CN113559822A - 一种茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及重金属污染治理及修复领域,特别涉及一种茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法及其应用,将烘干粉碎的茶籽壳洗净在300℃以上温度条件、N2限氧环境下烧制,冷却至室温并取出磨细得到茶籽壳生物炭,能应用于处理重金属镉和铅。本发明仅通过粉磨茶籽壳和在N2限氧环境下高温烧制就得到对镉和铅具有良好去除效果的茶籽壳生物炭,制备方法简单、易实现,且未通过化学试剂改性,显著降低生产成本,对环境友好,使用方法简单,无需与其他物质混合,直接放入土壤中一段时间就能对镉和铅起到去除效果,有利于投入实际生产应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及重金属污染治理及修复领域,特别涉及一种茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
随着社会的进步和现代化工农业的发展,人类活动对自然环境的影响越来越深远。从农业的化肥、农药,到工业的“三废”,再到日常生活中的污水、垃圾等,它们无不影响着大自然,随意排放必然引发各种环境问题,进而破坏生态环境,甚至可能对人类的生命健康构成巨大的威胁。
重金属污染引起的环境危机是全球关注的热点环境问题之一,其中镉和铅是受到关注最多的两种污染物。镉和铅主要通过矿产资源的开采冶炼、电镀、纺织、化学制造、电子仪表等行业生产以及污水灌溉进入到环境中,造成环境中镉和铅含量超标。镉和铅及其化合物可通过生物富集、生物浓缩和生物放大等作用进入到食物链中,危害动植物的生存和生态环境。植物吸收过多的镉和铅会破坏植物的叶绿素结构,抑制光合作用,影响植物的生长发育,严重时可致死。人体内含有的镉和铅会作用于造血系统、心血管系统、神经系统、生殖系统等,轻者会引起系统功能的衰退,重者可致突变、致畸和致癌。因此,解决镉和铅污染问题迫在眉睫。
生物炭是将生物质置于无氧环境中高温热解而产生的一种炭,含有大量芳环结构碳,具备较大孔隙度、表面带有负电荷且含有丰富的官能团、完备的芳香结构等特点,在土壤固碳、温室气体减排、污染物控制、固体废弃物资源化利用等领域得到了广泛研究和应用。农业废弃物由于来源广泛,价格低廉且吸附效果好,是目前制备生物炭研究最为广泛的原料。
茶籽壳是可食用的山茶籽油加工业的主要副产品,被视为农业废弃物。在山茶籽油生产过程中,1t山茶籽可产生0.54t的茶籽壳,这些茶籽壳主要用作固体燃料,并产生大量废气排放到环境中,不仅造成农业资源的损失,而且造成环境污染。
在现有技术中为了追求更好的吸附效果,生物炭材料一般都需要在制备过程中加入化学试剂进行改性,例如中国发明专利《CN105797693A-一种用于去除水体中铅镉的磁性谷壳生物炭及其制备和应用方法》、《CN112263994A-一种改性生物炭及其制备方法与应用》,然而,改性却大量增加了制造生物炭的成本,且处理改性过程中产生的废水、废料也会增加成本和生产难度,处理不当也会造成环境污染。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明的目的是在不改性的条件下利用茶籽壳制作具有对镉和铅具有良好处理效果的茶籽壳生物炭。
具体的技术方案为一种茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法,将烘干粉碎的茶籽壳洗净在300℃以上温度条件、N2限氧环境下烧制,冷却至室温并取出磨细得到茶籽壳生物炭。
优选地,烧制的温度条件为600℃。
而且,烧制的N2限氧环境为流量80-120mL/min。
而且,烧制为恒温烧制6小时,烧制的升温速率为10℃/min。
而且,磨细得到茶籽壳生物炭的粒径小于0.150mm。
以及上述方法制备的茶籽壳生物炭在处理镉和铅中的应用。
尤其是所述的茶籽壳生物炭在去除土壤中镉和铅的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于:仅通过粉磨茶籽壳和在N2限氧环境下高温烧制就得到对镉和铅具有良好去除效果的茶籽壳生物炭,制备方法简单、易实现,且未通过化学试剂改性显著降低生产成本,提供了被本领域视为农业废弃物的茶籽壳的良好应用前景,且使用方法简单,无需与其他物质混合,直接放入土壤中一段时间就能对镉和铅起到去除效果,有利于投入实际生产应用。
附图说明
图1为茶籽壳生物炭样品C300扫描电镜图片;
图2为茶籽壳生物炭样品C450扫描电镜图片;
图3为茶籽壳生物炭样品C600扫描电镜图片;
图4为三种茶籽壳生物炭红外光谱图;
图5为三种不同温度制备的茶籽壳生物炭对Pb2+的吸附等温线;
图6为三种不同温度制备的茶籽壳生物炭对Cd2+的吸附等温线。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进行详细具体说明,本发明的内容不局限于以下实施例。
(1)制备方法
将茶籽壳洗净后烘干粉碎,将碎屑放入管式炉中,设定烧制温度分别为300℃、450℃和600℃,N2流量控制在80-120mL/min,升温速率为10℃/min,N2限氧环境下恒温温烧制6小时,待烧制结束后冷却至室温,将生物炭取出,磨细后将生物炭过100目筛得到茶籽壳生物炭,其粒径小于0.150mm,对应编号分别为C300、C450和C600。
(2)生物炭相关材料表征参数
随着生物炭制备热解温度的升高,生物炭的比表面积逐渐增大;生物炭芳香性显著增强,极性和亲水性有所降低,且表面官能团的数量有所减少,生物炭官能团种类及数目有所下降,炭化程度增加,使得生物炭更加稳定,Zeta电位为负值,可以推断出生物炭具备较好的吸附重金属阳离子的能力。
表1为不同制备温度条件下茶籽壳生物炭的相关参数
如图所示的图1为茶籽壳生物炭样品C300扫描电镜图片;图2为茶籽壳生物炭样品C450扫描电镜图片;图3为茶籽壳生物炭样品C600扫描电镜图片;图4为三种茶籽壳生物炭红外光谱图。
(3)溶液体系下,茶籽壳生物炭对重金属镉和铅的处理效果
