CN115137768B - 一种治疗肺疾的梨膏及其制作方法 - Google Patents
一种治疗肺疾的梨膏及其制作方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115137768B CN115137768B CN202210554748.0A CN202210554748A CN115137768B CN 115137768 B CN115137768 B CN 115137768B CN 202210554748 A CN202210554748 A CN 202210554748A CN 115137768 B CN115137768 B CN 115137768B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种治疗肺疾的梨膏及其制作方法。发明人偶然发现一定浓度的烟酸溶液可以作为梨膏制备过程中的护色剂,通过以徽州药梨为原料,在药梨膏制备过程中以一定浓度的烟酸水溶液作为护色剂,获得一种药梨膏。与传统工艺制备的药梨膏相比,具有显著的止咳化痰作用,同时对于慢性支气管炎等其他肺疾具有治疗作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于中成药技术领域,具体涉及一种治疗肺疾的梨膏及其制作方法。
背景技术
梨是梨属(学名:Pyrus)植物的通称,通常是一种落叶乔木或灌木,属于蔷薇目蔷薇科苹果族。梨的果实通常用来食用,不仅味美汁多,甜中带酸,而且营养丰富,含有多种维生素和纤维素,不同种类的梨味道和质感都完全不同。梨既可生食,也可蒸煮后食用。在医疗功效上,梨可以通便秘,利消化,对心血管也有好处。
“徽州雪梨”产于歙县。因为这种梨子的颜色如雪般白,故名。是徽州的特色水果之一。其个头硕大,外形浑圆;肉色洁白晶莹,如雪似玉,仿佛用透明的汉白玉雕镂而成;皮薄肉细,汁多味甜,脆嫩可口,品质上乘。据罗愿《新安志》记载:“徽州雪梨”栽培始于南宋,已有近千年的历史。早在1934年国际博览会上,就己获得了银质奖章。
“徽州雪梨”以果皮雪白、果型美观、皮薄汁多、香甜清脆而著称。《歙县志》说:“歙县雪梨为上品,色白气香。”雪梨果皮雪白,是因为采用了独特的栽培方法。在清明节过后,梨果实长到如纽扣般大小,梨农就用柿漆水渍过的毛边纸袋包裹住它,用棕叶丝绑扎在树枝上。四五个月以后,梨子成熟,梨农把纸袋和梨子一起摘下树来。梨子成熟期内有纸袋包住,可防虫害;纸袋浓褐色,不透水和光,使梨子果皮雪白,肉质脆嫩,汁多味甘,而且易于贮藏远运,能一直保存到春节。
“徽州雪梨”始培植于宋代,大面积种植也有三四百年的历史。现有30多个品种,其中著名的是“金花早”、“细皮”、“大木瓜”、“涩梨”四种。其中涩梨颇有药用价值。
在徽州(现安徽省黄山市)上丰乡出产的雪梨中,有一个特殊的品种。单从外观上看,与平常的雪梨没有两样,但只要此梨剥去表皮,待其在空气中静置几分钟,便能看到铁红如锈一般的色泽开始逐渐浸染在梨肉中。时间愈久,那铁锈一般的色泽就愈发明显。那梨既酸且涩。便是上丰花果山一带的特产——涩梨,取出梨核,放入冰糖,炖熟食用,能治疗呼吸道疾病。用它制成梨汁、梨膏,有去热清痰、止咳润肺等疗效。因为其有清热祛痰、止咳润肺等药效,所以又名药梨。涩梨,通常的食用方法,都是熬制成涩梨膏,这样才不会有生梨那种让人难以下咽的味道。
“徽州药梨”树势较强,树姿较直立,耐高温高湿,萌芽率高,成枝力强,新梢浅绿色,皮孔较多,一年生枝条质地硬脆,田间抗性强。芽褐色,腋芽扁圆,顶芽较大、较圆,多呈三角锥形离生,内侧较平,外侧圆鼓,通常芽宽度约5mm,芽长约9mm。
叶片呈长椭圆形,螺旋着生在枝条上,叶色绿,叶尖长,急尖,叶基圆形,叶全缘、叶缘有钝锯齿,叶面平滑、有光泽,两侧向内微曲,叶梗细。伞房花序,花瓣为白色、6~7枚,雄蕊20~22枚,分离轮生,枣红色或红色;每花序一般为5~7朵花;花序坐果率高。
“徽州药梨”品种来源于安徽歙县上丰乡徽州雪梨地方资源药(涩)梨优良品系,果实倒阔卵圆形,单果重约208.6g,果皮绿色、套袋黄白色;果心较大,果肉白色,肉质较硬,汁液少,味酸涩,无香气;含可溶性固形物10.3%,常温下可贮藏30天。果实9月中旬成熟。盛产期亩产可达1806kg以上。该品种不仅果实酚类物质含量高,黄酮含量更高,果实有涩味,不能鲜食,适宜熬制药梨膏。
