CN113557018A - 急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗剂 - Google Patents
急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113557018A CN113557018A CN201980074822.5A CN201980074822A CN113557018A CN 113557018 A CN113557018 A CN 113557018A CN 201980074822 A CN201980074822 A CN 201980074822A CN 113557018 A CN113557018 A CN 113557018A
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- Prior art keywords
- herpes zoster
- pain
- therapeutic agent
- phenytoin
- fosphenytoin
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Abstract
本发明的课题在于提供急性带状疱疹疼痛用的治疗药。其解决方法是提供包含选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物作为有效成分的急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗剂及药物组合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及作为癫痫的治疗药而使用的化合物的新型用途。详细而言,本发明涉及将选自由苯妥英(Phenytoin)、磷苯妥英(Fosphenytoin)、美芬妥英(Mephenytoin)、尼凡诺(Nirvanol)、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英(Ethotoin)组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物用作有效成分的急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗药。
背景技术
带状疱疹是由水痘或带状疱疹病毒(varicella zoster virus、VZV)的退行性感染而引起的疾病,是由在脊髓背根神经节、三叉神经节等感觉神经节潜伏性感染的VZV的重新激活而产生的。VZV由于最初感染而引起水痘(Chickenpox),治愈后潜伏性感染感觉神经节。由于免疫力降低、应激等而重新激活病毒时,在神经节内增殖的VZV沿着初级感觉神经的轴突传播至末梢,使皮肤产生水疱。在感觉神经节所控制的区域带状地产生皮肤病变,因此被称为带状疱疹,且产生神经疼痛、感觉异常等神经病变。
带状疱疹中观察到的疼痛比根据该皮肤症状所想象到的疼痛要剧烈得多,70%以上的患者要经历无法入睡程度的剧烈疼痛。随着皮疹的治愈,大部分带状疱疹患者的疼痛也会消失,但即使在皮疹治愈后,也有10%左右的患者可能会长期残留有疼痛。将其称为带状疱疹后神经疼痛,主诉持续的灼热感、钝痛、周期性发作的电击痛、刺痛、即使仅摩擦衣服也会感到剧烈的疼痛的异常性疼痛等各种类型的疼痛。带状疱疹大多发生在高龄者、免疫力低下的患者中,且高龄者中转变为带状疱疹后神经疼痛的转变率也很高,因此在高龄化迅速进展、压力较大的现代社会,预计带状疱疹和带状疱疹后神经疼痛的患者数将来会越来越多(非专利文献1)。
即,带状疱疹中的疼痛包括:由出现皮疹之前或与出现皮疹同时发生的炎症所致的急性带状疱疹疼痛;以及起因于由急性期的炎症引起神经严重的损伤,在带状疱疹的皮疹治愈后疼痛也持续的带状疱疹后神经疼痛。急性带状疱疹疼痛、带状疱疹后神经疼痛通常均使日常生活变得困难。
目前,在急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗中,作为止痛药,主要使用非甾体性抗炎药(阿司只林、乙水杨胺、乐松、布洛芬、双氯芬酸等)、止痛剂(醋氨酚),疼痛强度较高的疼痛有时也使用阿片类(吗啡、磷酸可待因、氧可酮)。另外,出于对急性带状疱疹本身进行治疗的目的而使用了抗病毒剂(阿糖腺苷、阿昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦等)。
另一方面,带状疱疹后神经疼痛的治疗主要使用了普瑞巴林,有时也使用三环类抗抑郁药(阿米替林、丙咪嗪等)、去甲替林、加巴喷丁等。在未观察到这些药物的效果时,使用了作为止痛辅助剂的抗癫痫药。
目前的现状是现有的止痛药无法缓解剧烈的带状疱疹后神经疼痛,而且,由于具有带状疱疹后神经疼痛的适应性的药物仅有口服药,因此迫切需要开发出具有速效性的有效的止痛药。
此外,已指出急性带状疱疹本身的疼痛强度是带状疱疹后神经疼痛发病的风险因素,因此为了降低向带状疱疹后神经疼痛的转变,也需要在早期抑制或治疗急性带状疱疹疼痛,需要开发出可用性更好的急性带状疱疹疼痛药。
