CN113530547B - Mining method for partitioned open stope subsequent filling dead zone - Google Patents
Mining method for partitioned open stope subsequent filling dead zone Download PDFInfo
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- CN113530547B CN113530547B CN202110866702.8A CN202110866702A CN113530547B CN 113530547 B CN113530547 B CN 113530547B CN 202110866702 A CN202110866702 A CN 202110866702A CN 113530547 B CN113530547 B CN 113530547B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/22—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for ores, e.g. mining placers
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F15/00—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F15/00—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings
- E21F15/005—Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings characterised by the kind or composition of the backfilling material
Abstract
The invention provides a partitioned open-stope subsequent filling goaf mining method, which comprises the steps of open-stope mining and goaf filling, wherein in the process of the open-stope mining, an ore body is partitioned into partitions along the depth direction according to the vertical plane of the ore body, the width of each partition is determined according to the allowed span of the goaf corresponding to the allowed caving height of the goaf in the partition, permanent partition ore pillars for supporting a roof rock stratum in the mining process are reserved between the partitions, and the ore body in each partition is continuously and completely mined by the open-stope method; the height of the goaf allowed to fall is positioned below the strength weakened rock stratum influenced by the earth surface; in the goaf filling process, after stoping of one partition is finished, all through openings of the goaf and the working face in the partition are plugged, and the goaf which falls after stoping in the partition is filled. The mutual interference of mining and filling processes is eliminated, the size of an open field is increased, and the lowest mining cost and the maximum productivity are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of underground mining of metal deposits, and particularly relates to a mining method for a partitioned open stope by subsequent open area filling.
Background
The metal deposit resources in China are rich but are poor in natural endowment, and as high-grade deposits are exploited completely, low-grade metal deposits become important standby resources, and the requirement for protecting the exploitation environment is increased day by day, so that a novel exploitation method with low cost and surface environment protection is urgently needed.
The goaf filling is required to protect the surface environment from being damaged, the filling mining method is greatly developed in recent years, wherein the filling method is developed in the direction of increasing the size of the goaf in order to reduce the production cost and improve the productivity. Firstly, the size of an empty stope is increased by improving the stope structure, such as two-step stoping of a diamond-shaped stope and upper and lower layering; and the other one is that the surrounding rock stability condition is fully utilized, and a large-structural-parameter open stope method is adopted to perform mining and then filling a goaf, such as an open stope subsequent filling method of sectional rock drilling stage ore removal or vertical deep hole ore falling, and the like. The size of an open space of Liqu iron ore of the five-ore Handan Schchen mining company is increased to be 100m high, 50m long and 20m wide, large-structure-parameter open-space mining and subsequent high-strength filling of goafs are carried out, and filling mining is promoted to be an efficient mining method row. However, the problem of mutual interference between mining and filling still exists in the method for filling the goaf after the open stope mining, the size of the open stope is limited by the stability of the near-ore surrounding rock, and when the stability of the near-ore surrounding rock is poor, the size of the open stope is allowed to be small, so that the yield is low, the cost is high, and the problem of poor mining economic benefit still exists for low-grade ore deposit mining.
To minimize the mining cost and maximize the production capacity of the cut-and-fill method, it is necessary to maximize the size of the open stope and eliminate the mutual interference between mining and filling.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In view of the problems in the art described above, the present invention is at least partially addressed. Therefore, the invention provides a partitioned open stope subsequent filling open area mining method, which eliminates the mutual interference of mining and filling processes, increases the size of an open stope (a goaf) and realizes the lowest mining cost and the maximum productivity.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a partitioned open stope subsequent filling goaf mining method, which comprises open stope mining and goaf filling.
In the process of mining by an open stope method, an ore body is divided into subareas along the depth direction according to the vertical plane of the ore body, the width of each subarea is determined according to the allowed span of a goaf corresponding to the allowed caving height of the goaf in the subarea, permanent subarea ore pillars for supporting roof rock layers in the mining process are reserved among the subareas, and the ore body in each subarea is continuously and completely mined by the open stope method; the gob allows the height of the caving to be below the weakened formation affected by the surface.
In the goaf filling process, after one partition is stoped, all through openings of the goaf and the working face in the partition are plugged, and the goaf after mining in the partition is filled.