雪梨膏(又称秋梨膏)是《卫生部药品标准·中药成方制剂》收载的中药制剂(WS3-B-2029-95),具有清肺热、润燥止渴之功能。临床常用于干咳、久咳,有较好的疗效。如用于慢性咽炎,有效率达到90%以上。
雪梨膏为梨制成的煎膏剂,对于梨的生物活性成分很少有研究报道,以致药品标准中雪梨膏一直无含量检测项。质量控制水平较低。近期有液-质联用方法检测梨中酚类物质的研究(付静,朱月月,聂诗明,雪梨膏中绿原酸类多酚化合物的含量测定,湖北中医药大学学报,2015,17(4),37-39),检出数十种酚类物质,主要有绿原酸、熊果苷、没食子酸、咖啡酸、咖啡奎宁酸、表儿茶素、儿茶素、柚(皮)苷、芦丁、槲皮素-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-鼠李糖苷、香豆酸-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-戊糖苷、鼠李糖素-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素等。绿原酸类多酚化合物具有抗氧化、抗自由基、抗炎症等重要的生物活性。
可以认为绿原酸等多酚类化合物即为雪梨膏治疗慢性咽炎等肺部炎症以及由此引发的咳嗽,咳痰等症状的有效成分,其含量的多少直接影响治疗效果的优劣。
褐变是食品比较普遍的一种变色现象,尤其是用天然食物作为原料进行加工,贮藏后,易使原来的色泽变暗,或变成褐色,这种现象称为褐变。新鲜果蔬经破碎、压榨后,很容易发生酶促褐变,不仅影响产品的感官品质和风味,还会制约果汁产业的发展,上丰乡花果山的涩梨(药梨)去皮后,呈现铁锈般的色泽,即属于此类。
褐变分为酶促褐变和非酶促褐变,引起酶促褐变的原因是产品中含有的多酚氧化酶(PPO)将邻-苯酚氧化为邻-苯醌,邻-苯醌能迅速聚合,最后产生棕色的色素(黑色素)。
而非酶促褐变则是因为产品中还原糖(如乳糖)中羰基与氨基酸中氨基发生羰氨反应(梅拉德反应),经过复杂的结合最终生成棕色甚至黑色的大分子物质类黑精或称拟黑素。
酶促褐变主要发生在前期,而非酶褐变长时间存在。
酶促褐变的三个基本要素:多酚氧化酶、氧气和多酚类底物。
目前,抑制酶促褐变的主要方法有3种:一是热处理法,该方法可使植物组织中的酶类失活,并能够提高出汁率;但对于风味物质含量高的热敏性食品,如梨膏等,热处理后其风味、色泽受到很大的影响。二是还原剂处理法,该方法可将氧化的醌还原为酚类物质,并能够阻止醌类物质进一步自发聚合而形成黑色素;三是酚酶制剂处理法,该方法不仅可有效抑制酶的活性,还可有利于保持食品的自然风味。
抑制酶促褐变的发生,常用化学试剂来达到抑制褐变的目的。柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸、植酸、抗坏血酸、半胱氨酸、EDTA-2Na、NaCl、亚硫酸盐等为常用护色剂(大部分为还原剂或金属离子螯合剂),近年,柠檬酸亚锡二钠、乙酸锌(与多酚类物质发生络合,生成难以接受酚酶催化作用的物质)、二氧化氯、亚氯酸钠、水杨酸、曲酸、4-已基间苯二酚、壳聚糖、臭氧也应用于护色。亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、焦亚硫酸钠等因导致健康问题已限制其应用。
维生素B3,也称作烟酸,或维生素PP,分子式:C6H5NO2,耐热,能升华。它是人体必需的13种维生素之一,是一种水溶性维生素,属于维生素B族。烟酸在人体内转化为烟酰胺,烟酰胺是辅酶Ⅰ和辅酶Ⅱ的组成部分,参与体内脂质代谢,组织呼吸的氧化过程和糖类无氧分解的过程。烟酸主要是以辅酶的形式存在于食物中,经消化后于胃及小肠吸收。吸收后以烟酸的形式经门静脉进入肝脏。过量的烟酸大部分经甲基化从尿中排出。烟酸化学结构如下:
烟酸为维生素B之一,作为抗(癞)糙皮病因子而起作用。在美国亦称尼克酸(Niacin)。烟酸在化学上自1867年以来就已知道,但作为维生素则是由C.A.Elvehjem(1937)阐明的。酵母、肝脏、兽鸟肉类,叶菜类中均含有大量烟酸。在动物真菌类中,可由色氨酸经犬尿-氨酸、3-羟基-2-氨基苯甲酸途经形成。只要摄取色氨酸含量丰富的蛋白质就不会发生缺乏症。据说每60毫克色氨酸相当于1毫克烟酸。
在植物和细菌里通过天门冬氨酸与C3(甘油代谢物)缩合而生成,在人体内变为烟酰胺或经烟酸、腺嘌呤二核苷酸而成为NAD、NADP的组成成分。烟酸主要变成N′-甲基烟酰胺,N′-甲基-4-吡啶酮,N′-甲基-6-吡啶酮被排至尿中。也有与甘氨酸结合而成的烟酰甘氨酸。微生物中有的也需要烟酸。阿拉伯聚糖乳杆菌(Loctobecillus arabinosrs)、痢疾杆菌(Bacillus dysenteriac)等可用于定量测定。
烟酸缺乏症状是(癞)糙皮病,其症状特征有三:皮肤炎,下痢,痴呆。对狗会发生黑舌病。人体的确切需要量不清楚,但根据狗的需要量推测为1天9-12毫克(包括由色氨酸所产生的)。
目前并没有任何资料公开以烟酸与裸露水果的褐变存在关系。
发明内容
目前,市场上常用砀山梨等与川贝一起或砀山梨单独加工熬制成梨膏,用于治疗因热燥伤津所致的肺热烦渴、便干燥闷、劳伤肺阴、咳吐白痰、久咳咳血等呼吸道病症。但目前市场上的梨膏由于制备方法简单,梨膏颜色偏深棕色,甚至偏黑,主要原因是梨膏在制备过程中发生酶促褐变所致。褐变会影响其颜色性状,导致其特有的多酚类成分物质含量下降,降低其抗炎作用,进而降低了其咳嗽,咳痰等肺疾的治疗功效,并因此最终降低了其商品的经济价值。因此,在梨膏的加工过程中,对梨膏的褐变抑制的研究与处理,即护色处理显得非常重要。
申请人对梨膏加工过程护色工艺的研究。
首先,本发明提供一种梨膏加工过程中的新型护色剂,用于抑制梨膏加工过程中的酶促褐变。
本发明所述新型护色剂为烟酸。
所述的护色剂需要以一定浓度溶解在水中,形成护色液。在梨膏加工过程中,含有烟酸的护色液用于梨的清洗,梨的切块破碎过程同样在护色液浸泡中完成。并且整个梨膏的加工的过程,以护色液代替水。最终熬制成梨膏。
所述护色剂在护色液中的浓度为0.01-0.05%。
所述护色剂在护色液中的浓度优选为0.02%。
所述烟酸还可以是其碱式盐,优选钾盐、钠盐、铵盐。
其次,本发明公开一种利用烟酸做为护色剂的梨膏,用于肺疾的治疗。
所述肺疾,是指,慢性支气管炎等炎症性疾病,以及由此引发的咳嗽,咳痰等。
所述梨,为徽州雪梨,尤指涩梨。
最后,本发明的提供一种梨膏的制作方法,这种方法具有方便、简单、易于掌握的优点,制作得到的梨膏不仅口感好,食用方便,还具有更好的炎症疾病治疗效果。
所述梨膏的制备方法如下:
8)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州涩梨,采摘成熟涩梨,备用;
9)护色液配制;
10)以护色液清洗步骤1)所得涩梨,并去皮,破碎成小块;
11)将破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液按一定的比例混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟。
12)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州涩梨汁。
13)取步骤5)所得徽州涩梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州涩梨膏成片状;
14)步骤6)所得徽州涩梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装。
所得徽州涩梨膏,每次食用一包。
其特征在于,步骤4)中所述的比例为体积比10:4-5。
本申请的技术效果:通过上述工艺制备的徽州涩梨膏,整体膏体呈近无色透明状,与未加入护色剂的传统梨膏相比,酚类物质含量更加丰富,尤其适用于肺部炎症类疾病的缓解和治疗,尤其适用于慢性支气管炎,咽炎,以及由此引发的咳嗽,咳痰等症状。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例来进一步说明本发明,但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。除非特别说明,本发明采用的试剂、方法和设备为本技术领域常规试剂、方法和设备。