另一方面,作为癫痫的治疗药,目前作为乙内酰脲类药物,使用了例如苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英等,乙内酰脲类药物中,提示出通过抑制大脑中的电压依赖性钠通道、抑制大脑的异常兴奋而表现出抗惊厥作用的机理。此外,这些癫痫的治疗药已证实也对神经病理性疼痛具有效果,但迄今为止尚不存在对急性期的疼痛也具有效果的报道。
现有技术文献
专利文献
非专利文献1:药学杂志、131卷、2号、299-306页、2011年
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
本发明的目的在于提供新型急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗药。
用于解决问题的手段
即,本发明提供一种急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗剂,其包含选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物作为有效成分。
进而,本发明提供一种急性带状疱疹疼痛治疗用的药物组合物,其包含:选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物;以及药学上可接受的载体。
在其它实施方式中,本发明提供一种乙内酰脲类化合物,其用于治疗急性带状疱疹疼痛,选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组。
在其它实施方式中,本发明提供一种急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗方法,其包括如下操作:将选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物向患者给予。
发明效果
通过将本发明的包含选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物的治疗剂向带状疱疹患者给予,从而能够治疗急性带状疱疹疼痛。
附图说明
图1是示出磷苯妥英对带状疱疹疼痛模型小鼠的疼痛反应的效果的图。给予磷苯妥英(FTN)的情况,磷苯妥英钠为15或30mg/kg,对照使用生理盐水(SLN)。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明进行详细地说明。
本发明中,给予对象(患者)为温血动物,是人或非人哺乳动物。在一实施方式中,给予对象是人。
有效成分
本发明的治疗剂中使用的有效成分为选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物。苯妥英被记载于日本药典中,例如大日本住友制药株式会社以唑尼沙胺(Aleviatin)的品牌名称售卖或第一三共株式会社以苯妥英(Hidantoru)的品牌名称售卖,对于磷苯妥英,卫材株式会社以Fostin的品牌名称售卖。此外,磷苯妥英为苯妥英的前体药物。此外,对于乙妥英,大日本住友制药株式会社以Accenon的品牌名称售卖。另一方面,美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸目前尚未上市,但它们自古以来作为癫痫的治疗药是公知的化合物。其中,优选苯妥英、磷苯妥英,特别推荐磷苯妥英。
特别是,磷苯妥英在生体内被碱性磷酸酶水解为作为活性代谢产物的苯妥英并作为苯妥英发挥作用,苯妥英所具有的副作用得到减轻而优选使用。
这些有效成分可以单独使用,或者也可以组合多种来使用。
有效成分的光学异构体
在作为本发明的有效成分的乙内酰脲类化合物包含不对称中心时,例如乙妥英的情况,可以以消旋体和消旋体混合物、单一对映异构体的形式存在。本发明中旨在包括化合物的所有此类异构体,无论是单一物质或是其混合物。
有效成分的盐
作为本发明的有效成分的乙内酰脲类化合物也可以以盐的形态使用。例如,磷苯妥英具有磷酸基,氨基(二苯海因)戊酸具有氨基和羧基,也可以以它们的药学上可接受的盐的形态使用。
本发明中“药学上可接受的盐”这一术语是指由药学上可接受的无毒碱或酸制备的盐。本发明的乙内酰脲类化合物为酸性时,其对应的盐可以由包括无机碱和有机碱在内的药学上可接受的无毒碱制备。例如,这样的盐包括铝、铵、钙、铜(亚铜和铜)、亚铁、铁、锂、镁、锰(亚锰和锰)、钾、钠、锌等的盐。其中,优选铵、钙、镁、钾和钠的盐。特别是,磷苯妥英的情况,优选其钠盐、钾盐,特别推荐钠盐。
另一方面,作为本发明的有效成分的乙内酰脲类化合物为碱性时,其对应的盐可以由药学上可接受的无毒的无机酸和有机酸制备。这样的酸包括例如乙酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、樟脑磺酸、柠檬酸、乙磺酸、富马酸、葡糖酸、谷氨酸、氢溴酸、盐酸、羟乙磺酸、乳酸、马来酸、苹果酸、扁桃酸、甲烷磺酸、粘多酸、硝酸、扑酸、泛酸、磷酸、琥珀酸、硫酸、酒石酸、对甲苯磺酸等。
特别是,如氨基(二苯海因)戊酸那样在分子内具有酸性基团和碱性基团这两者时,也可以以两性离子的形态存在。