首先配制0.01mol/L NaNO3背景电解质溶液。精确称取0.85g NaNO3于100mL烧杯中,加入适量去离子水,用玻璃棒搅拌至全部溶解,转移至1000mL容量瓶中定容摇匀,得到0.01mol/L NaNO3背景电解质。
实验所用Pb2+、Cd2+溶液分别由Pb(NO3)2、CdCl2配制所得,精确称取1.256g Pb(NO3)2固体于50mL烧杯中,加入适量0.01mol/L NaNO3背景电解质溶液,用玻璃棒搅拌至全部溶解,转移至50mL容量瓶中定容摇匀,得到质量浓度为104mg/L的Pb2+母液;精确称取1.016g CdCl2固体于50mL烧杯中,加入适量0.01mol/L NaNO3背景电解质溶液,用玻璃棒搅拌至全部溶解,转移至100mL容量瓶中定容摇匀,得到质量浓度为5000mg/L的Cd2+母液。配制好后备用,等待实验时稀释至所需浓度。
实验方案:将配制好的Pb2+母液稀释至初始质量浓度200、400、600、800、1000mg·L-1,Cd2+母液稀释至初始质量浓度10、25、50、75、100mg·L-1,再配制Pb2++Cd2+的混合溶液初始质量浓度分别为200+10、400+25、600+50、800+75mg·L-1,以0.01mol·L-1NaNO3为背景电解质,用0.1mol·L-1HCl和NaOH调节pH至5.0(±0.05),备用。精确称取生物炭样品0.1g(±0.0010g)于50ml离心管中,分别加入上述Pb2+、Cd2+溶液及混合溶液25ml,充分混匀之后将离心管置于恒温摇床中150rpm振荡速率,30℃恒温振荡24h。待充分反应后将离心管取出,使用一次性注射器抽取,用0.45μm的滤膜过滤,采用ICP-OES测定溶液中剩余的Pb2+、Cd2+溶液浓度。
如图5和图6所示分别为三种烧制温度所制成的茶籽壳生物炭对于Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量随着吸附平衡质量浓度的变化曲线。可以看出,茶籽壳生物炭对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量随着离子浓度的升高而增加,并趋于平衡,且随着茶籽壳生物炭烧制温度的升高,生物炭对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量也随之升高。茶籽壳生物炭对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量随着溶液浓度升高而增大。不同热解温度制成的生物炭对于Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附效果有所差异,在Pb2+浓度最高为1000mg/L时,对于Pb2+的吸附量C600(163.13mg/g)>C450(131.63mg/g)>C300(97.03mg/g);在Cd2+浓度最高为100mg/L时,生物炭对于Cd2+的吸附量C600(26.50mg/g)>C450(23.14mg/g)>C300(16.32mg/g)。表明生物炭的热解温度越高,对于Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附效果越好。
(4)土壤体系下,茶籽壳生物炭的施加对土壤重金属镉和铅有效态含量的影响
根据上述实验结果,茶籽壳生物炭C600对重金属镉和铅的吸附效果最佳,因此选用该种生物炭开展野外重金属污染土壤修复实验。选取野外两种不同类型土壤作为生物炭修复实验点,供试土壤基本理化性质如下:
表2为供试土壤基本理化性质
在实验点选择面积1m2范围土壤,均匀施入7.5kg茶籽壳生物炭C600,并由人工搅拌均匀,置于自然环境下,待21天后取样观察土壤中重金属镉和铅有效态含量,重金属镉和铅的提取及测定方法参照国家标准《HJ 804-2016土壤8种有效态元素的测定二乙烯三胺五乙酸浸提-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法》完成。结果如表2所示,施入茶籽壳生物炭21天后,土壤中镉的有效态含量分别降低了25%-36%,铅的有效态含量分别降低了13%-22%。
表3为施入茶籽壳生物炭21天后土壤中镉和铅有效态含量
综上所述,本发明仅通过粉磨茶籽壳和在N2限氧环境下高温烧制就得到对镉和铅具有良好去除效果的茶籽壳生物炭,制备方法简单、易实现,且未通过化学试剂改性显著降低生产成本,提供了被本领域视为农业废弃物的茶籽壳的良好应用前景,且使用方法简单,无需与其他物质混合,在600℃条件下恒温烧制得到的茶籽壳生物炭直接放入土壤中21天即使土壤中镉的有效态含量分别降低了25%-36%,铅的有效态含量分别降低了13%-22%,具有良好的应用前景。
Claims (7)
1.一种茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法,其特征在于:将烘干粉碎的茶籽壳洗净在300℃以上温度条件、N2限氧环境下烧制,冷却至室温并取出磨细得到茶籽壳生物炭。
2.根据权利要求1所述茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法,其特征在于:烧制的温度条件为600℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法,其特征在于:烧制的N2限氧环境为N2流量80-120mL/min。
4.根据权利要求1所述茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法,其特征在于:烧制为恒温烧制6小时,烧制的升温速率为10℃/min。
5.根据权利要求1所述茶籽壳生物炭的制备方法,其特征在于:磨细得到茶籽壳生物炭的粒径小于0.150mm。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述方法制备的茶籽壳生物炭在处理镉和铅中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的茶籽壳生物炭在去除土壤中镉和铅的应用。
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