对比例:
1)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州涩梨,采摘成熟涩梨,备用;
2)以纯化水清洗步骤1)所得涩梨,并在纯化水中去皮,破碎成小块;
3)将破碎的徽州涩梨和纯化水按体积比10:5混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟。
4)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州涩梨汁。
5)取步骤4)所得徽州涩梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州涩梨膏成片状;
6)步骤5)所得徽州涩梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装。
所得徽州涩梨膏呈深棕色,微透明,每次食用一包。
实施例1:以烟酸作为护色剂的涩梨膏生产工艺
1)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州涩梨,采摘成熟涩梨,备用;
2)将烟酸溶解于纯化水中,配制成质量分数为0.01%的烟酸水溶液,作为护色液,备用。
3)以护色液清洗步骤1)所得涩梨,并在护色液中去皮,破碎成小块;
4)将破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液按体积比10:5混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟。
5)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州涩梨汁。
6)取步骤5)所得徽州涩梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州涩梨膏成片状;
7)步骤6)所得徽州涩梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装。
所得徽州涩梨膏呈微黄透明状,每次食用一包。
实施例2:以烟酸作为护色剂的涩梨膏生产工艺
1)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州涩梨,采摘成熟涩梨,备用;
2)将烟酸溶解于纯化水中,配制成质量分数为0.02%的烟酸水溶液,作为护色液,备用。
3)以护色液清洗步骤1)所得涩梨,并在护色液中去皮,破碎成小块;
4)将破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液按体积比10:5混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟。
5)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州涩梨汁。
6)取步骤5)所得徽州涩梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州涩梨膏成片状;
7)步骤6)所得徽州涩梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装。
所得徽州涩梨膏呈微黄透明状,每次食用一包。
实施例3:以烟酸作为护色剂的涩梨膏生产工艺
1)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州涩梨,采摘成熟涩梨,备用;
2)将烟酸溶解于纯化水中,配制成质量分数为0.05%的烟酸水溶液,作为护色液,备用。
3)以护色液清洗步骤1)所得涩梨,并在护色液中去皮,破碎成小块;
4)将破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液按体积比10:5混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟。