Optionally, the determining of the partition width includes:
wherein L is the partition width and the unit is m; h is the height of the goaf allowed to fall, and the unit is m; sigmacThe compressive strength of the overlying rock mass in the goaf is t/m2(ii) a d is the equivalent thickness of the top plate surrounding rock of the goaf under the horizontal pressure, and the unit is m; h is the buried depth of the bottom plate of the goaf, namely the height of the bottom plate of the goaf from the earth surface, and the unit is m; gamma is the average volume weight of the overlying rock mass and the unit is t/m3。
Optionally, the goaf allows the height of caving to be below the thickness of the weakened rock stratum 1.5-2.0 times the ground surface.
Optionally, the determining of the width of the zoned pillar comprises:
wherein B is the width of the permanent ore pillar and the unit is m; l is1、L2The width of two adjacent subareas is m; h is the buried depth of the bottom plate of the goaf, and the unit is m; gamma is the average volume weight of the overlying rock mass and the unit is t/m3；σcThe compressive strength of the overlying rock mass in the goaf is t/m2。
Optionally, in the mining process by the open stope method, when the stope face reaches 2/3 of the partition width, a monitoring filling hole with the diameter of phi 120-phi 150mm is drilled into the goaf from the ground surface or the underground filling level at the top of the caving goaf controlled in advance by the partition, and the monitoring filling hole is used for monitoring the caving process of the goaf and filling the goaf afterwards.
Optionally, the location and spacing of the monitoring fill holes is determined based on the gob morphology and the filler flood angle.
Optionally, the ore body in each subarea is continuously and completely mined by an empty field method, which comprises the following steps:
the ore body in the subarea is provided with a plurality of stopes for mining, the stopes are mined to the full length of the ore body along the trend, each stope is provided with a rock drilling and ore removal project, the ore is continuously caved and mined under the condition of an open stope method, the rock drilling is adopted in sections or stages according to the thickness of the ore body, and the caved ore is discharged from a bottom structure; no ore pillars are left between the stopes, and the goaf is continuously expanded.
Optionally, the partition width is a horizontal width; and when the ore body is an inclined ore body, calculating the partition width according to the allowable caving height of the middle point of the goaf.
Optionally, in the goaf filling process, tailings are used for primary filling.
Optionally, after the filling body is condensed, secondary filling is performed by using an expansion material.
(III) advantageous effects
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides a mining method for a partitioned open stope subsequent filling of a dead zone, which is characterized in that according to a goaf caving process theory, the allowable caving height of the goaf is set to be below a strength weakened rock stratum influenced by the earth surface, the width of a mineral body partition is determined according to the allowable goaf span corresponding to the allowable caving height of the goaf, and a permanent partition ore pillar is reserved among partitions, and the ore body in each partition is continuously and completely mined by an open stope method, so that the goaf caving process theory is conformed. After the stoping of the subarea is finished, the top plate of the goaf falls to form a stable balance arch, the ground surface protective rock stratum is not damaged, the stable condition of the wall surrounding rock on the ore body is fully utilized, and the thickness condition of the wall surrounding rock of the top plate of the ore body is fully utilized. The caving area is filled after the district mining is finished or the whole mining is finished, the mutual interference of the mining and filling processes is eliminated, the caving height is allowed through setting the goaf, the size of an open field (goaf) is increased as much as possible, and the maximization of the mining and filling efficiency is realized.
2. According to the partition width determined by the partition width determining formula provided by the invention, after the partition stoping is finished, the stability of the earth surface protecting rock stratum is realized, the caving zone can be safely filled by using low-price non-cemented materials, the size of the goaf can reach the maximum value of safe mining, and the lowest mining cost and the maximum productivity are realized.
3. The width of the partitioned ore pillar determined according to the partitioned ore pillar width determining formula provided by the invention is not unstable before the goaf is completely filled, and the ore pillar and the filling body are combined together after filling, so that the ground surface is protected from collapse and large settlement, and meanwhile, the vegetation on the ground surface is protected from being damaged.
4. The mining method of the partitioned open stope subsequent filling dead zone is suitable for ore bodies with the thickness of gentle dip and dip of more than 10m, is particularly suitable for low-grade ore deposits with the thickness of ore rocks of more than medium stability, and can achieve safe and efficient mining effects; meanwhile, the large-structure-parameter efficient mining technology is fully utilized to recover ores, the production capacity of a stope is increased, and the production cost is reduced.
Drawings
The invention is described with the aid of the following figures:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a goaf caving process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a partitioned ore body according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the overall structure of a partitioned ore body according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of the mining method of fig. 3.