本说明书中,应理解的是,在提及乙内酰脲类化合物时也包括药学上可接受的盐。
本发明中使用的有效成分的适合的给药量水平通常约为0.01~500mg/患者体重kg/天,可以以单次或多次进行给药。适合的给药量水平可以为约0.01~250mg/kg/天、约0.05~100mg/kg/天或约0.1~50mg/kg/天。在该范围内,给药量可以是0.05~0.5、0.5~5或5~50mg/kg/天。可以以每天1~4次的给药方案给予有效成分,或者也可以以每天1次或2次给予有效成分。
然而,本领域技术人员应理解的是,针对任意的特定患者的具体的用量水平和给药频率发生变化,且依赖于包括以下在内的各种因素,即,所使用的具体的有效成分的活性、该有效成分的代谢稳定性和作用持续时间、年龄、体重、整体的健康、性别、饮食、给药方式和次数、排泄速度、药物的组合、特定症状的严重程度以及接受治疗的宿主。
本发明的有效成分可以通过经口、非经口(例如,肌肉、腹腔内、静脉内、ICV、管内注射或注入、皮下注射或移植)、吸入喷雾、鼻腔、阴道、直肠、舌下、口内或局部的给药途径进行给药,可以将其单独或一起配制成适合的给药单位制剂,所述给药单位制剂含有适于各种给药途径的现有无毒的药学上可接受的载体。
药物组合物
将本发明的治疗剂的有效成分与药学上可接受的载体组合而制成药物组合物向患者给予。作为药物组合物,可列举出适于经口、经直肠、局部、以及非经口(例如,皮下、肌肉和静脉内)给药的组合物,但在指定病例中最适合的途径依赖于具体的宿主、以及有效成分的给予对象的病状性质和严重程度。
通常,药物组合物通过使有效成分与液体载体或经微粉碎的固体载体或这两者均匀地且均质地缔合,然后,根据需要将产物成型为期望的制剂,从而制备。药物组合物中的有效成分包含足以对疾病的过程或症状产生效果的量。
含有有效成分的药物组合物被制剂成例如片剂、锭剂、含片、水性或油性悬浮液、分散性粉末或颗粒、乳浊液、溶液、硬或软胶囊、糖浆或酏剂等适于口服使用的形态。用于口服使用的组合物可以依据用于制造药物组合物的本领域中公知的任意方法进行制备,这样的组合物可以含有选自由甜味剂、香味剂、着色剂和保存剂组成的组中的1种以上的试剂。对于片剂,将有效成分与适于制造片剂的无毒的制药上可接受的赋形剂混合而含有。这些赋形剂可以为例如碳酸钙、碳酸钠、乳糖、磷酸钙或磷酸钠等非活性稀释剂;例如玉米淀粉或藻酸等造粒剂和崩解剂;例如淀粉、明胶或阿拉伯胶等结合剂;以及例如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸或滑石等润滑剂。片剂可以不进行包衣,或者为了延迟在胃肠道中的崩解和吸收而带来长期持续性作用,也可以利用现有方法进行包衣。例如使用单硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯等时间延迟材料即可。另外,也可以利用现有公知的方法将它们包衣并形成用于控制释放的基于渗透压的治疗片剂。另外,也可以配制成用于即时释放的口服片剂,例如快速溶解片剂或威化饼、急速溶解片剂或速熔膜等。
另外,用于口服使用的制剂也可以提示为将有效成分与例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙或高岭土等非活性的固体稀释剂混合而成的硬明胶胶囊剂;或为将有效成分与水或例如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油等油介质混合而成的软明胶胶囊剂。
水性悬浮液含有与适于制造水性悬浮液的赋形剂混合的有效成分。这样的赋形剂为例如羧基甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素、藻酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、黄蓍胶和阿拉伯胶等防沉淀剂;分散剂或湿润剂可以为例如卵磷脂等天然存在的磷脂、或者例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯等环氧烷烃与脂肪酸的缩合产物、或者例如十七乙烯氧基鲸蜡醇(Heptadeca ethyleneoxy cetanol)等环氧乙烷与长链脂肪族醇的缩合产物、或者例如聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇单油酸酯等环氧乙烷与源自脂肪酸和己糖醇的偏酯的缩合产物、或例如聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯等环氧乙烷与源自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的偏酯的缩合产物。另外,水性悬浮液可以含有例如乙基或正丙基、对羟基苯甲酸酯等防腐剂、着色剂、香味剂和例如蔗糖或糖精等甜味剂。
油性悬浮液可以通过将有效成分悬浮于例如花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油或椰子油等植物油中、或悬浮于液体石蜡等矿物油中而配制。油性悬浮液可以包含例如蜂蜡、固体石蜡或鲸蜡醇等增稠剂。可以添加上述所示等甜味剂和香味剂,得到美味的口服制剂。这些组合物可以通过添加抗坏血酸之类的抗氧化剂而保存。