5)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州涩梨汁。
6)取步骤5)所得徽州涩梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州涩梨膏成片状;
7)步骤6)所得徽州涩梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装。
所得徽州涩梨膏呈微黄透明状,每次食用一包。
实施例4:以烟酸作为护色剂的涩梨膏生产工艺
1)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州涩梨,采摘成熟涩梨,备用;
2)将烟酸溶解于纯化水中,配制成质量分数为0.02%的烟酸水溶液,作为护色液,备用。
3)以护色液清洗步骤1)所得涩梨,并在护色液中去皮,破碎成小块;
4)将破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液按体积比10:4混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟。
5)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州涩梨汁。
6)取步骤5)所得徽州涩梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州涩梨膏成片状;
7)步骤6)所得徽州涩梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装。
所得徽州涩梨膏呈微黄透明状,每次食用一包。
实施例5对比例和实施例1-4所得涩梨膏褐变指数对比(参考文献Hussein M Ali,Ahmed M El-Gizawy,Rawia E.I.El-Bassiouny,et al.The role of various aminoacids in enzymatic browning process in potato tubers,and identifying thebrowning products[J].Food Chemistry,2016,192:879-885实施)
L*a*b*色空间(CIELAB)是当前最通用的测量物体颜色的色空间之一,可广泛用于所有领域。L*:称为明度指数,L*-0:表示黑色,L*-100:表示白色;+a*:表示红色程度,-a*:表示绿色程度;+b*:表示黄色程度,-b*:表示蓝色程度。采用色差计测定梨膏的L*、a*和b*值,并通过以下公式计算褐变指数BI值。
BI=[100(X-0.31)]/0.172
其中X=(a*+1.75L)/5.645L*+a*-3.012b*)。
采用色差计测定实施例1-4和对比例所得涩梨膏的L*、a*、b*值,并按上述公式计算褐变指数,所得检测结果如下:
样品 | 护色剂含量(%) | 破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液体积比 | 褐变指数 |
实施例1 | 0.01 | 10:5 | 260 |
实施例2 | 0.02 | 10:5 | 208 |
实施例3 | 0.05 | 10:5 | 255 |
实施例4 | 0.02 | 10:4 | 211 |
对比例 | 0 | 10:5 | 285 |
。
如上表数据可以看出,实施例1-4加入烟酸做为护色剂后,所得涩梨膏与对比例相比褐变指数明显降低,其中实施例2和实施例4最为明显。其褐变指数仅为约210。
实施例6对比例和实施例1-4所得涩梨膏多酚的含量的比较(参照文献:赵晓娟等,Folin-Ciocalteu法测定苹果醋饮料的总多酚含量,食品科学2013,Vol.34,No.08)
目前广泛采用的总酚含量的测定方法是1927年Folin等提出的福林酚比色法,其原理为酚类物质与福林酚试剂(磷钼酸-磷钨酸)在碱性环境下发生氧化还原反应,生成蓝色的还原态钼,最大吸收波长在760nm附近,且吸光值与酚羟基浓度成正比。与高效液相色谱法和高效毛细管电泳法相比,福林酚法具有快速、简单、廉价的优点。