[ instruction of reference ]
1: a stage haulage roadway;
2: a vein-through tunnel;
3: ore pass;
4: an air inlet shaft;
5: a ramp;
6: a ramp communication way;
7: ore removal and trench tunnels;
8: a segmented return air shaft;
9: small pass through for ore removal;
10: a trench bucket well;
11: drilling a roadway;
12: stoping blast holes;
13: ore caving;
14: the boundary of the ore body.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of better explaining the present invention and to facilitate understanding, the present invention will be described in detail by way of specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present invention is made based on the recognition and study of the following problems by the inventors:
referring to fig. 1, the inventor finds out through research that the arch-shaped large caving phenomenon of the goaf, namely, the goaf always caving upwards according to the arch shape along with the increase of the span in three stages of initial caving, continuous caving and large caving experienced in the caving process of the goaf, and in the initial caving stage, the roof rock mass of the goaf is subjected to joint expansion and mutual communication under the action of mining pressure, so that the rock mass is damaged and caving occurs under the action of self weight; if the span of the goaf is not enlarged any more, a stable balance arch is formed after the roof falls to a certain height, and no caving occurs in a long time; if the goaf span is further increased, then the caving occurs again until the goaf boundary forms a new stress balance arch. After the caving arch enters the strength weakened rock stratum affected by the earth surface and mining together, the long-time stable stress balance arch is not formed any more, so that the roof rock continuously generates paroxysmal and periodic caving, and the caving height is continuously increased until the large caving reaching the earth surface occurs.
The invention provides a mining method of a partitioned open stope subsequent filling of a dead zone, which is characterized in that according to the theory of the arch caving process of the dead zone, a protective rock stratum with enough thickness is left under a strength weakened rock stratum influenced by the earth surface, the allowable caving height of the dead zone is set according to the protective rock stratum, the width of a mineral body partition is determined according to the allowable span of the dead zone corresponding to the allowable caving height of the dead zone, a permanent partition ore pillar is reserved between partitions, and the mineral body in each partition is continuously and completely mined by an open stope method, so that the theory of the caving process of the dead zone is conformed. After the mining of the subarea is finished, the roof of the goaf falls off to form a stable balance arch, the ground surface protective rock stratum is not damaged, the stable condition of the wall surrounding rock on the ore body is fully utilized, and the thickness condition of the wall surrounding rock on the roof of the ore body is fully utilized. And filling the caving area after the mining of the subareas or the whole mining is finished, eliminating the mutual interference of the mining and filling processes, and simultaneously increasing the size of an open field (goaf) as much as possible by setting the allowed caving height of the goaf, thereby realizing the lowest mining cost and the maximum productivity.
In order to better understand the above technical solutions, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below. It should be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
As shown in fig. 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a partitioned open-stope subsequent-filling goaf mining method, which includes open-stope mining and goaf filling.
During the mining process by the open-stope method, an ore body is divided into subareas along the depth direction according to the vertical plane of the ore body, the width of each subarea is determined according to the allowed span of a goaf corresponding to the allowed caving height of the goaf in the subarea, permanent subarea ore pillars for supporting roof rock stratums during the mining process are reserved among the subareas, and the ore body in each subarea is continuously and completely mined by the open-stope method.
Specifically, the goaf allows determination of the caving height, including: and analyzing the stability distribution condition of the ore body roof rock stratum, and determining the strength weakened rock stratum influenced by the earth surface, namely the elevation which is not allowed to exceed the caving of the goaf. Further, the gob allows the height of the caving to be below the weakened formation affected by the surface. Preferably, the height of the goaf for allowing caving is 1.5-2.0 times of the thickness of the strength weakened rock stratum from the ground surface. And the safety factor of 1.5-2.0 times is considered, so that the production safety is ensured. Production practices have shown that weakened formations affected by the surface generally do not exceed 50m in thickness, and as an example of the invention, the gob allowable caving height is controlled to within 100m below the surface of the stable formation, taking into account a factor of 2 of safety.
Preferably, the determination of the partition width comprises:
wherein L is the partition width and the unit is m; h is the height of the goaf allowed to fall, and the unit is m; sigmacThe compressive strength of the overlying rock mass in the goaf is t/m2(ii) a d is the equivalent thickness of the surrounding rock of the top plate of the goaf bearing horizontal pressure, and the unit is m; h is the burial depth of the goaf bottom plate, namely the height of the goaf bottom plate from the ground surface, and the unit is m; gamma is the average volume weight of the overlying rock mass and the unit is t/m3。
Preferably, the partition width is a horizontal width; and when the ore body is an inclined ore body, calculating the partition width according to the allowable caving height of the middle point of the goaf.