对于适于通过添加水来制备水性悬浮液的分散性粉末和颗粒,将有效成分与分散剂或湿润剂、防沉淀剂和1种以上的防腐剂混合而提供。适合的分散剂或湿润剂和防沉淀剂已经通过上述的说明而示出。还可以存在例如甜味料、香味料和着色剂等赋形剂。
另外,本发明的药物组合物可以以水包油型乳浊液的形态存在。油相可以为例如橄榄油或花生油等植物油、或例如液体石蜡等矿物油、或它们的混合物。适合的乳化剂为例如阿拉伯胶或黄蓍胶等天然存在的橡胶、例如大豆、卵磷脂等天然存在的磷脂、以及例如失水山梨醇单油酸酯等源自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的酯或偏酯、以及例如聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯等前述偏酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物。另外,它们的乳浊液可以含有甜味料和香味剂。
糖浆剂和酏剂可以与例如甘油、丙二醇、山梨糖醇或蔗糖等甜味剂一起进行配制。另外,这样的制剂可以含有粘性润滑剂、防腐剂、香味料和着色剂。
本发明的药物组合物可以是经灭菌的能注射的水性或油性悬浮液的形态。该悬浮液可以通过使用上述的分散剂或湿润剂和防沉淀剂,利用已知技术而配制。另外,灭菌注射用制剂也可以制成无毒的非口服可接受的稀释剂、溶剂中的灭菌注射溶液或悬浮液。可接受的载体或溶剂可列举出水、林格氏液和等渗盐水溶液。进而,作为油性的悬浮液用的载体或溶剂,可列举出例如包含合成单-或双甘油酯的任意的无刺激性的不挥发油等灭菌不挥发油。
另外,本发明的药物组合物可以以药物的直肠给药用栓剂的形态给药。这些组合物可以通过将药物与适合的非刺激性赋形剂混合而制备,所述适合的非刺激性赋形剂在常温下为固体但在直肠温度下为液体,因此在直肠中溶解并释放出药物。这样的材料为可可脂和聚乙二醇。
经皮吸收之类的局部给药可使用含有本发明的有效成分的霜、软膏、啫喱、溶液或悬浮液等。同样地,经皮贴片也可用于局部给药。
上述形态中,本发明的药物组合物优选注射剂、口服制剂或经皮吸收制剂。
进而,本发明的治疗剂可用于治疗急性的带状疱疹疼痛,因此作为药物组合物,优选血药浓度在给药后立即上升而能发挥效果的注射用、特别优选静脉注射用的制剂。
[实施例]
以下列举具体的实施方式对本发明进行说明,但本发明不限定于该实施方式,可理解的是,在不脱离随附的权利要求书中限定的本发明的范围或主旨的范围内,本领域技术人员可以执行这些中的各种变更和改变。
实验动物
实验使用雌性C57BL/6J小鼠(实验开始时6周龄、体重18-20g、日本SLC)。在12小时的明暗循环(上午7点至下午7点为止为光照期)、室温22±1℃、湿度55±10%的环境下进行饲养。使其自由摄取水和饲料(CA-1;CLEA Japan,Inc.)。
使用雄性小鼠的情况下,在经脱毛的雄性小鼠彼此饲养在同一笼子中时,由于争斗而观察到脱毛的皮肤有损伤,变得不易与由HSV-1引起的皮疹进行区分。另外,有时小鼠行为因争斗而变得过敏,对测定疼痛反应产生不良影响。雌性小鼠的情况,这样的争斗较少,与雄性小鼠相比较为温顺,因此以下的HSV-1感染实验使用了雌性小鼠。
病毒接种
移入小鼠后,进行了1周左右的试饲养(参照下述的研究日程表)。使小鼠在pentobarbital(戊巴比妥,50mg/kg,腹腔内)麻醉下,使用电推剪和脱毛膏对右后肢和腹部进出脱毛。脱毛3天后,使小鼠在无麻醉下保持固定,用困成10根的27G注射针随机切割后肢膝关节下部(胫骨)的表皮,滴加涂覆1×106空斑形成单位(plaque-forming unit)/10μl的HSV-1(7401H株),由此使其感染。
[表1]
药物给予
用生理盐水稀释磷苯妥英钠注射液(制品名:Fostin(注册商标)静注750mg),以小鼠每10g体重0.1mL的容量通过尾静脉进行注射。对于所研究的磷苯妥英的用量,磷苯妥英钠为15或30mg/kg。另一方面,对照给予未加入药物的生理盐水。
疼痛样行为的测定
将小鼠放入衬有金属丝网的观察用笼子(W10×D10×H15cm)中,放置约30分钟使其适应实验环境。用强度为0.17g和1.20g两种冯弗雷长丝(Von Frey filament,以下VFF)以轻微弯曲程度与小鼠的后肢脚跖接触而刺激。观察小鼠针对VFF刺激的反应(行为),并如下进行了评分:0=无反应;1=抬起后肢(lifting);2=后肢迅速逃离VFF、或后肢振动(flinching)。对于各VFF,重复6次该刺激,将该评分的平均作为疼痛相关评分。需要说明的是,如下述说明所述,小鼠在病毒感染侧(HSV-1接种侧)和非病毒感染侧(HSV-1非接种侧)这两侧进行了同样的实验。
在所有小鼠出现带状疱疹样的皮疹且稳定地观察到疼痛样行为的HSV-1接种第6天进行了疼痛样行为的测定。
给予药物后,出于最大限度地减少小鼠对测定的“适应”的目的,隔开1小时以上的间隔进行了测定。因此,对于1次的用量,分成以下的两组观察了疼痛样行为。