步骤1:对照品储备液的配制
没食子酸标准溶液的配制:精确称取没食子酸0.1000g,用蒸馏水溶解并定容至l000mL,即得到质量浓度0.1mg/mL的没食子酸标准溶液。
步骤2:标准曲线绘制
精确移取0、0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、l.50mL没食子酸标准溶液于7支具塞试管中,加入5mL蒸熘水、2.5mL福林-酚试剂,混匀静止30s后加入4.0mL的12%Na2C03溶液,用蒸馏水定容至25mL,在45℃水浴锅中反应1.5h后,在756nm处测定吸光度。以标准溶液的质量浓度(ug/ml)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。如下:
Y=0.1271x+0.0003,r2=0.9989
没食子酸标准溶液的质量浓度在0-6μg/mL范围内与吸光度有良好的线性关系,该方程可用于样品中总多酚的定量检测。
步骤3:样品溶液的制备
精确称取实施例1-4和对比例所得梨膏100mg,用蒸馏水溶解并定容至1000mL,取所得溶液1ml,用蒸馏水定容至100mL,即得样品溶液。
步骤4:Folin-Ciocalteu分光光度测定法测定
分别取样品溶液各0.5mL于10mL比色管中,先后加入2.5mL稀释10倍的福林酚试剂(0.1mol/L)、2.0mL7.5%的碳酸钠溶液,充分混匀,黑暗处反应1h,用紫外可见分光光度计在756nm波长处测定吸光度值A,如果所测得样品吸光度值超过量程,则将样品稀释10倍后重新测定,如果仍然超过量程,则再稀释10倍测定,直至所得吸光度值在量程范围内。根据标准曲线计算样品中的总酚的含量(ug/ml),结果表示为没食子酸(gallic acidequivalents,GAE)当量浓度,即mg GAE/mg。
结果如下表所示:
如上表测定所得实施例1-4和对比例样品中总酚含量。在以烟酸溶液作为护色剂后,与对比例相比,实施例1-4样品中总酚含量显著增加。并且当烟酸在护色液中的含量在0.02%时,总酚含量最高。
实施例7对比例和实施例1-4所得涩梨膏抗氧化活性的比较(DPPH法,参照T/SHRH006-2018施行)
一、试剂:
95%乙醇;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼;
0.12mg/mL DPPH乙醇溶液:称取1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼12mg于250mL烧杯中,加入100mL 95%乙醇,用玻棒搅拌至溶解,即得;
阳性对照:维生素E,纯度≥96%。
二、试验:
阳性对照物用95%乙醇溶解稀释成:0.08mg/mL、0.04mg/mL、0.02mg/mL、0.01mg/mL系列浓度梯度用以验证试验系统。
样品处理:对比例和实施例1-4各梨膏样品用水稀释为多级浓度样品。
参照表1,使用10mL试管设立样品管(T)、样品本底(T0)、DPPH管(C)和溶剂本底(C0),每一样品的每个受试浓度的样品管(T)需设立3支平行管,同时DPPH管(C)也需设立3支平行管。在样品管(T)和样品本底(T0)中各加入1mL相同浓度的样品溶液。在所有试管中(T、T0、C、C0)补充蒸馏水补足3mL,混匀。在样品管(T)和DPPH管(C)中加入DPPH乙醇溶液1mL,样品本底(T0)和溶剂本底(C0)用95%乙醇代替,轻轻摇匀,室温下静置5分钟。将各支反应溶液移入1cm比色皿中,在517nm处测定吸光值。
表1:样品加液要求
三、结果计算:
按下式计算DPPH自由基清除率:
式中:
T—样品管吸光值,即样品与DPPH反应后溶液吸光值;
T0—样品本底吸光值;
C—DPPH管吸光值3次平均值,即未加样品时DPPH溶液吸光值;
C0—溶剂本底吸光值。
四、结果
样品 | 护色剂含量(%) | 破碎的徽州涩梨和护色液体积比 | DPPH清除率(%) |
实施例1 | 0.01 | 10:5 | 88.5 |
实施例2 | 0.02 | 10:5 | 95.2 |