Preferably, the positions of the ore zones without ore zones, low-grade ore layers or thin ore layers between the selected subareas are reserved with permanent subarea ore pillars. The protection protects the stability of the overburden rock formation.
The minimum width of the ore pillars in the subareas needs to meet the requirement that the ore pillars are not unstable before the goaf is completely filled, and after filling, the ore pillars are combined with a filling body to protect the earth surface from collapse and large settlement and protect the vegetation on the earth surface from being damaged. To this end, it is further preferred that the determination of the width of the zoned pillar comprises:
wherein B is the width of the permanent ore pillar and the unit is m; l is1、L2The width of two adjacent subareas is expressed in m; h is the buried depth of the bottom plate of the goaf, and the unit is m; gamma is the average volume weight of the overlying rock mass and the unit is t/m3；σcThe compressive strength of the overlying rock mass in the goaf is t/m2。
Furthermore, after the subareas are determined according to the subarea width and the subarea pillar size, the adjacent subareas can be mined from top to bottom or from bottom to top sequentially or simultaneously. The goaf is filled conveniently by filling from top to bottom, and the reliability of earth surface protection is improved.
Further, the ore body in each subarea is continuously and completely mined by an empty field method, which comprises the following steps: the ore body in the subarea is provided with a plurality of stopes for mining, the stopes are mined to the full length of the ore body along the trend, each stope is provided with a rock drilling and ore removal project, the ore is continuously caved and mined under the condition of an open stope method, the rock drilling is adopted in sections or stages according to the thickness of the ore body, and the caved ore is discharged from a bottom structure; no ore pillars are left between the stopes, and the goaf is continuously expanded. So as to control the caving of the top plate of the goaf in a sporadic caving mode and always caving to the control height.
Preferably, in the mining process of the zonal open stope method, when the stoping width reaches 2/3 of the zonal width, a monitoring filling hole with the diameter of phi 120-phi 150mm is drilled into the goaf from the ground surface or the underground filling level at the top of the caving zone controlled in advance by the zone, the monitoring filling hole is firstly used for monitoring the caving process of the top plate of the goaf and then used for filling the goaf, and the mining safety is ensured. Further preferably, the position and spacing of the fill holes is determined based on the gob morphology and the fill material approach flow angle. The filling material overflowing angle is generally 3-5 degrees.
Further, if the ore body is buried deeply, when a filling level needs to be set near the allowable caving height, for surrounding rocks with poor local stability, pre-control top engineering is constructed in advance at the filling level, and the maximum caving height is strictly controlled not to exceed the height of a filling roadway.
Furthermore, the primary blasting explosive quantity is controlled when the mining is carried out at the position close to the subarea ore pillar. The blasting vibration is reduced, blasting beyond the stope range is strictly prevented, and the integrity of the partitioned ore pillars is protected.
In the process of filling the goaf, after stoping of one partition is finished, all the outward ports of the goaf and the caving goaf of the partition are blocked, and the caving goaf after mining in the partition is filled. And filling the caving area after the partition mining is finished or the whole mining is finished, so that the mutual interference of the mining and filling processes is eliminated.
The purpose of filling the goaf is to control the surrounding rock to penetrate through the ground surface, generally does not require the self-standing degree of a filling body, can save cementing materials of filling materials, can concentrate high-strength filling, and saves filling cost, thereby realizing low-cost and high-efficiency filling operation. Therefore, in the goaf filling process, tailings are adopted for primary filling. Further, after the filling body is condensed, the secondary filling is carried out by adopting an expansion material. Ensuring the top contact of the filling body.
The mining method of the partitioned open stope subsequent filling dead zone provided by the embodiment of the invention is suitable for ore bodies with the thickness of gentle dip and dip more than 10m, is particularly suitable for low-grade ore deposits with the thickness of ore rocks being more than medium and stable, and can realize safe and efficient mining effect; meanwhile, the large-structure-parameter efficient mining technology is fully utilized to recover ores, the production capacity of a stope is increased, and the production cost is reduced.
