CN113508906A - 一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,主要包括以下步骤:砀山酥梨清洗、榨汁处理,得到液体A;压榨后得到的果渣加水煎煮提取,过滤得到液体B;液体A和液体B混合进行减压浓缩至相对密度为1.30,得到梨清膏。本发明所制备的梨清膏均含有较高的多酚、黄酮和三萜酸类活性物质,可作为药用制剂或保健制剂的配方原料,同时酸甜可口,直接食用亦可;梨清膏无任何添加剂,很好的保存了砀山酥梨的香气,绿色安全,适用人群范围更广,特别是糖尿病患者;此外,本发明制备工艺简单,产品得率高,生产成本较低。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及保健食品加工领域,具体而言,涉及一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法。
背景技术
梨是我国的第三大水果,因其鲜嫩多汁,酸甜适口,所以又有“天然矿泉水”之称。药用还有止咳化痰,生津润燥的作用。梨果实中含有丰富的黄酮类化合物、酚酸类化合物、三萜类化合物,还含有一些生物活性成分如多糖、羽扇豆醇酯类和生物碱类物质。其中多酚类、三萜类化合物具有良好的抗炎抑菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤的药理作用。
随着人们对健康认知度的不断提高,具有保健和医药功能的食品越来越受到青睐,用梨作为主要原料加工制成的许多功能性产品也被陆续开发上市。据不完全统计,各种含梨的中成药制剂产品有19种,含梨的保健性产品有11种,如川贝雪梨膏、贝母梨膏、复方梨膏等,这些产品的处方中都含有梨清膏。而目前关于梨膏的制备研究以及应用,多是采用鲜梨,加入川贝、蜂蜜等一些辅料加工熬制,单独对药用梨清膏的研究较少,《中国药典》中虽记载了梨清膏的制作方法,但针对梨鲜果榨汁环节是否需要去皮去核处理并没有明确说明,导致实际生产过程中不同厂家处理方式各异,最终产品的质量难以稳定、可控。
砀山酥梨,原产于安徽省砀山县,栽培历史悠久,是我国最重要的梨树资源之一,分布于全国各省,栽培面积和产量均占世界梨品种的首位,其果实酥脆爽口,汁液丰富,品质优良,深受国内外消费者欢迎。但近年来全国梨树种植面积、品种和产量的不断增加,加上砀山酥梨石细胞含量相对较高,导致市场认可度较低,价格低廉,产业竞争力较弱,直接限制了砀山酥梨产业的发展。因此,有必要利用现有的资源优势,进一步加大砀山酥梨的综合应用开发。
有鉴于此,特提出本发明。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供了一种梨膏的制备方法,制备工艺简单,药效活性成分含量高,不仅可供直接食用,还可作为药用制剂或保健制剂的配方原料。
本发明是以如下技术方案实现的:
一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)砀山酥梨清洗、榨汁处理,得到液体A;
(2)压榨后得到的果渣加水煎煮提取,过滤得到液体B;
(3)液体A和液体B混合进行减压浓缩至相对密度为1.30,得到梨清膏。
优选的,砀山酥梨清洗后,优化榨汁所用部位,分为全果组或去皮组或去核组或去皮去核果肉组进行榨汁处理。
优选的,采用全果组榨汁。
优选的,所述果渣与提取溶剂水的质量比为1:5~1:10,煎煮次数为2次,每次煎煮时间为60min。
优选的,步骤(3)中,所述减压浓缩的料液蒸发温度为90℃。
本发明有益效果:
与现有技术相比,本发明提供的梨清膏的优势在于不添加任何辅料,主要活性成分含量高,不仅具有止咳化痰的功能,并且制作工艺简单,适用于大规模生产,稳定性和重复性较好。
附图说明
图1为不同处理组梨清膏的总糖、总多酚、总三萜含量图;
图2为不同处理组梨清膏清除DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH能力图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的实施方案进行详细描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,下列实施例仅用于说明本发明,实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件,所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
砀山酥梨采摘于江苏省扬州市高邮梨果园,去除其长相不良者,选择果皮颜色相近,大小一致者作为实验材料。
(1)清洗榨汁。将挑选的新鲜梨果实放入清洗机中,用蒸馏水充分浸泡清洗。将清洗过的梨分别放入食品级不锈钢榨汁机榨取梨汁,即为液体A。
(2)压榨后得到的果渣加水煎煮提取,过滤得到液体B。
(3)将液体A和液体B混合进行减压浓缩至相对密度为1.30(90℃),得到梨清膏。