实施例3 | 0.05 | 10:5 | 85.6 |
实施例4 | 0.02 | 10:4 | 94.8 |
对比例 | 0 | 10:5 | 72.3 |
。
如上表所得数据可以看出,所得实施例1-4和对比例样品抗氧化活性。在以烟酸溶液作为护色剂后,与对比例相比,实施例1-4样品DPPH清除率显著增加。并且当烟酸在护色液中的含量在0.02%时,抗氧化活性最高,达到约95%。对比例仅为72.3%。
实施例8对比例和实施例1-4所得涩梨膏止咳化痰作用比较
以二氧化硫吸入法制备比格犬咳嗽模型:
以比格犬为试验动物(25只,雌雄随机,年龄1.5-2岁,体重6.5-10.6kg),顺应性饲养2周后,开始试验,将犬暴露于含500mg·L-1浓度的二氧化硫混合空气中,应用脉冲荧光二氧化硫分析仪持续监测二氧化硫浓度,使二氧化硫气体流速为560L·min-1,每日暴露2h,每周5d,其余时间正常饲养。室温维持在24-26℃,相对湿度20%-30%。连续暴露21周时咳嗽明显增多。动物呼气流速下降,呼吸阻力升高,气道黏液清除功能降低。
病理学检查表现为气管纤毛上皮减少、杯状细胞增生,以及黏液分泌增多(有痰)等一些与人类慢性支气管炎病理表现类似的特征。即得比格犬咳嗽有痰模型。
给药方法:将试验动物分为5组,每组5只,分为对比例组和实施例1-4样品组,分别给予对比例和实施例1-4所得涩梨膏。每次2g,每隔4小时给药一次,每日给药三次,连续给药7天。统计各组试验动物症状改善情况。
所得试验结果如下(n=5):
组别 | 动物数 | 症状改善 | 痊愈数 |
对比例组 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
实施例1组 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
实施例2组 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
实施例3组 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
实施例4组 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
。
说明:上表所述痊愈,意为连续观察试验动物4小时,即一个给药周期,无咳嗽和咳痰现象。
如上表数据可知,口服给予实施例1-4及对比例所得涩梨膏后,试验动物咳嗽有痰症状均得到改善,但是实施例1-4样品组试验动物的痊愈数量明显超过对比例组,尤其以实施例2和实施例4样品组为甚,至给药结束所有试验动物均痊愈。而对比例组仅有1只动物痊愈。据此说明,加入了烟酸作为护色剂后,所得涩梨膏的止咳化痰作用与对比例(制作工艺中未加入护色剂)相比,显著提高。
实施例9对比例和实施例1-4所得涩梨膏对于模型动物慢性支气管炎的治疗作用
清洁级昆明种小鼠120只,雌雄各半,体重18~22g。将小鼠分成治疗组与对照组,每组20只。
在试验的第一天以乙醚吸入麻醉小鼠,用脂多糖经小鼠呼吸道注入(15mg/20uL/只),从第二天开始对小鼠进行烟熏,烟熏时间25天,烟熏30min/天,在烟熏第15天左右时对小鼠再次进行麻醉和脂多糖的气道注入(注入剂量通第一次),烟熏结束后慢性支气管炎的模型建立完毕。
模型建立成功后对照组的小鼠灌服桂龙咳喘宁胶囊(每毫升含药物0.0375g)灌胃剂量20m1·kg-1·d-1,连续灌胃12d。
对治疗组小鼠进行灌胃(每毫升含梨膏0.0375g)0.3m1/天(以纯化水溶解梨膏后灌胃),连续灌胃12d。
分别测定两组小鼠气道中的Muc5ac蛋白表达、肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α和IL-8的浓度。见表2表2治疗前后小鼠气道中Muc5ac蛋白表达、肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α和IL-8的浓度测定
分组 | 例数 | 气道Muc3ac蛋白含量(ng/mL) | IL-8(ng/mL) | TNF-α(ng/mL) |
