is most obvious.
Meanwhile, compared with a control group, the saline-alkali soil is improved by adopting a soil-bearing method and a saline-alkali soil improver improving method, SO that SO can be greatly and obviously reduced4 2－Content of SO produced by water conservancy salt discharge method and desulfurization gypsum method4 2－The content is obviously increased; obvious HCO reduction by water conservancy salt elimination method3 －Content, other methods are for HCO3 －The content has no obvious influence; the method can obviously reduce NO by adopting the soil-bearing method, the water conservancy salt discharge method, the saline-alkali soil modifier improvement method and the desulfurization gypsum method3 －The content and the reduction amplitude are 62.83%, 50.42%, 87.88% and 49.08% respectively, and the improvement effect is obvious; improving method for improving soil-bearing method and saline-alkali soil－Content, water conservancy salt discharge method and desulfurization gypsum method for treating Cl－The content influence ratio is not significant. In general, the water conservancy salt discharge method and the desulfurization gypsum method have no obvious influence on the total amount of anions in the saline-alkali soil, and the soil conservation method and the saline-alkali methodCompared with a control group, the total amount of anions in the saline-alkali soil can be obviously reduced by the land modifier improving method, the reduction amplitude is respectively 34.91% and 60.48%, and the effect of reducing the total amount of the anions in the soil by the saline-alkali soil modifier improving method is most obvious.
In conclusion, the saline-alkali soil is improved by adopting the soil-bearing method, the water conservancy salt discharge method, the saline-alkali soil improvement method and the desulfurized gypsum method, the total amount of the saline-alkali soil salt ions can be greatly and obviously reduced, wherein the reduction amplitudes are 46.96%, 20.65%, 68.21% and 29.97%, and particularly the effect of reducing the total amount of the saline-alkali soil salt ions by adopting the saline-alkali soil improvement method is most obvious.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modification, change and equivalent changes of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the invention are still within the protection scope of the technical solution of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for quickly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, leveling and preparing the saline-alkali soil, irrigating and pressing salt by fresh water, and airing for 10-15 days; the fresh water irrigation dosage is 150m3Per mu-300 m3Per mu;
step two, spraying a saline-alkali soil modifier on the saline-alkali soil dried in the step one;
and step three, carrying out rotary tillage on the saline-alkali soil sprayed with the saline-alkali soil conditioner in the step three to finish the improvement of the saline-alkali soil.
2. The method for rapidly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the saline-alkali soil improver contains 150g/L to 200g/L of organic matter, 40g/L to 60g/L of total nitrogen, 5g/L to 20g/L of phosphorus pentoxide, 10g/L to 30g/L of potassium oxide, 10g/L to 20g/L of ferrous sulfate and 2g/L to 6g/L of borax.
3. The method for rapidly and efficiently improving the saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the preparation process of the saline-alkali soil improver in the step two is as follows:
step 201, uniformly mixing 50-150 parts of honey and 10-50 parts of pyroligneous liquor by mass, and adjusting the pH to 3-6.5 to obtain a honey mixed liquor;
step 202, adding 75-100 parts by mass of urea, 40-70 parts by mass of monoammonium phosphate and 30-50 parts by mass of potassium nitrate into 700-1200 parts by mass of the honey mixed liquor obtained in the step 201, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed liquor A;
step 203, adding 10-20 parts of ferrous sulfate and 2-6 parts of borax to 700-1000 parts of the improved mixed solution A obtained in the step 202 by mass, and stirring and mixing to obtain an improved mixed solution B;
step 204, adding 2-5 parts of bacillus subtilis and 1-3 parts of bacillus licheniformis into 1000 parts of the improved mixed solution B obtained in the step 202 by mass, and then putting the mixture into an aerobic fermentation tank for fermentation to obtain a saline-alkali soil modifier; the fermentation conditions are as follows: the temperature is 35-65 ℃, air is introduced, the ventilation volume is 0.1-0.5 v/v.min, and the time is 72-120 h.
4. The method for rapidly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the saline-alkali soil improver obtained in the step two is diluted to 200-500 times and then sprayed, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver for moderate saline-alkali soil is 200-400 kg/mu, and the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver for severe saline-alkali soil is 400-600 kg/mu; the moderate saline-alkali soil is a soil with the pH value of 8.0-9.0, or a soil with the alkalization degree of 16-25%, or a soil with the salinity of 0.4-0.6%; the severe saline-alkali soil is a soil with the pH value of more than 9.0, or a soil with the alkalization degree of more than 25%, or a soil with the salinity of more than 0.6%.
5. The method for rapidly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the rotary tillage in the third step is rotary tillage on a soil layer with a depth of 15cm to 30 cm.
6. The method for rapidly and efficiently improving saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the topdressing is carried out on the plants after the rotary tillage in the third step, and the specific process is as follows: the saline-alkali soil improver and urea are mixed and diluted by 300-1000 times and then applied for 2-4 times, wherein the dosage of the saline-alkali soil improver is 20-60 kg/mu, and the dosage of the urea is 5-30 kg/mu.
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