(4)步骤(1)中,砀山酥梨清洗后,优化榨汁所用部位,分为全果组、去皮组、去核组、果肉(去皮去核)组进行榨汁处理,优选地,直接采用全果榨汁。
(5)步骤(2)中,所述果渣与提取溶剂水的质量比为1:5~1:10,煎煮次数为2次,每次煎煮时间为60min。
(6)步骤(3)中,所述减压浓缩的料液蒸发温度为90℃。
(7)不同检测评价指标测定:以总糖、总多酚、总三萜酸、总黄酮等活性成分含量以及抗氧化活性为评价指标,确定鲜果去皮去核处理,对药用梨清膏的影响。
为了达到上述目的,步骤(7)中采用紫外分光度法测量多糖、总黄酮、总三萜酸、总多酚含量以及清除DPPH·,ABTS+·,·OH能力。
采用SPSS 21.0软件进行差异性分析,Orgin2018进行绘图分析。
表1不同部位制备的砀山酥梨清膏得率
从表1中可以看出,采用两种方式计算梨清膏得率,以果实净重计算梨清膏得率,全果组梨膏得率最高,其次是去核组、去皮组,果肉组得率最低,全果组得率是果肉组的1.16倍;以处理后鲜果计算梨清膏得率,果肉组最高,其次是去核组去皮组,全果组得率最低。综合来说,采用全果制备梨清膏得率更高,并且操作简便,更适用于大规模生产。
对比四组梨清膏均呈亮黄褐色,有光泽,具有砀山酥梨固有的滋味和香气,甘甜可口,呈半流体状态。其中全果组梨清膏颜色与其他三组相比颜色略深一些,果肉组颜色在四组中颜色最浅,去皮组去核组差异不显著。
多糖含量的测定:
采用浓硫酸-苯酚法。准确称取干燥恒重的葡萄糖100mg,蒸馏水准确定容至100mL,得到1mg/mL的葡萄糖液,摇匀后准确吸取10mL该溶液,用蒸馏水稀释定容容100mL,即得100μg/mL的葡萄糖标准液。取8支干净的具塞试管,分别加入0.0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2mL的葡萄糖标准液,补水至2mL,再向各管加入1mL的6%苯酚和5mL浓硫酸,摇匀后放置5min,置90℃的水浴锅中加热15min,取出迅速冷却至室温,以0号管作为空白调零,在490nm处测定吸光度。以葡萄糖浓度x为横坐标(μg/mL),吸光度Y为纵坐标,从而绘制标准曲线。称取适量样品,用蒸馏水配制成0.2mg/ml的供试品溶液,吸取供试品溶液0.5ml,加蒸馏水至2.0ml,按标准曲线制备项下测定吸光度。
以葡萄糖为标准品,标准曲线方程为:Y=0.0376x+0.0698(R2=0.9937)。其中Y为吸光度,x为葡萄糖浓度,结果以每克干物质中葡萄糖当量(mg/g)表示。总糖含量=(提取液浓度×体积×稀释倍数)/供试品质量×100%结果表明,果肉组梨膏总糖含量最高为748.11±8.58mg/g,其次是去核组和去皮组梨膏,总糖含量分别为710.32±7.76,697.05±7.14mg/g,全果组梨清膏含量最低,为684.67±6.94mg/g。总糖含量大小依次为:果肉组梨膏>去核组梨膏>去皮组梨膏>全果组梨膏。总体上来说,全果组梨膏的总糖含量较低,适用范围广,更适合糖尿病人群服用。
总多酚含量的测定:
采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法。取1mL样品置于10mL具塞试管中,加入福林酚试剂0.5mL,摇匀,放置1min,加入10%碳酸钠溶液1mL,加水稀释至刻度,于760nm处测定吸光度,每组重复3次,绘制标准曲线方程。精密称取1g梨清膏样品,按标准曲线制备项下测定吸光度。
以没食子酸为标准品,标准曲线方程为:Y=0.0861x+0.01552(R2=0.9949)。其中Y为吸光度,x为没食子酸浓度,结果以每克干物质中没食子酸当量(mg/g)表示。总酚含量=(提取液浓度×体积×稀释倍数)/供试品质量×100%。结果表明,全果组梨膏含量为0.69±0.03mg/g,去核组梨膏含量为0.64±0.04mg/g,去皮组梨膏含量为0.67±0.02mg/g,果肉组梨膏含量为0.61±0.03mg/g,梨皮的酚类物质含量最高,其次是果心,果肉中最少,梨膏中的总酚含量大小依次为全果组梨膏>去皮组梨膏>去核组梨膏>果肉组梨膏。
总黄酮含量的测定:
以芦丁为标准品,稀释至不同浓度,取1mL加入5%的NaNO2溶液3mL,摇匀后静置6min,再加入0.3mL 10%Al(NO3)3溶液,摇匀后静置6min,加入0.5%NaOH溶液4mL,振荡,最后用60%乙醇定容至10mL。摇匀后静置15min,于510nm波长下比色,测定吸光值,每组重复3次,绘制标准曲线方程。精密称取1g梨清膏样品,按标准曲线制备项下测定吸光度。
标准曲线方程为:Y=0.012x-0.0157(R2=0.9997),其中Y为吸光度,x为芦丁浓度,结果以每克干物质中芦丁当量(mg/g)表示。总黄酮含量=(提取液浓度×体积×稀释倍数)/供试品质量×100%。黄酮属于酚类物质的一种,其变化趋势与酚类物质相似,结果表示,全果组梨膏含量最高,为0.27±0.03mg/g,其次是去皮组和去核组梨膏,含量分别为0.24±0.02、0.23±0.01mg/g,果肉组含量最低,为0.21±0.02mg/g。
总三萜含量的测定:
以熊果酸为标准品,稀释至不同浓度,取1mL置于10mL具塞试管中85℃挥干溶剂,冷却后分别加入5%香草醛-冰醋酸0.5mL和高氯酸1mL,摇匀,70℃水浴保温20分钟后冷却,加入5mL冰醋酸与548nm处测定吸光度。每组重复3次,绘制标准曲线方程,精密称取1g梨清膏样品于10mL试管中,按标准曲线制备项下测定吸光度。
标准曲线方程为:Y=0.0557x-0.0427(R2=0.9911)。其中Y为吸光度,x为熊果酸浓度,结果以每克干物质中熊果酸当量(mg/g)表示。总三萜含量=(提取液浓度×体积×稀释倍数)/供试品质量×100%,其中,全果梨膏组三萜酸含量最高,为0.067±0.003mg/g,其次分别为去皮组、去核组和果肉组,含量分别为0.062±0.002、0.059±0.008、0.057±0.005mg/g。
梨中含有很多具有功能性的天然成分,其中多酚、黄酮及三萜类化合物发挥了许多生理活性,比如消炎抑菌、延缓衰老、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖等,上述试验所测定的梨清膏总多酚、总三萜酸、总黄酮等活性成分含量均以全果组略高,综合比较,全果处理方式制备梨清膏为本发明最佳实施例。
梨清膏褐变指数的测定:
以蒸馏水为对照,于波长420nm处立即测定梨清膏吸光值,每组重复3次。
结果表明,全果组梨膏褐变指数最高为A420=0.522±0.011,去皮组梨膏褐变指数A420=0.515±0.012,去核组梨膏褐变指数A420=0.509±0.009,果肉组梨膏褐变指数最低,A420=0.500±0.017,褐变指数为全果组梨膏>去皮组梨膏>去核组梨膏>果肉组梨膏。褐变指数的变化与梨膏中所含总多酚的含量变化规律十分相似,即褐变指数高的其总多酚含量也较高。
表2梨清膏主要成分含量(n=3)
DPPH·清除能力的测定
取稀释后的样品0.2mL,加入2.8mLDPPH·工作液,混匀后室温避光静置应30min,于517nm波长下测其吸光度值为Ai,同时以乙醇代替样品液作为空白对照,测其吸光度值ADPPH,计算样品溶液清除率。样品溶液清除率计算公式为:清除率=(A0-Ai)/A0×100%。配制不同浓度梯度的Trolox标准品溶液,代替提取液,按上述步骤操作测定吸光度值,并且计算Trolox清除率绘制清除率浓度标准曲线,得回归方程为Y=26.985x+0.0565(R2=0.9917),其中Y为清除率,x为Trolox浓度(mg/mL)。
DPPH·法是一种评价天然抗氧化剂抗氧化活性的快速、简便、灵敏、可行的方法,在国内外应用广泛,其机理是在加氢抗氧剂存在下,DPPH还原为DPPH-H,导致紫色褪色,从而抑制氧化反应的传播。结果以Trolox当量抗氧化能力(trolox equivalent antioxidantcapacity),TEAC表示,TEAC值越高则对DPPH·的清除能力越强。清除DPPH·的TEAC变化范围为:30.07±1.23~35.90μgTrolox/g,其中,最大的是全果组,TEAC为35.90±1.04μgTrolox/g,最小的为果肉组梨清膏,TEAC为30.07μg Trolox/g,去核组、去皮组及果肉组清除DPPH·的TEAC值分别是34.03±1.01、33.98±1.05μg Trolox/g,清除DPPH·的活性顺序为全果组>去核组>去皮组>果肉组。
ABTS+·清除能力的测定
配置ABTS+·储备液:将7mmol/L的水溶液和的2.45mmol/L过硫酸钾水溶液(终浓度)混合定容至室温避光条件下静置反应12h后,稀释至其在734nm波长下的吸光度值为0.7±0.02,并于30°水浴锅中避光预热30min后备用。取0.20mL样品溶液与0.8mL ABTS+·工作液,静置反应6min后,于734nm处测定混合液的吸光度值为Ai,同时以乙醇代替提取液作为空白对照,测其吸光度值A0,计算样品溶液清除率。样品溶液清除率为:清除率=(A0-Ai)/A×100%配制不同浓度梯度的Trolox标准品溶液,代替提取液,按上述步骤操作测定吸光度值,并计算Trolox清除率绘制清除率浓度标准曲线,得回归方程为Y=50.706x-0.0154(R2=0.9923),其中Y为清除率,x为Trolox浓度(mg/mL)。
ABTS+·是一种够破坏肿瘤抑制基因,加速癌细胞生长,在细胞代谢中产生有害副产品的一类物质。全果组清除ABTS+·的TEAC值为77.01±2.98μg Trolox/g,抗氧化能力最强;去核组、去皮组及果肉组清除ABTS+·的TEAC值分别是71.83±2.04、71.05±2.33、68.59±2.44μg Trolox/g,抗氧化能力大小为全果组>去核组>去皮组>果肉组梨膏。
·OH清除能力的测定