治疗前健康小组 | 120 | 8.12±1.84 | 82.76±15.41 | 112.71±16.74 |
治疗前小鼠模型 | 120 | 88.64±3.87 | 184.76±16.36 | 536.71±24.32 |
对照组 | 20 | 38.76±4.62 | 125.48±6.15 | 348.14±16.65 |
实施例1样品组 | 20 | 18.99±5.87 | 105.10±4.87 | 261.73±15.52 |
实施例2样品组 | 20 | 15.87±4.67 | 95.57±5.99 | 246.14±16.78 |
实施例3样品组 | 20 | 19.20±4.64 | 106.89±6.22 | 265.44±15.51 |
实施例4样品组 | 20 | 13.30±6.67 | 94.54±4.64 | 251.54±13.65 |
对比例样品组 | 20 | 22.08±6.97 | 115.82±5.38 | 288.61±13.50 |
。
如上表数据可以看出,对照组和实施例1-4,对比例样品组,小鼠慢性支气管炎模型的气道Muc5ac蛋白含量明显低于模型组,并且实施例1-4,对比例样品组显著低于对照组,实施例1-4样品组同样显著低于对比例组,其中实施例2,4组尤低。
从大到小排序如下:
模型组>对照组>对比例组>实施例2,4样品组>实施例1,3样品组。
IL-8和TNF-α的检测结果类似,大小顺序如下:
模型组>对照组>对比例组>实施例2,4样品组>实施例1,3样品组。
以上数据说明,实施例1-4与对比例相比所得徽州涩梨膏,对于慢性支气管炎模型小鼠,气道Muc5ac蛋白,IL-8和TNF-α均具有显著的降低作用,从而对慢性支气管炎具有显著的治疗作用。
实施例10咳嗽病例治愈
叶金英,35岁,女,夜咳、干咳,川贝枇杷止咳糖浆服用无效,食实施例2所得徽州涩梨膏三十天治愈,连续数天不再咳嗽。
鲍旭光,32岁,男,久咳,食实施例4所得徽州涩梨膏十五天治愈,连续数天不再咳嗽。
以上发明内容和实施例描述了本发明专利申请的基本原理和主要特征及本发明专利申请优点,本领域的技术人员应该了解,本发明专利申请不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明专利申请的最优的技术方案,在不脱离本发明专利申请精神和范围的前提下,本发明专利申请还会有各种变化和改进,即以烟酸及其盐为护色剂所制备的梨膏或其他富含多酚的梨制品的制备工艺,都落入要求保护的本发明专利申请范围内,本发明专利申请要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (8)
1.烟酸水溶液作为梨膏制备过程中护色剂的用途,其特征在于,所述烟酸水溶液的浓度为0.02%,所述梨为雪梨。
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其特征在于,所述梨膏为徽州雪梨药梨膏。
3.一种梨膏,其特征在于,制备方法如下:
1)采用9月份成熟,产地在歙县的徽州雪梨品系中的徽州药梨,采摘成熟药梨,备用;
2)护色液配制;
3)以护色液清洗步骤1)所得药梨,并在护色液浸泡下,去皮,破碎成小块;
4)将破碎的徽州药梨和护色液按一定的比例混合,烧开后煮15-20分钟;
5)起锅,滩凉,用细目过滤去渣,取徽州药梨汁;
6)取步骤5)所得徽州药梨汁烧开后,中火熬制,待蒸发至约70%后,边熬制边搅拌,直至挑起徽州药梨膏成片状;
7)步骤6)所得徽州药梨膏冷却后,利用先进分装技术,包装,所得徽州药梨膏,每次食用一包;
其特征在于,所述护色液为0.02%的烟酸水溶液。
4.如权利要求3所述的梨膏,其特征在于,步骤4)中所述的比例为体积比10:4-5。
5.如权利要求3所述的梨膏,用于制备治疗肺疾的药品的用途。
6.如权利要求5所述的梨膏,其特征在于,所述肺疾,指慢性支气管炎。
7.如权利要求5所述的梨膏,其特征在于,所述肺疾,指咳嗽。
8.如权利要求7所述的梨膏,其特征在于,所述咳嗽,指咳嗽有痰。
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