As an example, the whole ore body is partitioned according to the distribution state of the ore body, the partition width and the permanent ore pillar size determined by the method, as shown in figure 3. Then, for each partition, the mining is divided into stages, and the mining is performed in sections from top to bottom in each stage. In order to reduce the mining accuracy coefficient and increase the use function of the mining accuracy roadway as much as possible, the sectional ore removal roadway can be used as a lower sectional trench roadway. As shown in fig. 4, in the construction sequence, a stage haulage roadway 1, a drift tunnel 2 and an ore pass 3 can be tunneled in sequence, and an air shaft 4 and a slope ramp 5 can be tunneled at the same time; excavating a slope ramp communication channel 6, a mine removal and trench roadway 7 and a segmented return air shaft 8; after the segmented ventilation system is formed, excavating small ore-removing penetrations 9, trench shafts 10, a rock drilling roadway 11 and the like, wherein the small ore-removing penetrations are 10-12 m apart; and (4) digging a stoping blast hole 12 in a trench tunnel and a rock drilling tunnel, wherein the collapsed ore flows into the ore removal small-penetration end part through the trench and the bucket, and is shoveled and poured into an ore pass through by trackless equipment. The amount of the crushed and swollen ore which is discharged from the end opening during the recovery process of the rock drilling roadway is about 1/3 of the amount of the crushed ore.
It should be understood that the above description of specific embodiments of the present invention is only for the purpose of illustrating the technical lines and features of the present invention, and is intended to enable those skilled in the art to understand the contents of the present invention and to implement the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above specific embodiments. It is intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
Claims (8)
1. A mining method of partitioned open stope subsequent filling dead zone comprises open stope mining and goaf filling, and is characterized in that,
in the process of mining by an open stope method, an ore body is divided into subareas along the depth direction according to the vertical plane of the ore body, the width of each subarea is determined according to the allowed span of a goaf corresponding to the allowed caving height of the goaf in the subarea, permanent subarea ore pillars for supporting roof rock layers in the mining process are reserved between the subareas, and the ore body in each subarea is continuously and completely mined by the open stope method;
in the goaf filling process, after one partition stoping is finished, all through openings of the goaf and the working face in the partition are plugged, and the goaf which falls after the goaf in the partition is filled;
the height of the goaf allowed to fall is positioned below a strength weakened rock stratum influenced by the earth surface;
and determining the partition width, comprising:
wherein L is the partition width and the unit is m; h is the height of the goaf allowed to fall, and the unit is m; sigmacThe compressive strength of the overlying rock mass in the goaf is t/m2(ii) a d is the equivalent thickness of the surrounding rock of the top plate of the goaf bearing horizontal pressure, and the unit is m; h is the buried depth of the bottom plate of the goaf, namely the height of the bottom plate of the goaf from the earth surface, and the unit is m; gamma is the average volume weight of the overlying rock mass and the unit is t/m3；
The determination of the width of the partitioned ore pillar comprises the following steps:
wherein B is the width of the permanent ore pillar and the unit is m; l is a radical of an alcohol1、L2The width of two adjacent subareas is m; h is the burial depth of the bottom plate of the goaf, and the unit is m; gamma is the average volume weight of the overlying rock mass and the unit is t/m3；σcThe compressive strength of the overlying rock mass in the goaf is t/m2。
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the goaf is allowed to fall at a height 1.5-2.0 times the thickness of the weakened rock formation from the earth's surface.
3. The mining method of a zonal open stope subsequent filling goaf as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the mining process of the open stope method, when the stope face reaches 2/3 of the zonal width, monitoring filling holes with the diameter of phi 120-phi 150mm are drilled into the goaf from the surface or the underground filling level at the top of the caving goaf controlled in advance by the zone, and the monitoring filling holes are used for goaf caving process monitoring and subsequent filling.
4. The zonal open-stope subsequent-filling-goaf mining method of claim 3, wherein the position and spacing of monitoring fill holes is determined from goaf morphology and filling body drift angle.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the ore body in each zone is continuously and completely mined by an open-stope method, comprising:
the ore body in the subarea is provided with a plurality of stopes for mining, the stopes are mined to the full length of the ore body along the trend, each stope is provided with a rock drilling and ore removal project, the ore is continuously caved and mined under the condition of an open stope method, the rock drilling is adopted in sections or stages according to the thickness of the ore body, and the caved ore is discharged from a bottom structure; no ore pillars are left between the stopes, and the goaf is continuously expanded.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the zone width is a horizontal width; and when the ore body is an inclined ore body, calculating the partition width according to the allowable caving height of the middle point of the goaf.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein during goaf filling, a first fill is performed with tailings.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein after the body is condensed, secondary filling is performed using an intumescent material.
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| CN113530547A (en) | 2021-10-22 |
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