A组测定:0(预)、60分钟、120分钟、240分钟、24小时后
B组测定:0(预)、30分钟、90分钟、180分钟、24小时后
需要说明的是,对于A组和B组,进行使用了各8只小鼠的实验。其结果,在24小时的时间点有16只小鼠获得了实验结果,在其它时间点有8只小鼠获得了实验结果。
数据分析
汇总进行了行为测定的A组、B组的数据,用平均值±标准误差表示。显著差异检验使用RM-ANOVA并进行Dunnett检验(与对照的比较)作为多重比较。
实施例1
研究了磷苯妥英(磷苯妥英钠为15和30mg/kg、尾静脉给药)对HSV-1接种第6天观察到的急性带状疱疹疼痛(后肢脚跖的对于0.17g和1.2g刺激的过敏反应)的效果。
(1)对HSV-1接种6天后的小鼠尾静脉给予磷苯妥英钠(FTN)15或30mg/kg以及作为对照的生理盐水(SLN)。
研究了:(A)HSV-1非接种侧对0.17g刺激的反应、(B)HSV-1接种侧对0.17g刺激的反应、(C)HSV-1非接种侧对1.2g刺激的反应、(D)HSV-1接种侧对1.2g刺激的反应。
磷苯妥英钠15或30mg/kg的尾静脉给药对HSV-1非接种侧的反应几乎未产生影响(图1(A)和(C))。对于接种侧的痛觉过敏反应(对0.17g刺激的过敏反应),磷苯妥英钠30mg/kg给药组在给药1小时后观察到抑制倾向(图1(B))。与对照(生理盐水给药组)相比,磷苯妥英钠15mg/kg给药组在给药后3小时观察到显著的抑制(P<0.05、图1(B))。对于接种侧的痛觉过敏反应(对1.2g刺激的过敏反应),磷苯妥英钠15和30mg/kg显示出抑制效果(图1(D))。与对照相比,15mg/kg给药组在给药2小时和4小时后、30mg/kg给药组在给药4小时后观察到显著的抑制效果(P<0.05)。
工业实用性
本发明的治疗药能够成为急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗药,增加治疗急性带状疱疹疼痛的选项,能够适用于广泛的患者。
Claims (6)
1.一种急性带状疱疹疼痛的治疗剂,其包含选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物作为有效成分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的治疗剂,其中,所述有效成分为苯妥英或磷苯妥英。
3.根据权利要求1所述的治疗剂,其中,所述有效成分为磷苯妥英。
4.一种急性带状疱疹疼痛治疗用的药物组合物,其包含:
选自由苯妥英、磷苯妥英、美芬妥英、尼凡诺、氨基(二苯海因)戊酸和乙妥英组成的组中的乙内酰脲类化合物;以及
药学上可接受的载体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的药物组合物,其中,其为注射剂、口服制剂或经皮吸收制剂。
6.根据权利要求4所述的药物组合物,其中,其为注射剂。
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WO2001000191A2 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2001-01-04 | Warner-Lambert Company | Use of fosphenytion for the treatment of acute neuropathic pain |
JP2001500121A (ja) * | 1996-08-23 | 2001-01-09 | アルゴス ファーマシューティカル コーポレーション | 神経障害性の痛みを治療する組成物を含む抗けいれん剤 |
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JP2001500121A (ja) * | 1996-08-23 | 2001-01-09 | アルゴス ファーマシューティカル コーポレーション | 神経障害性の痛みを治療する組成物を含む抗けいれん剤 |
WO2001000191A2 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2001-01-04 | Warner-Lambert Company | Use of fosphenytion for the treatment of acute neuropathic pain |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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AYESHA AHMED ET AL: ""Vericella Zoster Virus: Structure, Mode of Transmission and Treatment"", 《LIFE SCIENCE JOURNAL》, vol. 14, no. 12, pages 100 * |
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