取1mL样品溶液于试管中,依次加入0.5mL的硫酸亚铁溶液,1mL乙醇水杨酸溶液,1mL双氧水,混匀后置于37℃水浴加热30min,在510nm处测其吸光值Ai;以1mL蒸馏水代替双氧水,在510nm处测其吸光值A0;以1mL蒸馏水代替样品,在510nm处测其吸光值Ax;计算样品溶液清除率。样品溶液清除率计算公式为:清除率=Ax-(Ai-A0)/Ax×100%。配制不同浓度梯度的Trolox标准品溶液,代替提取液,按上述步骤操作测定吸光度值,并计算Trolox清除率绘制清除率浓度标准曲线,得回归方程为Y=45.278x+0.0094(R2=0.9917),其中Y为清除率,x为Trolox浓度(mg/mL)。
·OH被认为是强效氧化剂,能诱导膜系统的氧化损伤,增加膜的通透性,引起膜内、外物质的外泄和内流,造成红细胞溶血和线粒体膨胀等现象。全果组清除·OH的TEAC值是50.81±1.16μg Trolox/g自由基清除能力最强,抗氧化能力最强;去核组、去皮组及果肉组清除·OH的TEAC值分别是46.34±1.04、45.61±1.08、42.88±0.99μgTrolox/g,全果组梨膏略高于去核组、去皮组、果肉组梨清膏,其趋势与DPPH·清除能力趋势相一致。
研究表明,梨果实中起主要作用的抗氧化物质是酚类,总酚的含量直接影响了梨膏的总抗氧化能力,而梨皮中的酚类物质种类最多,含量也最高。在本实验中,考察四个不同处理组梨清膏体外抗氧化能力,结果显示,全果组梨清膏的TEAC值最高,抗氧化能力最强,与梨清膏中总多酚含量呈正相关关系。
由以上实验结果表明,本发明最有优选的榨汁处理样品是未经去皮去核处理的全果,采用此法建立的梨清膏总多酚、总三萜酸、总黄酮等活性成分含量以及抗氧化活性都较高,酚类物质与自由基清除能力呈正相关关系,可作为药用制剂或保健制剂的配方原料。且本发明制备的梨清膏不含任何添加剂,总糖含量较低,适用人群更广。此外,本发明直接采用全果榨汁,不需要进行皮核处理,制备工艺简单,砀山酥梨产量供应充足,可满足大生产的需求。但是考虑到果皮中农药残留的可能性,在实际应用中可以酌情考虑。
最后应说明的是:以上实施例仅用于说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其进行限制;尽管参照前述实施例对被发明进行了详细的说明,但对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,依然可以对前述实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;而对这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明所要求保护的技术方案的宗旨和范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)砀山酥梨清洗、榨汁处理,得到液体A;
(2)压榨后得到的果渣加水煎煮提取,过滤得到液体B;
(3)液体A和液体B混合进行减压浓缩至相对密度为1.30,得到梨清膏。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,砀山酥梨清洗后,优化榨汁所用部位,分为全果组或去皮组或去核组或去皮去核果肉组进行榨汁处理。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,其特征在于,采用全果组榨汁。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述果渣与提取溶剂水的质量比为1:5~1:10,煎煮次数为2次,每次煎煮时间为60min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种砀山酥梨清膏的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述减压浓缩的料液蒸发温度为90℃。
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CN110731491A (zh) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-01-31 | 怀化正好制药有限公司 | 秋梨膏及其制备方法 |
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CN110731491A (zh) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-01-31 | 怀化正好制药有限公司 | 秋梨膏及其制备方法 |
CN111965280A (zh) * | 2020-08-14 | 2020-11-20 | 安徽农业大学 | 一种快速测定砀山梨膏掺糖比率检测方法 |
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CN114668127A (zh) * | 2022-04-07 | 2022-06-28 | 宋永进 | 一种富含果胶和水溶性膳食纤维的梨膏及其制备方法 |
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